Petrochemical evidence of magma mingling and mixing in the Tertiary monzogabbroic stocks around the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: implications of coeval mafic and felsic magma interactions

Miocene aged calc-alkaline mafic host stocks (monzogabbro) and felsic microgranular enclaves (monzosyenite) around the Bafra (Samsun) area within Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary units of the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey are described for the first time in this paper. The felsic enclaves are medium to fine grained, and occur in various shapes such as, elongated, spherical to ellipsoidal, flame and/or rounded. Most enclaves show sharp and gradational contacts with the host monzogabbro, and also show distinct chilled margins in the small enclaves, indicating rapid cooling. In the host rocks, disequilibrium textures indicating mingling or mixing of coeval mafic and felsic magmas are common, such as, poikilitic and antirapakivi textures in feldspar phenocrysts, sieve textured-patchy-rounded and corroded plagioclases, clinopyroxene megacrysts mantled by bladed biotites, clinopyroxene rimmed by green hornblendes, dissolution in clinopyroxene, bladed biotite, and acicular apatite. The petrographical and geochemical contrasts between the felsic enclaves and host monzogabbros may partly be due to a consequence of extended interaction between coeval felsic and mafic magmas by mixing/mingling and diffusion. Whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotopic data suggests that the mafic host rocks and felsic enclaves are products of modified mantle-derived magmas. Moreover, the felsic magma was at near liquidus conditions when injected into the mafic host magma, and that the mafic intrusion reflects a hybrid product formed due to the mingling and partial (incomplete) mixing of these two magmas.     

秦岭早中生代壳幔岩浆混合作用——来自东江口花岗岩体闪长质包体的地球化学证据

      东江口花岗岩及闪长质包体分别获得了218 Ma 和224 Ma 的形成年龄,闪长质包体中存在岩浆不平衡结构并发育与寄 主花岗岩相同的钾长石斑晶及淬冷形成的针状磷灰石,揭示了花岗岩形成过程中曾发生二元岩浆混合作用。这种混合作用 已造成寄主花岗岩和闪长质包体化学组成的趋同,同时使得它们的Sr-Nd-Pb 同位素组成发生强烈均一化。但暗色闪长质包 体锆石具有较宽的εHf（t ）值（-4.58~3.31）,保留了二端元岩浆源区的特征。秦岭早中生代同期闪长质包体锆石εHf（t ）＞ 10 及寄主花岗岩锆石εHf（t ）＜ -10 的差异表明,它们分别来自相对亏损地幔源区和中元古代滞留于地壳的幔源基性物质, 而两个源区的岩浆,自224 Ma 以来发生强烈混合作用,形成大规模的壳幔混合花岗岩体。     

Appinite suites and their genetic relationship with coeval voluminous granitoid batholiths

ABSTRACT

Appinite complexes preserve evidence of mantle processes that produce voluminous granitoid batholiths. These plutonic complexes range from ultramafic to felsic in composition, deep to shallow emplacement, and from Neo-Archean to Recent in age. Appinites are a textural family characterized by idiomorphic hornblende in all lithologies, and spectacular textures including coarse-grained mafic pegmatites, fine-grained ‘salt-and-pepper’ gabbros, as well as planar and linear fabrics. Magmas are bimodal (mafic-felsic) in composition; ultramafic rocks are cumulates, intermediate rocks are hybrids. Their geochemistry is profoundly influenced by a mantle wedge extensively metasomatized by fluids/magmas produced by subduction. Melting of spinel peridotite sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) produces appinites whose geochemistry is indistinguishable from coeval low-K calc-alkalic arc magmatism. Coeval felsic rocks within appinite complexes and adjacent granitoid batholiths are crustal magmas. When subduction terminates, asthenospheric upwelling (e.g. in a slab window, or in the aftermath of slab failure) induces melting of metasomatized garnet SCLM to produce K-rich sho shonitic magmas enriched in large ionic lithophile and light relative to heavy rare earth elements, whose asthenospheric component can be identified by Sm-Nd isotopic signatures. Coeval late-stage Ba-Sr granitoid magmas have a ‘slab failure’ geochemistry, resemble TTG and adakitic suites, and are formed either by fractionation of an enriched (shoshonitic) mafic magma, or high pressure melting of a meta-basaltic protolith either at the base of the crust or along the upper portion of the subducted slab. Appinite complexes may be the crustal representation of mafic magma that underplated the crust for the duration of arc magmatism. They were preferentially emplaced along fault zones around the periphery of the granitoid batholiths (where their ascent is not blocked by overlying felsic magma), and as enclaves within granitoid batholiths. When subduction ceases, appinite complexes with a more pronounced asthenospheric component are preferentially emplaced along active faults that bound the periphery of the batholiths.     

