Hydraulic conductivity of remolded fine-grained soils versus index properties

Hydraulic conductivity is a dominant parameter in the design of engineered waste disposal facilities such as landfill liners and covers, lagoon liners and slurry walls. It is of interest to a geotechnical or geo-environmental engineer to develop a predictive method of determining the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained soils, in order to assess its suitability as a liner material. To predict the hydraulic conductivity of soils, researchers and geotechnical engineers have attempted to correlate it with index properties of the soils, such as the liquid limit, void ratio and specific surface. Based on the present study a predictive method has been developed in this paper to predict the hydraulic conductivity in terms of void ratio and shrinkage index (Liquid limit – shrinkage limit) for remoulded fine-grained soils. Though the initial conditions for the soil will affect the hydraulic conductivity behaviour to some extent, both the void ratio and soil characteristics are primary factors in affecting the hydraulic conductivity. Therefore for predictive purpose, the study of hydraulic conductivity behaviour of remoulded fine-grained soils as presented in this paper can be found to be useful for compacted soils also.     

Performance of fine-grained soil treated with industrial wastewater sludge

This paper is likely one of the very recent researches based on an experimental study, which aims to investigate some geotechnical performances of fine-grained soil treated with industrial wastewater sludge. The experimental program conducts the standard compaction, direct shear, California bearing ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. The sludge proportions in samples of the soil + sludge mixtures are 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 % by dry weight of the mixture. The results indicate that the internal friction angle of untreated soil is significantly enhanced at most of the sludge dosages (p < 0.05). The CBR values offer that the soil quality can be improved to “good” rating quality to use “base” layers in stabilizations up to the 50 % sludge dosage. The contribution is also obtained by the UCS values that increase with the sludge addition. Moreover, the stress–strain responses promise to develop the ductility behavior due to the sludge inclusion. Consequently, the soil mixtures treated with the sludge have exhibited satisfactory geotechnical characteristics. Thus, this study suggests that the industrial wastewater sludge can be potentially employed for improvement of fine-grained soil in the stabilizations. The proposed soil stabilization with locally available industrial wastewater sludge can also provide recycling and sustainability to the environment.     

Deformation characteristics of fine-grained soil under cyclic loading with intermittence

Acta Geotechnica - Since there is an interval time between two trains traveling in the same direction on an automatically blocked line, the dynamic loading on the railway subgrade is composed of...     

Constitutive modelling of fine-grained gassy soil: A composite approach

Fine-grained marine sediments containing large undissolved gas bubbles are widely distributed around the world. Presence of the bubbles could degrade the undrained shear strength (s_u ) of the soil, when the gas pressure u_g is relatively high as compared with the effective stress in the saturated soil matrix. Meanwhile, the addition of bubbles may also increase s_u when the difference between u_g and pore water pressure u_w becomes smaller than the water entry value, causing partial water drainage from the saturated matrix into the bubbles (bubble flooding) during globally undrained shearing. A new constitutive model for describing the two competing effects on the stress-strain relationship of fine-grained gassy soil is proposed within the framework of critical state soil mechanics. The gassy soil is considered as a three-phase composite material with compressible cavities, which allows water entry from the saturated matrix. Bubble flooding is modelled by introducing an additional positive volumetric strain increment of the saturated clay matrix, which is dependent on the difference between pore gas and pore water pressure based on experimental observations. A modified hardening law based on that of the modified Cam clay model is employed, which in conjunction with the expression for bubble flooding, can describe both the detrimental and beneficial effects of gas bubbles on soil strength and plastic hardening in shear. Only two extra parameters in addition to those in the modified Cam clay model are used. It is shown that the key features of the stress-strain relationship of three fine-grained gassy soils can be reproduced satisfactorily.     

基于主动加热型分布式温度感测光缆的土体导热系数测量方法

主动加热型分布式温度感测技术（AH-DTS）可通过植入土体中的光缆实现不同层位土体导热系数的分布式连续测量,但AH-DTS光缆导热系数测量方法的准确性和敏感性有待进一步研究。通过室内试验,对比了碳纤维加热感测光缆（CFHC）和铜网加热感测光缆（CMHC）的热响应过程,通过数值模拟验证了光缆结构对导热系数测量结果的影响。研究结果表明：（1）CFHC和CMHC的热响应过程可通过微分法分为光缆内部传热、纤-土过渡以及土体稳定传热3个阶段,光缆结构差异导致传热速率不同,使得CFHC导热系数测量初始时刻比CMHC提前100 s;（2）光缆尺寸与比热容差异下CFHC的升温值更高,相同测温精度CFHC的导热系数测量结果较CMHC更加稳定准确;（3）增大加热功率或延长加热时间均会提高CFHC和CMHC测量土体导热系数的准确性。研究成果为该技术的进一步完善和推广提供了重要依据。     

