末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架的海冰变化

本文通过高分辨率粒度分析,研究了鄂霍次克海北部陆架LV87-54-1岩芯记录的海冰活动历史。利用AnalySize程序对粒度数据进行端元分析,提取了3个端元,并将EM3作为海冰指标。EM3含量结果表明,末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架以活动性海冰覆盖为主。末次冰盛期和海因里希冰阶1期（HS 1）时EM3含量最高,指示海冰活动强烈。冰期时北半球中高纬度气候变冷与北极涛动负相位是导致海冰大规模扩张的主要控制机制,东亚夏季风减弱与黑龙江入海径流量的减少促使鄂霍次克海生成更多的海冰。自波令−阿勒罗德间冰阶开始以来,鄂霍次克海北部陆架海冰生成急剧减少,在新仙女木时期海冰曾出现微弱峰值,随后又快速下降。自全新世以来,受北半球中高纬度气候变暖、秋季太阳辐射量升高、北极涛动正相位和东亚夏季风的增强共同影响,EM3含量一直稳定在较低水平,鄂霍次克海海冰的生成受到明显抑制。     

Bottom foraminiferal assemblages in the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk) during the past 26000 years

Benthic foraminifers from a core of bottom sediments obtained in the Deryugin Basin at a depth of 1750 m were examined. Three distinct benthic foraminiferal assemblages that replaced one another throughout the last 26000 years were recognized. The assemblage dominated by Alabaminella weddellensis, Uvigerina auberiana, and Cassidulina translucens dwelled here from 26 to 24 ky B.P. The sediments of the glacial period between 26 and 12.18 ky B.P. contain no benthic foraminifers. The composition of the sediments suggests the existence of active bottom vents of gas-bearing fluids during that time. The dominance of Brizalina spissa, Uvigerina peregrina, and Cassidulina laevigata is characteristic of the period from 12.18 to 7 ky B.P., when the productivity of the surface waters in the region was high, and warm, poorly oxygenated waters spread over the bottom of the basin. During the past 7 000 years, the bottom conditions in the sea were similar to the present-day conditions and an assemblage with the dominance of Gyroidina orbicularis, Uvigerina auberiana, and Cassidulina teretis developed in the region.     

Manganese carbonates in the upper quaternary sediments of the Deryugin basin (Sea of Okhotsk)

The mineral and chemical compositions of authigenic carbonates are studied by several methods in a sediment core obtained from the axial zone of the Deryugin riftogenic basin. Manganese carbonates (kutnahorite, rhodochrosite) associated with manganiferous calcite, manganiferous pyrite, and nontronite are first identified in the Sea of Okhotsk. Manganese carbonates in the Holocene diatomaceous ooze were presumably formed due to diagenetic transformation of sedimentary manganese hydroxides, organic matter, and biogenic silica, while those found in the underlying turbidites precipitated owing to the intermittent influx of endogenic fluids migrating along sand interbeds.     

Distribution of benthic foraminifera in Upper Quaternary sediments of the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk)

Benthic foraminifera are investigated in sediment core LV28-34-2 (53°51.971′N, 146°47.499′E, sea depth 1431 m, core length 965 cm). The distribution of foraminifera is studied in coarse-grained (>0.125 mm) sediment fractions of 191 samples taken with a step of 5 cm. The core covers the interval from oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 6 up to the Holocene. The foraminiferal assemblages of the penultimate (OIS 6) and last (OIS 5d-2) glaciations are characterized by low abundances and prevalence of Uvigerina auberiana. The specific structure of the OIS 6 assemblages differs from the last glaciation ones by the mass presence of Cassidulina teretis, which characterizes low temperatures and a high influx of organic matter to the sea floor. The major factor responsible for the weak development of benthic foraminifers during the glacial time is the deficiency of food resources. The foraminiferal assemblage of the interglacial optimum (OIS 5e) is composed of both calcareous and agglutinated species (Martinottiella communis).The inflow of Pacific waters was probably more intensive, the bioproductivity was higher, and the critical carbonate compensation depth was shallower at that time than during the glaciations. During the deglaciation, the quantity and structure of the foraminiferal assemblages reflected two pulses of warming (terminations 1B and 1A) with an intervenient cooling event (Younger Dryassic). The assemblages of warm periods were characterized by exclusively high foraminiferal abundances, which sharply decreased during the Younger Dryassic cooling. The specific structure of the foraminiferal assemblage during deglaciation was relatively uniform, being composed of only calcareous taxa typical of highly productive areas of the ocean. The paleoenvironmental conditions were similar to the conditions of the interglacial optimum (OIS 5e), although the preservation of calcareous tests is better. In the Holocene sediments, the concentration of benthic foraminifera is substantially lower than during the deglaciation, which is explainable by their dilution in the sediments by diatoms; the composition of the foraminiferal assemblages is similar to that of their glacial counterparts.     