Magma mixing in the Sithonia Plutonic Complex, Greece: evidence from mafic microgranular enclaves

Summary ¶Mafic microgranular enclaves occur in most calc-alkaline granitoids, and it is widely accepted that they represent the remnants of basic magmas that interacted with more acid magmas. In this work we present new data on mafic microgranular enclaves occurring in the granodiorites of the Sithonia Plutonic Complex (Northern Greece). Enclave properties have been studied using different methods. Quantitative textural analysis has been carried out in order to decipher the crystallization history of enclaves once they have been entrained in the more acid and cooler host magma. In particular, the nucleation density (C), the mode (M) and the crystal index (n) of enclaves has been measured. Along with textural analysis, the size of enclaves has also been estimated using a method that, based on two-dimensional sections of enclaves, allows the estimation of volume of enclaves. Geochemical analyses have been performed to investigate the degree of chemical interaction that enclaves suffered from the host acid magma. The different data sets have been utilized to furnish a general evolutionary model of the magmatic interaction process between the basic and the acid magmas that led to the formation of the granodioritic host rock and related mafic microgranular enclaves. It is concluded that, as the magmatic interaction process proceeded, the crystallization of enclaves involved the nucleation of apatite and epidote (first stage of crystallization) followed by biotite, ± hornblende, plagioclase, and titanite (second stage of crystallization); the last minerals that nucleate were quartz and K-feldspar. During crystallization enclaves underwent contamination by the host acid magma through flow channels opened during the transfer of mineral phases from the host magma to the enclaves. When the two magmas attained similar rheological behaviour a two-end member mixing process was favoured inducing progressively more vigorous mixing dynamics. Volumetric analysis of enclaves indicates that the smaller ones suffered a more intense geochemical interaction compared to the larger ones. We interpret this evidence as being strictly related to the kinematics of the mixing process, the latter governed by chaotic dynamics. Enclaves are viewed as portions of the basic magma that did not mix completely with the acid host magma and survived the mixing process. Host rocks are considered as volumes of the magmatic system where the more efficient mixing dynamics produced different, generally higher, degrees of hybridisation.Received May 22, 2002; revised version accepted November 5, 2002 Published online February 24, 2003     

Isotopic evidence for multiple contributions to felsic magma chambers: Gouldsboro Granite, Coastal Maine

The Gouldsboro Granite forms part of the Coastal Maine Magmatic Province, a region characterized by granitic plutons that are intimately linked temporally and petrogenetically with abundant co-existing mafic magmas. The pluton is complex and preserves a felsic magma chamber underlain by contemporaneous mafic magmas; the transition between the two now preserved as a zone of chilled mafic sheets and pillows in granite. Mafic components have highly variably isotopic compositions as a result of contamination either at depth or following injection into the magma chamber. Intermediate dikes with identical isotopic compositions to more mafic dikes suggest that closed system fractionation may be occurring in deeper level chambers prior to injection to shallower levels. The granitic portion of the pluton has the highest Nd isotopic composition (ε_Nd = + 3.0) of plutons in the region whereas the mafic lithologies have Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd = + 3.5) that are the lowest in the region and similar to the granite and suggestive of prolonged interactions and homogenization of the two components. Sr and Nd isotopic data for felsic enclaves are inconsistent with previously suggested models of diffusional exchange between the contemporaneous mafic magmas and the host granite to explain highly variable alkali contents. The felsic enclaves have relatively low Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd = + 2 – + 1) indicative of the involvement of a third, lower ε_Nd melt during granite petrogenesis, perhaps represented by pristine granitic dikes contemporaneous with the nearby Pleasant Bay Layered Intrusion. The dikes at Pleasant Bay and the felsic enclaves at Gouldsboro likely represent remnants of the silicic magmas that originally fed and replenished the overlying granitic magma chambers. The large isotopic (and chemical) contrasts between the enclaves and granitic dikes and granitic magmas may be in part a consequence of extended interactions between the granitic magmas and co-existing mafic magmas by mixing, mingling and diffusion. Alternatively, the granitic magmas may represent an additional crustal source. Using granitic rocks such as these with abundant evidence for interactions with mafic magmas complicate their use in constraining crustal sources and tectonic settings. Fine-grained dike rocks may provide more meaningful information, but must be used with caution as these may also have experienced compositional changes during mafic–felsic interactions.     