Laboratory tests on soil conditioning of clayey soil

Tunnelling in difficult and challenging conditions such as soft soils in urban areas is increasing. In this condition, it is important to minimise the possible negative effect of the tunnel excavation, such as settlement or, in the worst case, collapses. To achieve this result, earth pressure balance machines are commonly used. One of the key parameters that must be considered for an optimal management of the EPB-TBM excavation is soil conditioning since the excavated muck must properly transmit the pressure to the tunnel face. Soil conditioning is also necessary to reduce the effect of the problems, such as clogging in clay layers, that can occur during the excavation and that can affect the performance of the tools and of the entire tunnelling process. For this reason, in the last decade, much research has been carried out to understand how to deal with and reduce the effects of clogging and stickiness, using different conditioning additives. These studies have proposed several different test procedures to evaluate the effect of the conditioning on the adhesion of the soil on the metallic parts of the machines. The present research has been carried out with the aim of proposing a new approach and new devices to study clay conditioning with laboratory tests, and the results of many tests carried out with the proposed device are presented and discussed.     

细粒硫酸钠盐渍土盐冻胀特性试验研究

为探究温度与硫酸钠含量对细粒硫酸钠盐渍土盐冻胀率及盐胀占比的影响,取兰州黄土作为素土人工配盐,用平衡公式进行理论推导,并设计了室内试验对其进行验证。结果表明：当压实度为92%、含水率为最优含水率16.8%时,随着含盐量的升高,细粒硫酸钠盐渍土的冻结温度随硫酸钠含量的增大而降低,且随着温度的降低,盐胀率的变化趋势与盐冻胀率基本一致。在冻结温度以下至-5 ℃盐胀发展速度最快,在-5 ℃以下盐胀率增长很小;在压实度为92%、含水率为最优含水率16.8%条件下,在硫酸钠含量不变时,温度越低,盐胀占比越大;温度不变时,硫酸钠含量越高,盐胀占比越大,在冻结温度以上盐胀占比为100%,但当温度降至-3~-4 ℃时盐胀占比降到50%,在-10 ℃以下盐胀占比基本保持不变。     

Electro-osmotic consolidation of soil with variable compressibility,hydraulic conductivity and electro-osmosis conductivity

In present study, the non-linear variations of soil compressibility, hydraulic and electro-osmosis conductivities were analyzed through laboratory experiments, and incorporated in a one-dimensional model. The analytical solutions for excess pore water pressure and degree of consolidation were derived, and numerical simulations were performed to verify its effectiveness. The results indicated that both the non-linear variations of hydraulic and electro-osmosis conductivities showed remarkable impacts on the excess pore water pressure and degree of consolidation, especially for soils with relative high compressibility. A further comparison with previous analytical solutions indicated that more accurate predictions could be obtained with the proposed analytical solutions.     

土热传导系数及模型的研究现状和展望

近年来,随着全球能源消耗的增加,对新能源的开发和利用日益重要。地热资源作为一种清洁环保的新能源已经开始引起广泛的关注,对岩土材料的热性质研究也逐渐受到国内外学者的重视。土的热性质包括热传导系数、热扩散系数和比热容。其中,热传导系数作为其中最重要的性质,它不仅决定了热量在土体中的传播速度和土体温度场的分布,同时也是各种地热泵、能量桩等建筑热工结构设计中需要考虑的主要参数之一。首先介绍了土热传导系数的工程背景和研究意义,描述了土中的热量传播方式和类型,阐述了热传导系数的概念,并分析了土热传导系数的各种影响因素（含水率、密度、矿物成分、温度等）。在此基础上,总结了目前国内外土热传导系数模型的研究现状,并对各个模型的优缺点进行了简要的分析和评价。最后,提出了对土传导系数及模型研究的建议和展望。     

基于连续分形理论的土壤非饱和水力传导度的研究

土壤的孔隙是具有连续分形性质的物理结构,根据土壤孔隙分形结构建立了非饱和水力传导度模型。模型包括综合系数、分形维数和临界体积比3个参数,综合系数为不同土壤基质势对应的非饱和水力传导度与饱和传导度之间的水力联系,与土壤质地有关;分形维数反映土壤孔隙结构对于非饱和水力传导度的作用,土壤不同尺寸孔隙之间的连通性则通过临界体积加以描述。模型具有较为明确的物理解释。将模型应用于5种不同土壤的结果表明,所提出的非饱和水力传导度模型具有较好的模拟效果。     