Foraminifers in late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments of the Deryugin Basin of the Sea of Okhotsk

The study of foraminifers from sediments accumulated during the last 30 ky revealed their similar distribution in the central and marginal parts of the Deryugin Basin, which implies similar environmental changes throughout this morphological structure. The lack or extreme taxonomical impoverishment of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages during the Last Glacial Maximum indicates a combination of several factors: the significant deterioration of the parameters controlling their bioproductivity in response to the general cooling; the development of anoxic bottom conditions; and, probably, the unfavorable influence of cold barite-methane seeps on the geochemical parameters of the bottom waters. The weaker activity of these seeps in the central part of the basin during the Holocene is evident from some deviations in the structure of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages against the background of their general taxonomic similarity.     

Barium Increasing Prior to Opal during the Last Termination of Glacial Ages in the Okhotsk Sea Sediments

Ba and Ti in a sediment core (10 m long) from the Okhotsk Sea, covering the last 120 kyrs, were measured. The authigenic Ba (Ba_ex) contents were calculated and compared with the opal. The correlation coefficient between Ba_ex and opal was quite small (r = 0.34), but it greatly grew larger (r = 0.90), if the Ba_ex contents were multiplied by a simple function increasing with depth, except for two intervals. This may be due to the gradual change in the sedimentation environment during the glacial ages. One of the exceptional interval is found at 60–170 cm in depth, corresponding to 10–17 calendar kyr ago, the last termination period of glacial ages, where the Ba_ex began to increase prior to opal. Since the calcium carbonate contents similarly increased prior to the opal increase, the Ba_ex may be also related to calcareous organisms besides siliceous ones. The other is the last interglacial period around 120 kyr ago when the opal contents were high, but those of the Ba_ex were not increased. This can be explained, if the Ba_ex was reduced to sulfide and dissolved away in a strongly anoxic environment during the biologically productive period. During the glacial ages, the mass accumulation rate (MAR) of lithogenic Ti was about twice the amount of that during the interglacial ages. For opal, however, the contrast between the glacial and interglacial ages was more remarkable in its MAR than in its concentration in sediments, due to the larger variation in the bulk sedimentation rates. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Microfossils in the upper quaternary sediments of the Norwegian Sea (biostratigraphy and paleoceanology)

Diatom and nannoplankton microfossils in the samples of the surface bottom sediments and cores from the western part of the Norwegian Sea (64°–79°N) were studied. The abundance, distribution, taxonomic composition, and structure of the assemblages are determined by the productivity and temperature of the surface waters, by the distance from the shore, by the hydrological setting, and by the intensity of the supply of the Atlantic (from the south) and Arctic (from the north) waters to the Norwegian Sea. The repeated changes in the ecological structure of the diatom assemblages with time allowed us to distinguish five different ages and to estimate the changes in the paleoenvironment in the region under study during the past ～19–21 ky. The nannofossil distribution is not universal over the entire area studied owing to the extreme northern location of the stations and low water temperatures. All the sediments examined refer to the Emiliania huxleyi zone of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene; in selected cases, narrower temperate and cold-water intervals were also recognized. The low species diversity and the poor preservation of nannofossils prove the dominating influence of the Arctic water masses.     