Mineralogy, whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of mafic microgranular enclaves in Cretaceous Dagbasi granitoids, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Evidence of magma mixing, mingling and chemical equilibration

Rocks of the Late Cretaceous Dagbasi Pluton (88-83 Ma), located in the eastern Pontides, include mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) ranging from a few centimetres to metres in size, and from ellipsoidal to ovoid in shape. The MMEs are composed of gabbroic diorite, diorite and tonalite, whereas the felsic host rocks comprise mainly tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite based on both mineralogical and chemical compositions. MMEs are characterized by a fine-grained, equigranular and hypidiomorphic texture. The common texture of felsic host rocks is equigranular and also reveals some special types of microscopic textures, e.g., oscillatory-zoned plagioclase, poikilitic K-feldspar, small lath-shaped plagioclase in large plagioclase, blade-shaped biotite, acicular apatite, spike zones in plagioclase and spongy-cellular plagioclase textures and rounded plagioclase megacrysts in MMEs. Compositions of plagioclases (An₃₃-An₆₀), hornblendes (Mg#=0.77-1.0) and biotites (Mg#=0.61-0.63) of MMEs are slightly distinct or similar to those of host rocks (An_12-57; hbl Mg#=0.63-1.0; Bi Mg#=0.50-0.69), which suggest partial to complete equilibration during mafic-felsic magma interactions.The felsic host rocks have SiO₂ between 60 and 76 wt% and display low to slightly medium-K tholeiitic to calc-alkaline and peraluminous to slightly metaluminous characteristics. Chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns are fractionated (La_cn/Lu_cn=1.5-7.3) with pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.46-1.1). Initial ε_Nd(i) values vary between −3.1 and 1.6, initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values between 0.7056 and 0.7067.Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are characterized by relatively high Mg-number of 22-52, low contents of SiO₂ (53-63 wt%), low ASI (0.7-1.1) and low to medium-K tholeiitic to calc-alkaline, metaluminous to peraluminous composition. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are relatively flat [(La/Yb)_cn=1.4-3.9; (Tb/Yb)_cn=0.9-1.5] and show small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.63-1.01). Isotope signatures of these rocks (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i)=0.7054-0.7055; ε_Nd(i)=-1.0 to 1.9) are largely similar to the host rocks. Gabbroic diorite enclaves have relatively low contents of SiO₂, ASI; high Mg#, CaO, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, P₂O₅, Sr and Nb concentrations compared to dioritic and tonalitic enclaves.The geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks indicate that the enclaves are of mixed origin and are most probably formed by the interaction between the lower crust- and mantle-derived magmas. All the geochemical data suggest that a basic magma derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle, interacted with a crustal melt that originated from dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. The existence of compositional and textural disequilibrium and the nature of chemical and isotopic variation in these rock types indicate that magma mixing/mingling between an evolved mafic and a granitic magma was involved in their genesis. Microgranular enclaves are thus interpreted to be globules of a more mafic magma probably from an enriched lithospheric mantle source. Al-in-amphibole estimates the pluton emplacement at ca. 0.3-3.8 kbar, and therefore, magma mixing and mingling must have occurred at 3.8 kbar or below this level.     

Coeval felsic and Mafic Magmas in neoarchean calc-alkaline magmatic arcs,Dharwar craton,Southern India: Field and petrographic evidence from mafic to Hybrid magmatic enclaves and synplutonic Mafic dykes

We present field and petrographic data on Mafic Magmatic Enclaves (MME), hybrid enclaves and synplutonic mafic dykes in the calc-alkaline granitoid plutons from the Dharwar craton to characterize coeval felsic and mafic magmas including interaction of mafic and felsic magmas. The composite host granitoids comprise of voluminous juvenile intrusive facies and minor anatectic facies. MME, hybrid enclaves and synplutonic mafic dykes are common but more abundant along the marginal zone of individual plutons. Circular to ellipsoidal MME are fine to medium grained with occasional chilled margins and frequently contain small alkali feldspar xenocrysts incorporated from host. Hybrid magmatic enclaves are intermediate in composition showing sharp to diffused contacts with adjoining host. Spectacular synplutonic mafic dykes commonly occur as fragmented dykes with necking and back veining. Similar magmatic textures of mafic rocks and their felsic host together with cuspate contacts, magmatic flow structures, mixing, mingling and hybridization suggest their coeval nature. Petrographic evidences such as disequilibrium assemblages, resorption, quartz ocelli, rapakivi-like texture and poikilitically enclosed alkali feldspar in amphibole and plagioclase suggest interaction, mixing/mingling of mafic and felsic magmas. Combined field and petrographic evidences reveal convection and divergent flow in the host magma chamber following the introduction of mafic magmas. Mixing occurs when mafic magma is introduced into host felsic magma before initiation of crystallization leading to formation of hybrid magma under the influence of convection. On the other hand when mafic magmas inject into host magma containing 30–40% crystals, the viscosities of the two magmas are sufficiently different to permit mixing but permit only mingling. Finally, if the mafic magmas are injected when felsic host was largely crystallized (~70% or more crystals), they fill early fractures and interact with the last residual liquids locally resulting in fragmented dykes. The latent heat associated with these mafic injections probably cause reversal of crystallization of adjoining host in magma chamber resulting in back veining in synplutonic mafic dykes. Our field data suggest that substantial volume of mafic magmas were injected into host magma chamber during different stages of crystallization. The origin of mafic magmas may be attributed to decompression melting of mantle associated with development of mantle scale fractures as a consequence of crystallization of voluminous felsic magmas in magma chambers at deep crustal levels.     

