煤层中气水两相运移的NMRI试验研究

首次将先进的无损检测NMRI成像技术引入煤层中气水两相运移的研究领域,将自主设计研制的、可同时改变围压、轴压和孔隙压的、非磁性聚碳酸酯材料制成的三轴渗透仪置于NMRI成像仪磁体腔中,通过气驱水和水驱气NMRI试验 实时观测了气水流动规律.主要以水驱气NMRI试验为例,详细介绍了核磁共振三轴渗透仪和型煤试件的研制,并重点阐述了水驱气试验过程和相关参数,利用NMRI技术实时观测得到了不同时间沿驱替方向型煤试件水平剖面的NMRI成像图,最后对试验结果进行了比较分析,揭示了一些新的规律认识：(1)水驱替前缘具有不一致性,从NMRI试验角度验证了前人甲烷类气体赋存形式主要以吸附在孔隙内表面为主的重要结论;(2)煤试件存在优势驱替路径,且这种优势路径在驱替过程中基本保持不变,水驱气的优势驱替路径易产生在煤试件边缘,即煤孔隙裂隙发育区;(3)水驱流量变化决定了水驱前缘的运移速度,且对水驱气效果具有滞后效应;(4)水驱气初次驱替效果好于二次驱替效果;(5)水驱替气的顺序为：主要大裂隙—周边裂隙—周边孔隙.     

地震反演驱动的改进匹配追踪煤层识别方法

多类型油气藏储层受到煤层反射干扰, 有效识别与去除煤层地震响应是提高煤系储层地震描述精度的关键技术之一.常规煤层匹配识别欠缺考虑煤层弹性参数的影响, 引起煤层定位不准确、识别可靠性低、运算效率低等问题, 本文充分考虑了弹性参数对煤层具有较好的指示作用, 首次提出了地震反演驱动的改进匹配追踪煤层识别方法.首先根据岩石物理分析, 构建煤层指示因子, 提出匹配追踪煤层指示参数的地震反演方法, 该参数能够较好地刻画煤层空间展布; 基于此, 在地震反演驱动下获得了煤层的先验位置, 将其引入匹配追踪算法中约束匹配追踪搜索邻域, 为缓解现有匹配追踪算法运行效率缓慢, 将经验模态分解(EMD)引入匹配追踪领域, 同时将连续相位替换瞬时相位加快匹配追踪运算效率, 研发了煤层指示因子约束下基于EMD字典的改进匹配追踪煤层识别算法.模型测试验证了本文方法识别煤层的可行性, 实际资料的计算结果表明, 该方法在保持精度的情况下大大提高了计算效率, 此外, 预测的煤层与实际测井解释的煤层基本一致, 有助于油气储层预测和识别, 具有重要的实际应用价值.

     

Crustal velocity structures and their tectonic implications in different tectonic block regions of the Chinese mainland

In this paper,the typical velocity structures and average velocities of the crust in six different active tectonic block regions are presented on the basis of previous studies and their tectonic implications are discussed. The results show that different tectonic units have different features of crustal velocity structures. In general,there are low velocity distributions in the crust in regions with strong tectonic activities,and the scales of low velocity distributions are related to the tectonic activitie...     

Multi-type sensor placement and response reconstruction for building structures: Experimental investigations

Estimation of lateral displacement and acceleration responses is essential to assess safety and serviceability of high-rise buildings under dynamic loadings including earthquake excitations. However, the measurement information from the limited number of sensors installed in a building structure is often insufficient for the complete structural performance assessment. An integrated multi-type sensor placement and response reconstruction method has thus been proposed by the authors to tackle this problem. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, an experimental investigation using a cantilever beam with multi-type sensors is performed and reported in this paper. The experimental setup is first introduced. The finite element modelling and model updating of the cantilever beam are then performed. The optimal sensor placement for the best response reconstruction is determined by the proposed method based on the updated FE model of the beam. After the sensors are installed on the physical cantilever beam, a number of experiments are carried out. The responses at key locations are reconstructed and compared with the measured ones. The reconstructed responses achieve a good match with the measured ones, manifesting the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Besides, the proposed method is also examined for the cases of different excitations and unknown excitation, and the results prove the proposed method to be robust and effective. The superiority of the optimized sensor placement scheme is finally demonstrated through comparison with two other different sensor placement schemes: the accelerometer-only scheme and non-optimal sensor placement scheme. The proposed method can be applied to high-rise buildings for seismic performance assessment.     