Paleoenvironmental records from the northern South China Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum

Core ZHS-176 contains the paleoenvironmental records from the northern South China Sea (NSCS) since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A coupled approach based on clay mineral assemblages, planktonic foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotopes, and calcium carbonate content is used to trace the sources of the fine-grained sediment and to investigate the paleoenviornmental evolution in this area. Clay mineral assemblages are dominated by illite (average about 39%) and chlorite (about 27%), which comes mainly from Taiwan and the East China Sea. Kaolinite, which accounts for about 13%, comes mainly from the Zhujiang (Pearl) River, and Luzon Island is the main source for smectite (about 21%). The planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotopic oscillations during the last glacial period are coeval with climate variations recorded in the Greenland ice core and Western Pacific sediment. These variations include the LGM, Heinrich event 1, Bφlling-Allerφd (B/A), and Younger Dryas. For the Holocene, three periods of strong precipitation (S1-S3) and three periods of weak precipitation (W1-W3) are identified. The oxygen isotopic record exhibits corre-lation with climate records from distant regions, including the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, providing evidence for global tele-connection among regional climate. A brief, negative planktonic foraminiferal carbon isotopic excursion during B/A reflects increased methane released from marine gas hydrate due to the rapid warming of the water. By comparing calcium carbonate content curves of the core ZHS-176 with these of other five boreholes lying above the lysocline, a remarkable low calcium carbonate event is found during the early Holocene in NSCS.     

中国东海2万年来海平面变化分析

拟通过中国东海相对海平面与全球海平面对比分析,来获得东海构造沉降数据。但在对比分析的过程中发现,断裂作用对中国东海150m以深海域相对海平面的变化有重要影响。这种作用使东海150m以深海底至少下降了30m,这是我国学者先前误认为中国东海末次冰盛期最低海面位置位于现今海面下150～160m一带的主要原因。在此基础上,进一步对水与冰川重力均衡、沉积物压实和构造沉降作用进行了探讨。结果认为重力均衡不足、沉积物压实作用微弱,构造沉降是造成东海相对海平面与全球海面之间差异的又一重要原因。同时发现东海构造沉降随水深呈规律性变化。断裂作用的表现结果所赋予的更深层次的思考与认识是,在17kaB．P．以前,中国东海水深150～160m一带是1个相对隆起带,其存在对陆架区圈闭和捕获中国大陆古水系和沉积物具有重要意义。     

末次冰盛期以来日本海浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化

生物标志物法已经被广泛应用于重建海洋浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化。本文利用这种方法重建了日本海末次冰盛期以来浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化。结果显示,生物标志物含量在末次冰期最盛期21～19 ka和14～4 ka时有高值,而在19～14 ka、4～0 ka有低值。末次冰期最盛期时生物标志物的高含量是由于分层导致的底层水缺氧,生物标志物得到较好保存的结果,而此时日本海盐度很低,使颗石藻相对含量很低;19～14 ka陆源输入减少,日本海生产力水平较低,不断增加的盐度使浮游植物群落结构由硅藻、甲藻占优转变为颗石藻占优;14～4 ka对马暖流流量的加大提高了日本海的初级生产力,同时高营养盐利于硅藻、甲藻的生长,使颗石藻的相对比例减小;4 ka以后随冬季风的增强和黑潮减弱,对马暖流减弱,供应的营养盐减少,日本海生产力水平降低,使颗石藻的相对比例增大,硅藻、甲藻的相对比例减小。     

末次盛冰期以来巴伦支海-喀拉海古海洋环境及海冰研究进展

巴伦支海-喀拉海是北冰洋最大的边缘海,能够对环境变化做出快速的响应和反馈,是全球气候变化最为敏感的区域之一,其古海洋环境演变及海冰变化研究是全球气候变化研究的重要组成部分。末次盛冰期以来,该区域的古海洋环境受到太阳辐射、海流强度、海平面变化、温盐环流和河流输入等因素影响发生了一系列不同尺度的波动。巴伦支海受到北大西洋暖水和极地冷水两大水团相互作用的影响,在水团交界处 （极锋) 由于不同水团性质的差异,导致其海水温度、盐度及海冰发生剧烈变化。而喀拉海则受到叶尼塞河和鄂毕河大量淡水输入影响,海流系统较巴伦支海相对复杂,沉积物主要来源于河流输入的陆源物质,并可以通过磁化率的分析明确区分两条河流的陆源物质。由于受到冷水和暖水的相互作用,巴伦支海-喀拉海海冰变化迅速,并且在全新世中晚期存在 0.4 ka 和 0.95 ka 的变化周期,但海冰变化的影响因素并不是单一的,而是气候系统内部各因子相互作用的结果。目前古海冰重建研究工作主要为定性研究,定量研究相对较少,所选用的重建指标也相对单一,另外存在年代框架差、分辨率低等不足。本文以巴伦支海和喀拉海为中心,总结了其快速气候突变事件、古温度盐度、海平面及海冰的变化,对影响因素进行了探讨,并通过分析末次盛冰期以来古海洋环境研究的不足,提出了相应的展望。     