Isotopic responses to basaltic injections into silicic magma chambers: a whole-rock and microsampling study of macrorhythmic units in the Pleasant Bay layered gabbro-diorite complex, Maine, USA

The Pleasant Bay layered gabbro-diorite complex (420 Ma) formed via repeated injections of mafic magma into a felsic magma chamber. It is dominated by repeating sequences (macrorhythmic units) with chilled gabbroic bases which may grade upward into medium-grained gabbro, diorite and granite. Each unit represents an injection of mafic magma into the chamber followed by differentiation. Increases in Sr_i and decreases in )_Ndi with stratigraphic height indicate open-system isotopic behaviour and exchange between the mafic and felsic magmas. Isotopic variations of whole-rock samples in individual macrorhythmic units do not conform to bulk mixing or AFC models between potential parental magmas. Sr isotopic studies of single feldspar crystals from one macrorhythmic unit indicate that exchange of crystals between the resident felsic magma and mafic influxes was important, that some of the rocks contain feldspar xenocrysts, and that the rocks are isotopically heterogeneous on an intercrystal scale. Xenocryst abundance increases with stratigraphic height, suggesting that crystal exchange occurred in situ. The lack of disequilibrium textures in the xenocrystic feldspar indicates the evolved macrorhythmic magma and resident silicic magma were of a similar composition and likely in thermal equilibrium at the time of crystal transfer. Mafic chilled margins are enriched in alkalis and isotopically evolved compared with mafic dikes (representing the parental melts) and suggest rapid in-situ diffusional exchange following emplacement of individual mafic replenishments.     

东昆仑香加花岗质岩体中镁铁质包体成因:岩相学及地球化学证据

东昆仑造山带以广泛发育富含镁铁质包体的早-中三叠世花岗岩为主要特征,但目前尚缺乏对不同类型镁铁质包体系统的岩相学和矿物学研究.在本文中,我们选择了极具代表性的香加花岗岩体及其中包体为研究对象,从岩相学和矿物化学角度揭示了东昆仑地区壳幔岩浆相互作用的详细过程.研究表明包体发育眼球状石英、韵律环带斜长石和针状磷灰石等不平衡结构和快速结晶现象,指示存在岩浆混合作用,而似辉绿辉长结构包体代表了岩浆混合的基性端元.此外,长石的多阶段生长证明可能存在多次的岩浆混合过程.镁铁质包体相对寄主岩（Mg#值为0.39~0.56,Fe#值为0.44~0.62）具高Mg#和低Fe#特征.包体具有两类角闪石:一类结晶源自早期深部幔源岩浆（TiO₂=2.1%~2.9%,SiO₂=41.75%~44.49%）,另一类则起源于浅部壳幔混合作用（TiO₂=1.0%~1.8%,SiO₂=42.49%~48.10%）.部分黑云母具有高镁特征（MgO=9.78%~11.53%,Mg#=0.462~0.541）,与幔源成因黑云母成分相当.斜长石的韵律环带及化学组成指示其岩浆混合成因.幔源基性岩浆在5×108 bar（约18 km）左右深度结晶并形成高钛角闪石,玄武质岩浆底侵上升,并发生壳幔岩浆混合作用,混合的岩浆上升至2.5×108 bar（约8 km）左右深度结晶形成低钛角闪石.以上证据指示,东昆仑地区在三叠纪时期可能经历了多期次的岩浆混合作用,地幔岩浆的注入在地壳深熔作用和地壳生长过程中扮演了重要角色.广泛的壳幔岩浆相互作用可能是三叠纪时期阿尼玛卿洋板片断离的重要响应.      

Zircon chemistry and magma mixing, SE China: In-situ analysis of Hf isotopes, Tonglu and Pingtan igneous complexes

Field relations and whole-rock geochemistry indicate that magma mixing has been important in the genesis of the late Mesozoic I-type igneous complexes at Pingtan and Tonglu in SE China. Morphological and trace-element studies of zircon populations in rocks from each of these complexes have defined several distinct growth stages [Mineral. Mag. (2001)]. In-situ LAM-MC-ICPMS microanalysis shows large variations in ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf (up to 15 _Hf units) between zircons of different growth stages within a single rock, and between zones within single zircon grains (up to 9 _Hf units). These variations suggest that each of the observed magmas in both complexes developed through hybridisation of ≥2 magmas with different sources. Although this mixing has produced similar Sr and Nd isotopic compositions in the different rock types of each complex, the zircons have functioned as “tape recorders” and have preserved details of the assembly of the different magmas.