Microstructure and hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lime-treated soil

Under a given compaction energy and procedure, it is known that maximum dry density of a soil is lowered due to lime addition. This modification of maximum dry density could alter the hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The main object of this study was to assess the impact of lime-stabilization on a silt soil microstructure and then on saturated hydraulic conductivity. An investigation at the microscopic level with mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that lime treatment induced the formation of a new small class, with a diameter lower than 3 × 10³ Å in the compacted soil. This class is responsible for the difference in dry density between the treated and the untreated sample after compaction. It is shown that this small pores class was not altered by the compaction water content, the compaction procedure or the dry density. As in untreated soils, only the larger pores were modified by the compaction water content and the compaction procedure in the lime treated samples. The hydraulic conductivity appeared to be only related to the largest pores volume of the tested silt, regardless of lime treatment. Therefore, this study demonstrated that even if addition of lime resulted in a dramatic change of the maximum dry density of the tested silty soil, its effect on hydraulic conductivity is limited.     

新集矿区煤的孔渗性实验室测定研究

采用新集矿区煤样进行实验室条件下孔渗性测试分析,研究该区煤在不同围限压力下有效孔隙度和气体渗透率的动态变化趋势;同时,对孔渗性的实验室测试方法的可行性,结合该区试井测试结果分析比较,提出测试结果适用性评价。     

表面活性剂改善钻井液速溶的效果评价

针对钻井液材料溶解慢,达到理想性能时间长,提出使用表面活性剂降低配浆水的表面张力和接触角,同时对材料有润湿和增溶作用。通过分析表面活性剂的作用机理,测试表面活性剂对钻井液基本性能影响来优化表面活性剂;观察表面活性剂对土(上海佳友土、鄂州素土和碱土)和大分子材料的性能影响来优化表面活性剂的加量。结果表明,卵磷脂1在短时间内促进材料的水化分散效果最好,且最优加量为0.2‰,对于6%的上海佳友土、鄂州素土和碱土,表观黏度分别提高20%、20%和6%。0.2‰的卵磷脂可以促进配方(4%佳友土+1‰黄原胶+0.8%改性淀粉)表观黏度提高15%,润滑性提高37%,表面张力降低42%,大分子材料分散得更均匀,泥皮更致密。     

Petrology of fine-grained rock fragments and petrologic implications of single crystals from the Luna 20 soil

Only fine-grained rocks are present in the Luna 20 samples, and coarser grained rocks are represented by fragments of single crystals. A petrologic study has been made of 47 fine-grained crystalline rocks, microbreccias, and glassy aggregates. In addition, a total of 33 single crystals of pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine and spinel, in the size range 125 to 500 μ, have been examined using electron microprobe and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques.The most abundant fine-grained crystalline rocks in the samples we have examined are recrystallized anorthositic norite and anorthositic troctolite. Gabbroic rocks, anorthosite, and KREEP basalt are present but not common. Most of the single crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase could have been derived from coarser grained noritic, troctolitic and anorthositic rocks. However, three of the 14 pyroxene crystals, and 2 of the 5 olivine crystals have $\text{Fe}\text{(Fe + Mg)}$ contents greater than 0.45 and are believed to have been derived from mare basalts or related rocks. Two relatively sodic crystals of plagioclase were found. One is a crystal zoned at least over the range An₈₅ to An₆₃, and the second is a homogeneous crystal of albite (~An₃).     

Laboratory experiments on desiccation cracking of thin soil layers

This paper presents some experimental results on desiccation cracking tests conducted on thin layers of clay soils. Observation of the evolution of cracking patterns was examined to clarify the transient mechanisms of the crack formation of clay soils. Laboratory experimentation on desiccation cracking was carried out to examine experimentally the quantitative relationships between the characteristics of soil cracks and the prevailing controlling conditions. Five desiccation cracking tests for slurried clay soils were carried out using shrinkage moulds in a humidity chamber, which was capable of controlling relative humidity and temperature. The soil used in the experimental studies was residual basaltic clay and was classified as a highly reactive soil. In order to provide simple conditions for theoretical modelling, the tests were conducted in perspex and metal moulds with rectangular cross-sections. The lengths of the moulds were considerably larger than their widths so that parallel cracking were generated in thin layers. In each cracking test, several rectangular moulds of different thicknesses and widths were used. Some of these tests were used for observation, crack initiation and evolution, and others for moisture content measurement during desiccation. The test results include evolution of the cracking pattern, influences of speed of desiccation and typical crack spacing to depth ratios for soil layers.     