U_(37)~K指标在南海末次盛冰期表层海水古温度研究中的应用

根据1998年6~9月采集于南海海域沉积岩芯中的浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素和SiO2、CaCO3地球化学地层序列,标定了南海的年代框架,并应用UK 37指标重建了南海南、北部末次盛冰期以来表层海水的古温度。结果显示:南海南部冰后期和末次盛冰期时UK 37海水表层估温分别为24.5~27.4℃和23.8~25.3℃,平均水温分别为26.3℃和24.3℃。南海北部冰后期和末次盛冰期时UK 37海水表层估温分别为23.3~26.9℃和22.2~23.8℃,平均水温分别为26.6℃和22.8℃。南海北部温差比南部大,也比同一纬度的其它观察点大得多,充分表明南海对气候变化响应的敏感程度远大于开放性大洋,同时也进一步证实了边缘海对于冰期旋回的环境信号具有放大效应。     

末次盛冰期末期以来南海北部陆坡的陆源物质输入及其控制因素

通过对南海北部陆坡KNG5孔沉积物粒度、粘土矿物和14C年龄的综合分析, 探讨了南海北部陆坡的沉积物来源及其控制因素。物源分析表明, KNG5孔17.5-12.5ka BP的沉积物主要来源于珠江, 12.5ka BP 时粘土矿物组合突然发生改变, 并且自12.5ka BP以后, 高岭石含量总体稳定, 说明12.5ka BP时海平面已上升到相当的高度, 并且可能当时南海的现代环流系统已开始形成, 西行的广东沿岸流导致向外扩散的珠江物质减少, 由于受北太平洋深层水(NPDW)和黑潮(KC)南海分支的作用, 台湾成为此时沉积物的主要贡献者。KNG5孔17.5-11ka BP时期的粘土矿物和粒度变化主要受控于海平面和洋流系统的变化。全新世早期(11.0-8ka BP)平均粒径达到最细和1-2.2m 粒级含量达到最高值可能是强盛的夏季风作用的结果。全新世中晚期(8—0ka BP) 1-2.2?m组分含量的减少是8ka BP以来东亚夏季风减弱的具体体现, 1-2.2m 粒级含量指示的东亚夏季风变化能和北半球其它季风指标能很好地对应起来, 说明这次季风减弱是北半球各个季风系统的共同现象。     

罗斯海西部末次冰盛期以来沉积环境重建:有机碳与生物标志化合物分析

本文研究采自位于南极罗斯海西部的ANT32-RB16C柱状沉积物,根据粒度、有机碳和生物标志化合物数据探讨末次冰盛期(24.8 ～20 ka BP)以来该地区有机质来源及沉积环境特征。该柱状样记录了冰架下沉积、冰架前沉积、开阔海域沉积的沉积环境。指示有机质来源的生物标志化合物指标表明该柱状样中所含有机质主要为浮游植物、细菌等海源输入,同时伴有少量陆源物质混合输入。末次冰盛期,由于冰架的影响有机质含量较低,环流影响使得有机质受低等浮游藻类生物等海源影响较大。末次冰消期(20～11.7 ka BP),罗斯冰架消退,冰川溶解释放的有机质在此沉积,使得陆源有机质输入增多,有机质含量升高。进入全新世,有机质含量较末次冰盛期和末次冰消期明显升高,海源输入比例增大,同时细菌等原核生物增多,导致短链正构烷烃降解程度较大。研究区的氧化还原环境主要受冰架与海冰限制作用的影响,与有机质含量和高氧的南极底层水关系不大。总体来说,从末次冰盛期到末次冰消期,研究区沉积环境受罗斯冰架进退影响,全新世以来受气候变化影响。     

Sedimentation settings and evolution history of the Kuril Basin (Sea of Okhotsk) in the Cenozoic

A study of the rocks from the Cenozoic sedimentary cover of the Kuril Basin slopes revealed two sedimentation stages in this area: the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene and Late Miocene-Pleistocene, which are separated by erosion in the Middle Miocene. They are characterized by dominant siliceous and terrigenous sediments, respectively. The former largely accumulated in neritic settings, while the latter were deposited in the bathyal zone under a strong influence of explosive volcanism. The change in the sedimentation regime probably occurred in the Middle-Late Miocene during the formation of the slopes of the present-day Kuril Basin. The rocks constituting crustal blocks with a granite-metamorphic layer served as a source of terrigenous material for the Cenozoic sedimentary cover, which indicates the sialic nature of the underlying basement.     