In the Tonglu complex the most primitive magma is a mafic monzonite (preserved as enclaves), whose isotopic composition suggests derivation from the lower crust; rhyodacites, rhyolites and quartz diorites reflect the mixing of the monzonite with ≥2 more felsic magmas, derived from older crustal materials. In the Pingtan complex, zircons in a quartz diorite enclave suggest mixing between a crustal magma and a more primitive mantle-derived component. Zircons from granites and granodiorite enclaves indicate mixing between the quartz diorite and more felsic melts with lower ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf. Major changes in ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf correlate with discontinuous changes in the trace-element composition and morphology of the zircons, in particular the development of sector zoning that suggests rapid disequilibrium crystallisation. We suggest that the magma mixing recorded by the changes in ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf occurred during transport in magma conduits. The in-situ analysis of Hf-isotopic stratigraphy in zircons is a new and powerful tool for the detailed study of magma generation processes.     

湘中紫云山岩体暗色微粒包体的成因:岩相学、全岩及矿物地球化学证据

暗色微粒包体广泛分布于湘中紫云山岩体中的似斑状角闪石黑云母花岗闪长岩中,但其研究程度较低.对具有火成结构的暗色微粒包体及其寄主岩进行了岩相学、全岩及长石、辉石、黑云母的矿物地球化学研究,探讨其岩石成因及构造意义.寄主岩的全岩主量、微粒元素较为均一,而暗色微粒包体变化较大,且后者相对贫SiO₂而富Na₂O,但总体上二者均具有准铝质、钙碱性、镁质的特征,均富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,而亏损重稀土和高场强元素.寄主岩和暗色微粒包体的斜长石、辉石和黑云母均分别属于中长石、次透辉石－低铁次透辉石和铁质黑云母的范畴,显示相似的矿物地球化学特征.详尽的岩相学和地球化学特征表明,寄主岩属于I型和ACG型花岗岩,具有明显壳幔混合的特点;而暗色微粒包体形成时处于液态并具有流动性,与寄主岩间存在明显的机械和化学混合作用,并具有早期为骤冷快速结晶、晚期缓慢结晶这两期过程.因此,紫云山岩体中出现大量暗色微粒包体,是印支晚期湘中地区在强烈挤压之后的松弛阶段,由于软流圈物质上涌,并与其诱发的壳源酸性岩浆混合作用的产物.      

Field evidence,mineral chemical and geochemical constraints on mafic-felsic magma interactions in a vertically zoned magma chamber from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

The Nimchak granite pluton (NGP) of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India, provides ample evidence of magma interaction in a plutonic regime for the first time in this part of the Indian shield. A number of outcrop level magmatic structures reported from many mafic-felsic mixing and mingling zones worldwide, such as synplutonic dykes, mafic magmatic enclaves and hybrid rocks extensively occur in our study domain. From field observations it appears that the Nimchak pluton was a vertically zoned magma chamber that was intruded by a number of mafic dykes during the whole crystallization history of the magma chamber leading to magma mixing and mingling scenario. The lower part of the pluton is occupied by coarse-grained granodiorite (64.84–66.61?wt.% SiO₂), while the upper part is occupied by fine-grained granite (69.80–70.57?wt.% SiO₂). Field relationships along with textural and geochemical signatures of the pluton suggest that it is a well-exposed felsic magma chamber that was zoned due to fractional crystallization. The intruding mafic magma interacted differently with the upper and lower granitoids. The lower granodiorite is characterized by mafic feeder dykes and larger mafic magmatic enclaves, whereas the enclaves occurring in the upper granite are comparatively smaller and the feeder dykes could not be traced here, except two late-stage mafic dykes. The mafic enclaves occurring in the upper granite show higher degrees of hybridization with respect to those occurring in the lower granite. Furthermore, enclaves are widely distributed in the upper granite, whereas enclaves in the lower granite occur adjacent to the main feeder dykes.Geochemical signatures confirm that the intermediate rocks occurring in the Nimchak pluton are mixing products formed due to the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. A number of important physical properties of magmas like temperature, viscosity, glass transition temperature and fragility have been used in magma mixing models to evaluate the process of magma mixing. A geodynamic model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows episodic replenishments of mafic magma into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber from below. Data are consistent with a model whereby mafic magma ponded at the crust-mantle boundary and melted the overlying crust to form felsic (granitic) magma. The mafic magma episodically rose, injected and interacted with an overlying felsic magma chamber that was undergoing fractional crystallization forming hybrid intermediate rocks. The intrusion of mafic magma continued after complete solidification of the magma chamber as indicated by the presence of two late-stage mafic dykes.     