数字化地电观测数据中干扰的处理方法

随着地震观测技术的不断进步，地震前兆观测仪器数字化已是大势所趋。近年来，安徽省在3个台安装了数字地电仪，在2个台安装了数字水氡仪。数字化仪器的优点是可以更客观地记录地震前兆的真实信息，当然也包括干扰信息。可以按地震监测和科研需要设定数据采集时间间隔，模拟仪器有时难以做到。数字化仪器的自动化和智能化程度高，可以大大减轻观测人员的工作量。 同时，数字化资料便于网络传输，便于计算机信息处理。不但节省人力物力，而且也减少了中间环节出错的机会。然而，数字化仪器获取的数据也出现了原模拟仪器资料不曾出现的问题。…     

Radio-wave imaging in a coal seam waveguide using a pre-selected enforced resonant mode

The efficacy of radio-wave imaging (RIM) in extended geological strata which are planar and regular, such as coal seams, continues to be questioned, because the electromagnetic wave excitation and propagation mechanisms remain unclear. To eradicate the doubts, a full-wave finite element simulation of a ‘realistic’ coal seam boundary value problem has been constructed and is described and analysed in this paper. The model is used to examine electromagnetic waves (near-fields) in the vicinity of the magnetic source and resonant modal patterns distant from it, for a range of electrical parameters for the coal medium and for a variety of possible boundary conditions. These studies suggest that only for very low loss seams can RIM be effective, and consequently a new guided electromagnetic wave (GEM) system has been proposed to circumvent the acknowledged deficiencies inherent in RIM.     

煤层陷落柱散射波数值模拟与成像

煤层陷落柱是煤田勘探开发中常见的一种典型的非均匀地质体.由于来自陷落柱的反射信号少、反射能量弱,使得基于反射波原理的常规地震成像方法难以有效识别陷落柱.本文以散射波理论为基础,采用数值模拟方法,研究了陷落柱的散射波场特征,研究表明地面接收的波场中含有来自陷落柱陡倾角界面的散射波场.通过共散射点道集波场的模拟,可以清晰地识别散射波,获得地下散射点和非均匀地质体的信息,判断散射点的位置,从而勾画出不均匀地质体的形态.采用等效偏移距假设抽取共散射点道集,在此基础上进行叠前偏移,对陷落柱成像;模拟与实际数据成像结果对比表明此方法能够合理地提取散射点的散射波场信息,对陷落柱形态及内部结构准确成像,是一种有效的煤田陷落柱成像方法.     

地电场数据分析方法在华北地区的应用

应用VAN法、波形分析法、潮汐谐波分析等对华北地区观测资料质量较好的地电场台进行研究,结果表明,华北地区地电场波形日变幅度范围为2.35—11.12 mV/km;VAN法在华北地区有一定的震例对应,如2003年5月22日河北唐山ML 4.1、2006年7月4日河北文安ML 5.1、2010年3月6日河北滦县ML 4.7...     

东北亚地区地壳密度结构与垂向构造应力场

本文利用EIGEN-6C4重力数据和ETOPO1地形数据,在考虑物质密度横向不均匀的情况下,在东北亚地区展开地壳均衡研究,并重点分析了长白山的隆升机制.首先,针对穿越长白山和库页岛的两条近乎东西向的剖面（剖面A、B）展开详细研究,以CRUST1.0模型为初始条件,利用布格重力异常数据,基于Airy模型和Airy-Pratt模型分别反演了相应剖面的地壳密度结构,发现两剖面的地壳密度呈现一定程度的横向不均匀特性;接着基于上述密度结构和高程数据,利用Airy均衡理论计算了相应剖面的均衡面深度,并进一步比较莫霍面（Moho）和均衡面的差异,计算了剖面的垂向构造应力分布;然后,把上述方法应用到整个东北亚地区,计算了1°采样的21条东西向剖面的垂向构造应力,插值得到整个东北亚地区的垂向构造应力分布.结果表明,东北亚大部分地区垂向构造应力基本为零,总体处于均衡状态,长白山地区垂向构造应力为-15~-25 MPa,日本列岛垂向构造应力为-40~-50 MPa,太平洋海沟垂向构造应力为15~25 MPa;最后,本文运用自由空气重力异常导纳方法,计算了长白山地区的有效弹性厚度（T_e）和加载比,发现长白山地区的T_e为10 km,表明该地区的岩石圈较为柔软;加载比结果显示,岩石圈初始加载主要来自莫霍面,占总加载的78%,表明长白山的隆升主要源自地幔物质上涌.

