In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore marine clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.     

Characteristics of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi

Singapore marine clay at Changi is a quartenary deposit that lies within valleys cut in the Old Alluvium. It is locally known as Kallang formation. The pre-reclamation site characterization and laboratory testing was carried out by conducting marine sampling boreholes, in situ dissipation tests and field vane test. In situ dissipation tests were conducted with the piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. The purpose of the site characterization was to determine the consolidation characteristics, strength characteristics, stratigraphy, and mineralogy of Singapore marine clay. The consolidation properties of marine clay are required prior to land reclamation activities in order to predict the magnitude and rates of settlement with the expected fill load and future service load as well as for the design of soil improvement works. The shear strength properties are required for slope stability analyses during reclamation and for the stability analyses of shore protection works. Clay mineralogy tests and photographic identification of the marine clay was carried out to determine the mineralogical properties and to visually record the marine clay colour and texture.     

Dissipation Testing of Singapore Marine Clay by Piezocone Tests

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction in marine clays formation. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone were utilised in the characterisation of the coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and the hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction of Singapore marine clay at Changi. Piezocone dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction prior to and after ground improvement. The quasi-static piezometric pressures from the dissipation tests were compared with piezometric pressures from piezometers to determine their possibility of future use as an alternative to piezometers. Post-improvement CPTU dissipation tests were carried out in the treated “Vertical Drain Area” as well as in an adjacent untreated “Control Area” for comparison purposes. This study provides support for the use of piezocone dissipation testing methods for the determination of the coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow and hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction of marine clays in the region as well as an alternative to piezometer instrumentation for monitoring of piezometric pressure during consolidation.     

Assessment of Marine Clay Improvement Under Reclamation Fills by in-situ Testing Methods

In ground improvement projects with prefabricated vertical drains, the duration of the preloading period is set in advance based on the predetermined time rate of consolidation of the compressible layer. If prediction is accurately done, the required degree of consolidation is met at the pre-determined preloading time. As such, there is a requirement for in-situ tests to be carried out just prior to the removal of surcharge to assess the degree of consolidation of the improved ground. In-situ tests were carried out after 23 months of surcharge loading at the In-Situ Test Site within the Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore. In-situ testing works in this research study comprises the use of field vane shear, piezocone, flat dilatometer and self-boring pressuremeter. The in-situ tests were carried out to determine the shear strength and degree of consolidation of the Singapore marine clay at Changi after 23 months of surcharge loading. The In-Situ Test Site consisted of a Vertical Drain Area as well as an untreated Control Area. Both areas were located adjacent to each other and were surcharged simultaneously to the same level and surcharge left in place for a period of 23 months. Comparison was made between the in-situ test results of the Vertical Drain Area and the untreated Control Area.     

Ground Investigations for Changi East Reclamation Projects

Geotechnical ground investigation is important in all construction works particularly, land reclamation projects. The Changi East reclamation project is a mega project that involves creation of land space as large as 3,000 hectares in multiple phases between 1991 and 2005. Ground investigation plays a critical role in the Changi project which involved substantial amount of ground improvement works after reclamation by sand filling. One important aspect of the investigation was to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of the underlying compressible soils beneath the original seabed for the selection of suitable methods of ground improvement. The other important aspect of the investigation was to characterize and verify the compactness of the reclaimed sand fill. Many types of in situ tests were extensively used in the project. The field vane shear test provides correlations between the undrained shear strength and depth for the upper and the lower marine clay strata in the Northern part and the Southern Part of the reclaimed site. Combined with laboratory undrained shear strength tests, the field vane strength profiles allow the derivation of the undrained shear strength over effective stress ratios for the upper and the lower marine clays. In addition, results from three other in situ tests, the piezocone cone penetration test, the flat dilatometer test, and the self boring pressuremeter test provided useful verification of these correlations. A field-performance based method of assessing degree of consolidation in the underlying clay was developed by combining field monitoring, laboratory testing and conventional as well as specialized in situ testing. An effective use of in situ testing methods for assessment, the outcome of ground improvement and for fill quality control in the densification of granular soils is illustrated with field observation data collected at the project site.     