Sr and Nd isotopic investigations towards the origin of feldspar megacrysts in microgranular enclaves in two I‐type plutons of the Lachlan Fold Belt,southeast Australia

New Sr and Nd isotopic data are presented for several large feldspar crystals occurring in microgranular enclaves in the Swifts Creek and Bridle Track plutons, along with analyses of their host enclave groundmass and adjacent granitoid. In the Swifts Creek Pluton several previous studies have concluded that the microgranular enclaves represent admixed, more mafic and more primitive magmas, and new data presented here confirm that. Feldspar megacrysts in the microgranular enclaves have Sr and Nd isotopic signatures that are distinct from the surrounding enclave groundmass and from other enclaves in the pluton and therefore cannot have crystallised in situ. Isotopic compositions of these feldspars are more consistent with their having crystallised in a reservoir similar in composition to the most primitive granitoid analyses. The crystals were then physically transferred from the granitoid magma into the enclave while the latter was still partially liquid, thus invalidating arguments for a porphyroblastic origin. Field, petrographic and geochemical data are consistent with microgranular enclaves in the Bridle Track pluton also originating as admixed, more mafic magmas. However, Sr isotopic compositions of the enclaves are identical, within error, to the host granite and indicate that significant Sr isotopic equilibration has occurred. Nd isotopic compositions of the enclaves extend to slightly higher ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i) and are consistent with a mingled magma origin followed by major isotopic equilibration. Feldspar phenocrysts in the studied enclave have isotopic compositions indistinguishable from both the enclave groundmass and host granite, preventing an interpretation of their origin using isotopic evidence alone.     

Microgranular enclaves as evidence of rapid cooling in granitoid rocks: the case of the Los Pedroches granodiorite,Iberian Massif,Spain

Microgranular enclaves from the Los Pedroches granodiorite (LPG) (Los Pedroches Batholith, Iberian Massif, Spain) have Sr-Nd isotopic and mineral chemical compositions close to those of their host. This similarity is not related to restite unmixing, as indicated by the igneous textures of the enclaves. A number of other geological and geochemical lines of evidence, including the high REE and HFSE contents of the microgranular enclaves relative to the host granitoid, strongly suggest that this similarity cannot be explained by magma mixing. Alternatively, a crystallization process by rapid cooling within the host granitoid magma could explain the geochemical and textural characteristics of the microgranular enclaves, including shape, grain size, mineralogy, texture, chemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Such a crystallization occurred at the walls of the magma conduits through which the granitic magmas were emplaced in the upper crust. This process should be considered as an alternative hypothesis to magma mixing for the generation of some microgranular enclaves, especially where no direct evidence exists for the presence of basic magmas coeval with granitoids, and where there is a lack of isotopic contrast between hosts and enclaves. As the process is favoured by feeder-dyke related emplacement, we suggest that abundance of microgranular enclaves can be related to the mechanism of emplacement of granitoid bodies.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the accepted date.

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Timing of granitic magma mixing in the southeastern Gyeongsang Basin,Korea: SHRIMP-RG zircon data

Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline granites in the Gyeongsang Basin evolved through the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. The host granites contain numerous mafic magmatic/microgranular enclaves of various shapes and sizes. New SHRIMP-RG zircon U–Pb ages of both granite and mafic magmatic/microgranular enclaves are 75.0?±?0.5 Ma and 74.9?±?0.6 Ma, respectively, suggesting that they crystallized contemporaneously after magma mixing. The time of injection of mafic melt into the felsic magma chamber can be recognized as approximately 75 Ma by field relations, petrographic features, geochemical evolution, and SHRIMP-RG zircon dating. This Late Cretaceous magma mixing event in the Korean Peninsula was probably related to the onset of subduction of the Izanagi (Kula)–Pacific ridge.     

Arc dacite genesis pathways: Evidence from mafic enclaves and their hosts in Aegean lavas