末次盛冰期巽他陆架海平面和植被变化对陆表碳通量影响的数值模拟研究

末次盛冰期巽他陆架陆地暴露面积比现代增加将近一倍,该时期东南亚的碳汇能力是否比现代更强?本文利用GOSAT现代卫星数据集、实测碳密度数据集,对现代森林和草原生态系统碳通量(陆表碳通量)进行分析,发现二者的固碳能力相差较大,与地球系统模式的结果一致.本文基于末次盛冰期巽他陆架上植被分布类型的争议,为量化末次盛冰期巽他陆架...     

U^K37指标在南海末次盛冰期表层海水古温度研究中的应用

根据1998年6～9月采集于南海海域沉积岩芯中的浮游有孔虫氧、碳同位素和SiO2、CaCO3地球化学地层序列,标定了南海的年代框架,并应用UK 37指标重建了南海南、北部末次盛冰期以来表层海水的古温度.结果显示:南海南部冰后期和末次盛冰期时UK 37海水表层估温分别为24.5～27.4℃和23.8～25.3℃,平均水温分别为26.3℃和24.3℃.南海北部冰后期和末次盛冰期时UK 37海水表层估温分别为23.3～26.9℃和22.2～23.8℃,平均水温分别为26.6℃和22.8℃.南海北部温差比南部大,也比同一纬度的其它观察点大得多,充分表明南海对气候变化响应的敏感程度远大于开放性大洋,同时也进一步证实了边缘海对于冰期旋回的环境信号具有放大效应.     

末次盛冰期以来东海陆架南部EA05岩心地层划分及其古环境意义

通过综合分析东海陆架南部EA05岩心上部30 m的岩性、有孔虫丰度和一些特征的地球化学参数,探讨了该段岩心的气候地层划分。该段岩心可依次划分为末次盛冰期(30~11.85 m)、冰消期(11.85~5 m)和冰后期(5~0 m)地层。末次盛冰期时气温低,研究区水深浅,沉积物中有孔虫丰度很低,且大多数热带浮游有孔虫种属消失,此时陆源物质输入量较大,沉积物中有机质含量高,黑潮对东海陆架南部影响小。随着冰消期以来气温回升,海面上升,研究区水深增大,岩心中有孔虫丰度急剧增加;陆源物质输入量减少,沉积速率降低。大约在16 ka B.P.左右,黑潮重新开始对东海南部陆架产生影响。在EA05岩心的6~5 m,3.4~3.0 m和1.4~1.2 m处分辨出了3个冷事件,可能分别对应于YD事件、8.2 ka B.P.冷事件和3.8 ka B.P.新冰期Ⅲ,反映出该地区冰消期和冰后期气候波动较大。     

Late Quaternary polycystine radiolarian datum events in the Sea of Okhotsk

Five radiolarian datum events have been recorded in the Late Quaternary sediment section from the Sea of Okhotsk, using age assignments based on oxygen-isotope stratigraphy: the last occurrence datum (LOD) of Stylacontarium acquilonium (at about 329 ka), the LOD of Spongodiscus sp. (at about 287 ka), the LOD of Amphimelissa setosa (at about 72 ka), the LOD of Lychnocanoma nipponica sakaii (at about 28 ka), and the L. nipponica sakaii acme event (at about 72 ka). The LODs of S. acquilonium, Spongodiscus sp. and A. setosa appear to be synchronous in comparison with those in the Subarctic North Pacific, but the LOD and the acme event of L. nipponica sakaii show an apparent diachroneity with the corresponding North Pacific events.     

末次冰期晚期以来地层序列与地质环境特征——渤海南部地区沉积序列研究

就渤海南部末次冰期晚期以来的地层序列与地质环境演化特征,将研究区划分出４个沉积环境区,分别选择４个典型钻孔（ＺＫ１０１,ＺＫ２２８,Ｃ３０５,Ｙ８６）进行了对比研究。选用２７个钻孔联成２８２ｋｍ长的地层剖面,剖面明显反应出郯庐断裂带挽近的运动及现代黄河三角洲体的均衡作用。同时,分析了本区全新世气候及海侵边界层