珠江口海洋软土不排水抗剪强度及循环弱化特性试验研究

为了获得广东珠江口海洋软土的不排水抗剪强度,分别开展了不固结不排水剪切和固结不排水剪切三轴试验、无侧限抗压试验、现场取土离心机正常固结模型地基的T-bar静力贯入试验以及现场十字板剪切试验和静力触探试验（CPT）,并采用土力学经验公式进行计算,确定了珠江口海洋软土不排水抗剪强度沿深度的分布规律,并综合评价了各种方法的有效性。为了获得该区域软土的循环弱化规律,分别开展了循环动三轴试验、现场取土离心机正常固结模型地基的T-bar循环贯入试验和现场单桩水平循环加载试验,揭示了软土循环动模量比与循环次数之间的双对数线性关系,获得了3种试验条件下珠江口海洋软土的循环弱化因子。其研究结果可为该区域海洋建筑物设计提供直接依据,也可为其他类型工程提供借鉴。     

三维极限平衡法在原位水平推剪试验中的应用

原位水平推剪试验是一种常用的试验方法,但由于在对类似与土石混合体这类极度不均匀的岩土体进行试验时,其滑动面通常极为不规则。作者在三维极限平衡理论分析的基础上,推导出了野外大型原位水平推剪试验在考虑三维滑动面时的强度参数计算方法,并采用VC .NET编制了相应的数据处理系统(HPT-3D),为原位水平推剪试样提供了新的处理技术。将该法应用于虎跳峡龙蟠右岸土石混合体的现场水平推剪试验中,得到了一些有益的结论。     

Effects of in-situ stress and joint on permeability of the coal bed in Linfen block,southeastern Ordos Basin,China

Effects of in-situ stress and joint on permeability of the coal bed depend on orientation relationships between in-situ stress and joint. In-situ stress orientations of Linfen block of southeastern Ordos Basin were determined by systematical measurements of the loess joints. In-situ stress magnitudes were calculated based on well logging and hydraulic fracturing data. Joint orientations of the No. 5 coal bed and density distributions of the overlying sandstone bed were investigated. The results show that the NE-oriented maximum horizontal principal stress, approximately parallel to the predominant joint orientation of the coal bed, is favorable to the openness of the predominant joints. The minimum horizontal principal stress, with its orientation perpendicular to the predominant joint orientation, tends to induce the closure of the predominant joints. The stress state of No. 5 coal bed is o_v > 0_H > O_h, which is favorable for the openness of subvertical joints and an increase in the permeability. The permeability of No. 5 coal bed increases obviously with increasing effective vertical stress and effective horizontal maximum stress and decreases with increasing effective horizontal minimum stress. Besides, the permeability of No. 5 coal bed exhibits a good exponential relationship with the density of predominant joint set. Therefore, predominant joints with the orientation of 45° mainly contribute to increases in the permeability of the No. 5 coal bed in Linfen block. Multidimensional analysis show good exponential relationships among the permeability, predominant joint density, and effective stress of the No. 5 coal bed.     

页岩各向异性力学特性微观测试方法研究

页岩力学各向异性特征是地应力、 井壁稳定、 水力裂缝扩展相关研究的重要基础参数.针对页岩力学各向异性宏观测试中存在样品制取困难、制样成功率低的特点,采用来源丰富的钻井岩屑或破碎岩块,通过研究纳米压痕实验原理、实验方法和数据解释方法,采用连续刚度测试方法对平行层理和垂直层理的页岩试样进行纳米压痕测试;基于硬度的分类准则将...     

Field-scale constructability evaluation of underwater vacuum preloading

There is an ever-increasing demand for land to cope with the rapid economic development worldwide. As a result, new land is always reclaimed from the sea to meet the demand. The soft marine deposit in the seabed is often too weak to support the reclamation and the infrastructure to be built upon it. However, dredging of marine deposit has to be minimized to prevent ecological damage to the marine environment. In-situ improvement of the marine deposit is thus often required. Vacuum preloading is a proven technique to improve the engineering properties of soft clay onshore. However, the viability of applying the technique underwater is yet to be established. Practicality and constructability are important issues. The results of a field-scale constructability evaluation of underwater vacuum preloading are presented in the paper. Different techniques to install a membrane underwater to provide the required air-proof barrier were evaluated by monitoring the vacuum pressure underneath the membrane, pore pressure in the clay in the seabed, and ground settlement as a function of treatment duration.     