     

HTI煤层介质槽波波场与频散特征初步研究

煤层内裂隙较为发育,具有明显的各向异性.目前槽波理论研究以各向同性介质为主,对HTI介质中槽波及其频散性质研究很少.本文以弱各向异性、含垂直裂隙HTI煤层介质为研究对象,研究了HTI煤层介质中的三维槽波波场,采用交错网格高阶有限差分法模拟槽波,推导了三层水平层状HTI煤层介质的Love型槽波理论频散公式和振幅深度分布,分析了HTI各弹性参数对频散曲线的影响.HTI介质和各向同性介质基阶Love槽波频散曲线差异较小,高阶较大;煤厚主要影响Airy相频率,而Airy相速度不变;煤层v_s对Airy相速度影响很大;煤层γ对基阶Love槽波影响很小,高阶稍大.各波偏振方向不再与波的传播方向平行或垂直,而是呈一定夹角.利用基阶Love槽波频散曲线推测裂隙发育较为困难,可利用高阶频散曲线.

     

0.9m薄煤层SH型槽波频散特征及波形模式

在0.9 m薄煤层中使用放炮方法做微震震源的条件,通过对所采集到的薄煤层槽波信号进行分析,发现薄煤层槽波在频域中存在高频和低频两个独立并且不连续的波段.其中高频区大约以2000 Hz为中心,低频域的中心频率约为490 Hz,并且高频域和低频域的能量差异不显著.通过时频分析,可以清晰地看到高、低两个频域几乎在同一时刻触发,并且其小波相关系数在这两个域中的分布规律表现出一定的相似性.通过对0.9 m薄煤层槽波频散曲线的理论分析可知,现场观测到的Airy震相的频率及速度和其理论值较为接近.震源置于煤层中心,且炸药能量对顶底板的扰动,对第二阶对称波形模式下槽波高频部分的形成起着关键作用.在这一对称高阶波形模式下槽波的波速基本上和煤层顶底板中S波的波速一致.由于这两个触发的波形模式在时间域中具有相似的特征,建议在高频域和低频域同时发育较好的薄煤层槽波勘探中,可以采用在同一时间域中高低频相结合的方法提高利用槽波勘探分析的效果.     

The correlation between geomagnetic disturbances and topology of quasi-open structures in the solar magnetic field

Results of photospheric magnetic field extrapolation in a potential approximation and of the technique for separating the open part of magnetic flux have revealed that changes in the relationship between the open part of the south polarity magnetic flux obtained in the chromosphere and corona from July to November 2006 correlate with variations in the Akasofu parameter calculated from data on the solar wind parameters and interplanetary magnetic field at Lagrange point L1, and with the K _p index.     

Prediction and assessment of the disturbances of the coal mining in Kailuan to karst groundwater system

Coal resources and water resources play an essential and strategic role in the development of China's social and economic development, being the priority for China's medium and long technological development. As the mining of the coal extraction is increasingly deep, the mine water inrush of high-pressure confined karst water becomes much more a problem. This paper carried out research on the hundred-year old Kailuan coal mine's karst groundwater system. With the help of advanced Visual Modflow software and numerical simulation method, the paper assessed the flow field of karst water area under large-scale exploitation. It also predicted the evolution ofgroundwaterflow field under different mining schemes of Kailuan Corp. The result shows that two cones of depression are formed in the karst flow field of Zhaogezhuang mining area and Tangshan mining area, and the water levels in two cone centers are −270 m and −31 m respectively, and the groundwater generally flows from the northeast to the southwest. Given some potential closed mines in the future, the mine discharge will decrease and the water level of Ordovician limestone will increase slightly. Conversely, given increase of coal yield, the mine drainage will increase, falling depression cone of Ordovician limestone flow field will enlarge. And in Tangshan's urban district, central water level of the depression cone will move slightly towards north due to pumping of a few mines in the north.     

Experimental and theoretical investigations of drainage in horizontal rough-walled fractures with different correlation structures

Experiments on the immiscible displacement of water by air were performed in two horizontal artificial open rough-walled fractures with different correlation structures. The aperture field of the first fracture has a Gaussian variogram with a finite correlation length, while that of the second one has a power-law variogram, for which no finite correlation length can be assigned. We simulated the displacement process using an invasion percolation model, which takes the in-plane curvature of the interface between water and air into account. The correlation structure of the aperture field has no effect on the irregularity of the shape of the air clusters. However, the correlation structure in combination with the in-plane curvature influences the density of the air clusters and thus has an impact on characteristic properties of the flow. We analyze the model parameters and properties with respect to the fracture properties. The stochastic average of the air clusters for models with different curvature numbers and fields with different correlation lengths is then calculated in order to analyze their influence on continuum approach models.     