Mafic enclaves are commonly found in intermediate arc magmas, and their occurrence has been linked to eruption triggering by pre-eruptive magma mixing processes. New major, trace, Sr–Nd and U–Th isotope data of rocks from Nisyros in the Aegean volcanic arc are presented here. Pre-caldera samples display major and trace element trends that are consistent with fractionation of magnetite and apatite within intermediate compositions, and zircon within felsic compositions, and preclude extensive hybridization between mafic and felsic magmas. In contrast, post-caldera dacites form a mixing trend towards their mafic enclaves. In terms of U-series isotopes, most samples show small ²³⁸U excesses of up to  10%. Mafic enclaves have significantly higher U/Th ratios than their dacitic host lavas, precluding simple models that relate the mafic and felsic magmas by fractionation or aging alone. A more complicated petrogenetic scenario is required. The post-caldera dacites are interpreted to represent material remobilized from a young igneous protolith following influx of fresh mafic magma, consistent with the U–Th data and with Sr–Nd isotope constraints that point to very limited (< 10%) assimilation of old crust at Nisyros. When these results are compared to data from Santorini in the same arc, there are many geochemical similarities between the two volcanic centers during the petrogenesis of the pre-caldera samples. However, striking differences are apparent for the post-caldera lavas: in Nisyros, dacites show geochemical and textural evidence for magma mixing and remobilization by influx of mafic melts, and they erupt as viscous lava domes; in Santorini, evidence for geochemical hybridization of dacites and mafic enclaves is weak, dacite petrogenesis does not involve protolith remobilization, and lavas erupt as less viscous flows. Despite these differences, it appears that mafic enclaves in intermediate Aegean arc magmas consistently yield timescales of at least 100 kyrs between U enrichment of the mantle wedge and eruption, on the upper end of those estimated for the eruptive products of mafic arc volcanoes. Finally, the data presented here provide constraints on the rates of differentiation from primitive arc basalts to dacites (less than  140 kyrs), and on the crustal residence time of evolved igneous protoliths prior to their remobilization by mafic arc magmas (greater than  350 kyrs).     

The Cima di Vila (Zinsnock) intrusion,eastern alps: Evidence for crustal melting,acid-mafic magma mingling and wall-rock fluid effects

Summary The Alpine (29 Ma) stock of Cima di Vila (CdV, Zinsnock), South Tyrol/Alto Adige, Eastern Alps consists of dominant granodiorites with a few tonalites. Late granitic and aplitic dykes cut the pluton, which also contains several microgranular mafic enclaves. Major, trace element and Sr isotopic data reported for samples of various lithologies indicate that mafic, intermediate and acidic magmas in the CdV intrusion are not all strictly comagmatic. Crustal melting of lower continental crust appears to explain better the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of granodiorites. Mingling between salic and mantle-derived mafic magmas is responsible for the genesis of tonalites, whereas granites and aplites are the products of separation of residual liquid fromin situ crystallized granodioritic magma. Studies of mafic enclaves and adjoining host rocks indicate that mafic and acidic magmas interacted extensively during the emplacement and crystallization of the granodioritic mass. This interaction produced selective enrichments of some elements (Rb, K, Ba) in the mafic magmas at the expense of the nearby acid magmas. Partial crystallization of the mafic magma and equilibration between the residual liquid and the host granodioritic magma produced a depletion of LREE contents in the enclaves. Sr isotopic data indicate that equilibrium between acidic magma and enclaves was not reached, in spite of the large chemical exchanges between mafic blobs and host granodiorites. Late stage fluids from the wall-rocks had an important role in determining Sr isotopic composition of the latest crystallized granitic and aplitic melts.

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Die Cima di Vila (Zinsnock) Intrusion, Ostalpen: Krustenaufschmelzung, sauermafische Magmenmischung und Nebengesteins-Fluideffekte

Zusammenfassung Der appidische (29 Ma) Cima di Vila (Zinsnock) Pluton (CdV) in südtirol besteht hauptsächlich aus Granodioriten and wenigen Tonaliten. Späte granitische und aplitische Gänge durchsetzen den Pluton, der auch einige mikrogranulare malische Enklaven enthält. Haupt-, Spuren- and Sr-Isotopenanalytik belegen, daß die mafischen, intermediären and sauren Magmen in der CdV Intrusion nicht alle streng comagmatisch sind. Aufschmelzung der unteren kontinentalen Kruste erklärt die mineralogischen und geochemischen Charakteristika weitaus besser. Die Tonalite werden als Mischung saurer und mafischer (Mantel-) Magmen erklärt, während die Granite und Aplite Produkte einer Separation von Restschmelzen von einemin situ kristallisierten granodioritischen Magma repräsentieren.Eine Studie der mafischen Enklaven und der Nebengesteine zeigt außerdem eine intensive Interaktion der mafischen und der sauren Magmen während der Platznahme und Kristallisation des Granodioritkörpers. Diese Interaktion hatte eine selektive Anreicherung einiger Elemente (Rb, K, Ba) in den mafischen Magmen zur Folge.Teilkristallisation des mafischen Magmas und die Interaktion der Restschmelzen mit dem granodioritischen Wirtsmagma resultierten in einer LREE-Abreicherung in den Enklaven. Sr-Isotope zeigen, daß, trotz der weitldufigen Austauschprozesse zwischen dem sauren Magma and den Enklaven, kein Gleichgewicht errreicht wurde. Späte Fluide aus den Nebengesteinen spielten eine wichtige Rolle für die Sr- Isotopenzusammensetzungen in den spät kristallisierten granitischen und aplitischen Schmelzen.