土壤热导率的研究现状及其进展

土壤热导率是重要的土壤热参数之一, 在下垫面土壤热量的传输中起到重要作用; 同时也是区域气候模式、 陆面过程模式中重要的输入参数, 在预估未来气候变化等方面也具有重要作用. 根据国内外的研究现状, 评述了土壤热导率的影响因素和模拟方案. 其中, 土壤质地、 温度、 含水(冰)量和孔隙度等是影响土壤热导率的主要因素, 特别在研究冻土时需重点分析含冰量的变化. 结合影响因素, 比较分析了典型的国内外计算土壤热导率的模型, 得出这些模型多适用于模拟常温下的热导率, 低温条件如青藏高原冻土区模拟结果并不理想. 因此, 多年冻土区土壤热导率的研究多基于观测资料计算或使用陆面模式中的参数化方案估算, 但因多年冻土内部水热传输过程的复杂性, 青藏高原多年冻土区热导率的模型模拟仍需进一步研究.     

土壤饱和导水率空间预测的不确定性分析

当土壤转换函数应用于土壤水力性质估计时,对于预测值的不确定性往往容易被忽视。为了有针对性地提出减少这种不确定性的方法和措施,提高土壤转换函数的实际应用能力,以两种现有的土壤转换函数(Vereecken和HYPRES模型)为例,将其应用于山东省平度市土壤饱和导水率的空间预测,并利用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)方法对预测结果的不确定性进行了分析。结果表明,饱和导水率空间预测的不确定性主要来源于土壤基本性质的空间插值误差和土壤转换函数自身的预测误差。当Vereecken模型应用于饱和导水率空间预测时,预测结果的不确定性主要由土壤基本性质空间插值误差所决定,土壤转换函数预测误差的影响较小,而HYPRES模型则是受二者的双重影响。     

土壤非饱和导水率模型中参数的敏感性分析

针对邵明安根据再分布过程得出的非饱和导水率模型,对其中参数的敏感性进行分析,通过实测资料计算非饱和导水率对不同参数的敏感度,对比参数对非饱和导水率的影响程度。研究表明采用线性关系表示土壤湿润剖面的平均湿度和湿润锋处湿度之间的关系时,非饱和导水率对参数的敏感性比其他参数高得多。     

粉煤灰改性膨胀土水稳定性试验研究

针对典型中膨胀土及其粉煤灰改性土,进行了击实特性试验,并且在最优含水率、不同压实度状态下,进行了饱水后干密度、压实度变化特征试验,以及不同吸水时间、不同干湿循环次数下的无侧限抗压强度、压缩模量变化规律试验,以此探讨中膨胀土、粉煤灰改性膨胀土的水稳定性特征。试验结果表明：粉煤灰改性土可击实含水率范围较之未改性土宽,这给粉煤灰改性土路堤的施工带来了很大的方便。饱水之后,改性土的干密度和压实度比素土变化小,饱水能力不大,强度变化较小。改性土经过不同吸水时间和干湿循环次数之后,其强度最初发生急剧衰减,但最终趋于稳定。其衰减程度较之未改性土来说,有较大改善,水稳定性良好。     

A methodology to determine thermal conductivity of soils from flux measurement

Determination of thermal properties of soils (viz., thermal resistivity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity), which primarily influence heat migration through the soil mass, is essential in situations where geomaterials are relentlessly subjected to higher temperatures and temperature variations. These properties of the soil mainly depend upon its type, mineralogy, particle size and gradational characteristics, density and water content. In this context, earlier researchers have determined thermal conductivity of soils by employing a thermal probe (a line heat source), which works on the principle of transient method (TM) of heat conduction. However, this methodology cannot be employed for establishing the heat flow (read thermal regime) through the soil. Hence, development of an alternate technique, which facilitates quantification of temporal and spatial variation of the heat flux and temperature in the soil mass, becomes essential. With this in mind, a methodology to determine thermal conductivity of soils by employing the concept of thermal flux measurement (TFM) has been developed and its details are presented in this paper. Results obtained from the TM and TFM have also been critically evaluated for the sake of validation and generating more confidence in the proposed methodology.