高密度电阻率法在海底金矿含水构造探测中的应用

海底金矿上覆岩层中含水直接对矿床的开采构成威胁,选择山东三山岛金矿新立矿区海底-135 m水平沿脉巷道,采用地球物理高密度电阻率法对该巷道635 m测线以下200 m深度范围内岩体中的含水构造进行了坑道探测,利用三种装置（温纳装置（Wenner）、偶极装置（Dipole-Dipole）、Schlumberger装置）进行实施,相互验证,取得了很好的探测结果.温纳、偶极和Schlumberger三种装置的视电阻率反演结果反映在测线（-135 m沿脉巷道）以下至30 m深度为一高阻层,表明自-135~-165 m的岩体中已不含水或含少量的水;测线以下30~60 m段为低阻层,反映-165~-200 m的岩体中含基岩裂隙水;测线以下大于60 m的地段为特高阻层,反映-200 m以下岩体含水性逐渐变差.该探测结果与矿区水文地质结构调查分析结论具有很好的一致性,表明了坑道高密度电阻率法探测含水构造是可行的.     

金沙江龙蟠变形体隐伏构造CSAMT探测与解译

龙蟠变形（岩）体位于金沙江宽谷河段右岸,规模巨大.此处区域主构造线为近SN向的中甸－龙蟠－乔后断裂带,地质构造背景极其复杂.为查清变形体内的隐伏构造,本次运用V6A多功能系统展开了CSAMT法探测研究.通过对CSAMT反演电阻率断面和钻孔、平洞等所获取的工程地质信息的综合解译分析,检验了CSAMT（V6A系统）法在高山峡谷区隐伏构造探测中的有效性和可靠性,解译成果全面清晰地揭示了冲江河断裂等在金沙江宽谷河段的展布格局,同时为龙蟠变形体稳定性评价提供了关键性地质资料.     

南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层速度结构特征研究

本文利用重力数据采用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演了南北构造带及邻域地区的地壳厚度,同时采用体波地震层析成像方法反演了研究区的地壳至上地幔的三维速度结构.根据计算结果对研究区的地壳及岩石层结构进行了探讨,力图揭示南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层变形特征,并且对青藏高原边缘活动带壳幔构造演化的深部成因、研究区的上地幔流变性及其动力学意义进行了相应的讨论.通过分析研究表明南北构造带地区为地壳厚度剧变区,西侧为地壳增厚区,东侧的鄂尔多斯、四川盆地为地壳稳定区,而再向东为地壳逐渐减薄区.中国岩石层减薄与增厚的边界基本被限定在大兴安岭—太行山—秦岭—大巴山—武陵山一带,这也是东部陆缘带和中部扬子、鄂尔多斯克拉通地区深部构造边界的分界线,其两侧不仅浅层地质构造存在较大的差异,上地幔深部的物性状态和热活动也明显不同,这说明研究区的岩石层和软流层结构以及深部物质的分布存在横向非均匀性.中部地区和青藏高原深部构造边界的分界线位于东经100°—102°左右.     

四川盆地荣县—威远—资中地区发震构造几何结构与构造变形特征:基于震源机制解的认识和启示

四川盆地荣县—威远—资中地区属于历史弱震区,然而2019年相继发生多次破坏性地震事件.本文基于四川区域地震台网宽频带地震仪记录波形资料,利用CAP（Cut and Paste）波形反演方法,获得了2016年以来发生在荣县—威远—资中地区的26个M_S≥3.0地震的震源机制解、震源矩心深度和矩震级,对该区域发震构造几何结构与变形特征及构造应力场特征进行了初步分析.主要获得如下认识：（1）26个M_S≥3.0地震的震源矩心深度在1.5~5 km之间,平均深度3.4 km,表明事件发生在上地壳浅部沉积层内;震源深度分布揭示发震断层面倾向SE、缓倾角.（2）26个地震的震源机制全部为逆冲型,表明发震构造整体为逆断层性质.节面优势方位NNE-NE,结合走向与倾角统计结果,本文推测发震构造可能为威远背斜南翼一系列倾向SE、走向NNE-NE的缓倾角盲冲断层.（3）P、T、B轴优势方位单一,表明研究区域处于相对简单的构造应力环境.区域应力场反演获得的最大主压应力轴σ₁方位NW-SE,近水平,与目前已知的该区域构造应力场水平主压应力方向一致,反映区内构造活动主要受区域构造应力场控制;其明显有别于四川盆地南缘2019年6月17日长宁M_S6.0地震余震区NE-SW向的最大主压应力轴方位也揭示出四川盆地构造应力场具有明显的分区特征.（4）26个地震整体的应变花表现为NW-SE向挤压白瓣形态,表明区内发震构造整体呈NW-SE向纯挤压变形模式,明显有别于2019年长宁M_S6.0地震序列NE-SW向挤压兼具小量NW-SE向拉张分量的构造变形模式,进一步表明四川盆地构造变形模式也具有明显的分区特征.