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With 7 Figures     

新疆西准噶尔夏尔莆岩体岩浆混合的岩相学证据

夏尔莆岩体由寄主岩石、微粒镁铁质包体和中基性岩墙群组成,具丰富、典型的岩浆混合岩相学特征.野外露头,寄主岩石中暗色矿物分布不均并发育暗色矿物集合体、微小的镁铁质包体和不均匀混合条带;包体具有明显的塑性变形,与寄主岩石或界线截然或渐变过渡,常发育反向脉和寄主岩石中的长石巨晶(捕虏晶);中基性岩墙群与微粒镁铁质包体紧密共生并延伸方向基本一致,发育寄主岩石中的长石捕虏晶,被寄主岩的反向脉横切.在镜下,包体与寄主岩混合带中均发育斜长石异常环带和多种不平衡矿物共生现象,包体中发育针状磷灰石.这些特征表明镁铁质包体和中基性岩墙群来源于与寄主岩石同一岩浆事件的基性岩浆,并与其发生了强烈的岩浆混合作用.岩相学特征为夏尔莆岩体岩浆混合成因提供了重要佐证.     

Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sariçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting

The major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes of the host rocks and the mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) gathered from the Dölek and Sariçiçek plutons, Eastern Turkey, were studied to understand the underlying petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. The plutons were emplaced at  43 Ma at shallow depths ( 5 to 9 km) as estimated from Al-in hornblende geobarometry. The host rocks consist of a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite (SiO₂ = 56.98–72.67 wt.%; Mg# = 36.8–50.0) populated by MMEs of gabbroic diorite to monzodiorite in composition (SiO₂ = 53.21–60.94 wt.%; Mg# = 44.4–53.5). All the rocks show a high-K calc-alkaline differentiation trend. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are moderately fractionated and relatively flat [(La/Yb)_N = 5.11 to 8.51]. They display small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu = 0.62 to 0.88), with enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE. Initial Nd–Sr isotopic compositions for the host rocks are ε_Nd(43 Ma) = − 0.6 to 0.8 and mostly I_Sr = 0.70482–0.70548. The Nd model ages (T_DM) vary from 0.84 to 0.99 Ga. The Pb isotopic ratios are (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.60–18.65, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.61–15.66 and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.69–38.85. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition, with I_Sr ranging from 0.70485 to 0.70517, ε_Nd(43 Ma) − 0.1 to 0.8 and with Pb isotopic ratios of (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.58–18.64, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.60–15.66 and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.64–38.77. The MMEs have T_DM ranging from 0.86 to 1.36 Ga. The geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks indicate that the enclaves are of mixed origin and are most probably formed by the interaction between the lower crust- and mantle-derived magmas. All the geochemical data, in conjunction with the geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle, probably triggered by the upwelling of the asthenophere, and interacted with a crustal melt that originated from the dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. Modeling based on the Sr–Nd isotope data indicates that  77–83% of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle involved in the genesis. Consequently, the interaction process played an important role in the genesis of the hybrid granitoid bodies, which subsequently underwent a fractional crystallization process along with minor amounts of crustal assimilation, en route to the upper crustal levels generating a wide variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite in an extensional regime.     

岩浆混合作用与火成岩多样性的耦合关系:以东昆仑造山带白日其利长英质岩体为例

壳-幔岩浆相互作用如何影响长英质火成岩的岩石学多样性是当前岩石学研究的焦点问题之一.以岩石类型丰富的东昆仑白日其利长英质岩体和暗色微粒包体为研究对象,开展系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、矿物学、全岩元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究,探讨和解析这一重要科学问题.LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,暗色微粒包体（247.8±2.0 Ma）与二长花岗岩（247.5±1.4 Ma）、花岗闪长岩（248.8±2.1 Ma）和石英闪长岩（248.8±1.5 Ma）均侵位结晶于早三叠世.岩相学和矿物学研究表明,白日其利长英质岩石与包体的成因机制与壳-幔岩浆的机械或化学混合作用密切相关.元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究揭示,幔源镁铁质岩浆端元起源于受俯冲板片流体交代的富集地幔熔融,而壳源长英质岩浆端元则起源于东昆仑古老的变质杂砂岩基底.岩石成因分析揭示,幔源镁铁质岩浆侵入长英质晶粥岩浆房,促使长英质晶粥发生活化,随后壳-幔岩浆端元以不同比例和不同方式发生机械和化学混合等相互作用,从而形成镁铁质岩墙、包体、石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩等多种岩石类型.晶粥状态下壳-幔岩浆相互作用是控制东昆仑长英质火成岩多样性和大陆地壳生长演化的重要方式.