     

四川盆地荣县—威远—资中地区发震构造几何结构与构造变形特征:基于震源机制解的认识和启示

四川盆地荣县—威远—资中地区属于历史弱震区,然而2019年相继发生多次破坏性地震事件.本文基于四川区域地震台网宽频带地震仪记录波形资料,利用CAP （Cut and Paste）波形反演方法,获得了2016年以来发生在荣县—威远—资中地区的26个M_S≥3.0地震的震源机制解、震源矩心深度和矩震级,对该区域发震构造几何结构与变形特征及构造应力场特征进行了初步分析.主要获得如下认识：（1）26个M_S≥3.0地震的震源矩心深度在1.5~5 km之间,平均深度3.4 km,表明事件发生在上地壳浅部沉积层内;震源深度分布揭示发震断层面倾向SE、缓倾角.（2）26个地震的震源机制全部为逆冲型,表明发震构造整体为逆断层性质.节面优势方位NNE-NE,结合走向与倾角统计结果,本文推测发震构造可能为威远背斜南翼一系列倾向SE、走向NNE-NE的缓倾角盲冲断层.（3）P、T、B轴优势方位单一,表明研究区域处于相对简单的构造应力环境.区域应力场反演获得的最大主压应力轴σ₁方位NW-SE,近水平,与目前已知的该区域构造应力场水平主压应力方向一致,反映区内构造活动主要受区域构造应力场控制;其明显有别于四川盆地南缘2019年6月17日长宁M_S6.0地震余震区NE-SW向的最大主压应力轴方位也揭示出四川盆地构造应力场具有明显的分区特征.（4）26个地震整体的应变花表现为NW-SE向挤压白瓣形态,表明区内发震构造整体呈NW-SE向纯挤压变形模式,明显有别于2019年长宁M_S6.0地震序列NE-SW向挤压兼具小量NW-SE向拉张分量的构造变形模式,进一步表明四川盆地构造变形模式也具有明显的分区特征.     

Comparing efficacy of different taxonomic resolutions and surrogates in detecting changes in soft bottom assemblages due to coastal defence structures

Sandy shores on the West coast of the North Adriatic Sea are extensively protected by different types of defence structures to prevent coastal erosion. Coastal defence schemes modify the hydrodynamic regime, the sediment structure and composition thus affecting the benthic assemblages. This study examines the effectiveness in detecting changes in soft bottom assemblages caused by coastal defence structures by using different levels of taxonomic resolution, polychaetes and/or bivalves as surrogates and different data transformations. A synoptic analyses of three datasets of subtidal benthic macrofauna used in studies aimed at assessing the impact of breakwaters along the North Adriatic coast has been done. Analyses of similarities and correlations between distance matrices were done using matrices with different levels of taxonomic resolution, and with polychaetes or bivalves data alone. Lentidium mediterraneum was the most abundant species in all datasets. Its abundance was not consistently related to the presence of defence structures. Moreover, distribution patterns of L. mediterraneum were masking the structure of the whole macrofaunal assemblages. Removal of L. mediterraneum from the datasets allowed the detection of changes in benthic assemblages due to coastal defences. Analyses on different levels of taxonomic resolution showed that the level of family maintained sufficient information to detect the impacts of coastal defence structures on benthic assemblages. Moreover, the outcomes depended on the transformation used. Patterns of distribution of bivalves, used as surrogates, showed low correlations with the patterns of the total macrofaunal species assemblages. Patterns of polychaetes, if identified to the species or genus level showed higher correlations with the whole dataset. However, the identification of polychaetes to species and genus level is as costly as the identification of all macrobenthic taxa at family level.This study provided additional evidences that taxonomic sufficiency is a useful tool in environmental monitoring, also in investigations on the impacts of coastal defence structures on subtidal macrofauna. The use of coarser taxonomic level, being time-efficient, would allow improving sampling designs of monitoring programs by increasing replication in space and time and by allowing long term monitoring studies.