红粘土桩-网复合地基现场试验研究

桩-网复合地基同时具备竖向增强和水平向增强两种加固形式的优点,由桩、网、土三者共同协调作用,有效分担路堤荷载,是一种作用机理复杂的地基加固方法。通过对某客运专线红粘土桩-网复合地基试验段进行的现场测试试验,对复合地基的基底土压力、土工格栅变形、孔隙水压力以及桩土沉降量等方面的测试,得出红粘土复合地基需要在桩、网、桩间土通过一个反复的作用过程才能达到稳定状态等结论,将有助于深入研究桩-网复合地基加固机理,并为进一步完善桩-网复合地基设计方法提供依据。     

海洋地质灾害原位监测技术研究进展

海洋地质灾害对沿海城市人口和海洋经济发展构成重大威胁。海岸港口航道、海底管线光缆、海洋平台基础等工程建设规模的扩大,意味着海洋地质灾害风险进一步提高。海底火山爆发、海啸等大规模但不常见的灾害事件吸引了大多数公众关注和媒体报道,并促使政策调整以防范化解灾害风险。然而,海底气体喷溢、海底滑坡等小规模但更频繁的原生灾害事件,会产生严重的局部影响,并且极易转变为灾害链导致灾害事件恶化,但社会公众在很大程度上没有足够重视此类灾害风险。迄今为止,大多数海洋地质灾害的特征都可以被探测识别,但依靠现有的技术却很难有效监测。海洋地质灾害的原位监测需要更加严苛的技术能力,特别是突发性海洋地质灾害的原位监测难度较大。综述首先介绍了海洋地质灾害原位监测的意义以及技术发展的挑战,然后对海洋地质灾害的监测要素进行总结探讨,重点阐述海洋地质灾害监测技术装备的应用情况,并对海洋地质灾害的风险评估和灾害预警进行分析探讨,最后对海洋地质灾害原位监测技术及其应用作了总结和展望。综述旨在分析总结海洋地质灾害类型的监测技术装备及其应用中涉及的一些核心技术和急需解决的关键问题,以期为该项技术发展和应用提供借鉴。     

红黏土地基承载力和变形参数的空间分布特征分析

为了获得红黏土地基承载力和变形参数在横向和垂向上的定量数据及分析它们的变化规律,选取厦门至成都高速公路湖南省郴州段典型横纵断面上的红黏土地层作为试验点,采用平板载荷试验、旁压试验等技术手段进行了原位测试。试验结果表明：红黏土地基承载力和变形模量在横向较小的范围内呈现较大幅度的变化,在垂向上则呈现先增大再减小的变化趋势,与红黏土赋存厚度、地形地貌、含水率等相关;旁压试验所测得的承载力特征值和平板载荷试验测得的承载力特征值之间存在一定的差异性;旁压模量与变形模量可以通过结构性系数联系起来,所得的结构性系数与Menard根据大量黏土试验资料对比所得到的结论较为一致。     

基于原位双环、试坑浸水试验和数值模拟反演的Q3黄土饱和渗透系数对比研究

为准确获取原状Q3黄土的竖向和水平饱和渗透系数,进行了原位、室内试验测试以及数值模拟反演,并应用大型试坑浸水试验检验了所获饱和渗透系数的可靠性。进行了不同内径尺寸的原位双环入渗试验,获取了竖向饱和渗透系数,并应用室内试验测试了竖向和水平饱和渗透系数以及持水曲线;应用COMSOL软件对双环入渗试验进行数值模拟,检验了所测饱和渗透系数的可靠性,利用正交试验获得了最优的竖向和水平饱和渗透系数取值,并利用反演结果对试坑进行数值模拟,将其水分入渗情况与实测值对比。研究结果表明：在现场进行双环入渗试验时选取较大内径的双环获得的竖向饱和渗透系数更为合理。针对双环入渗试验,数值模拟反演所得最优饱和渗透系数在竖向上接近于原位试验所得竖向饱和渗透系数、水平向上接近室内所测水平向饱和渗透系数,竖向饱和渗透系数比水平向饱和渗透系数更加显著地影响水分入渗过程。通过对大型试坑水分入渗情况的验证,检验了反演所得最优饱和渗透系数的可靠性。     

黄土渗气系数原位测试原理方法及适用性试验研究

渗透系数是黄土渗透变形破坏及黄土水理性质相关研究中的一项重要参数,而渗气系数与渗透系数具有良好的相关性且其测试过程不受黄土水敏性的影响,同时比渗透系数测定更为方便和快捷,因此具有良好的推广应用前景.本文介绍了黄土原位渗气测试方法的原理,在此基础上针对插入式和接触式两种原位渗气测试方法,在不同地区黄土地层开展了一系列原位...     

Shear behavior of sensitive marine clay–steel interfaces

Many soil–structure interaction problems require the knowledge of the shear resistance and behavior between the soil and construction materials. Although sensitive marine clay deposits are widely found in Canada (Leda clay) and many regions in the world (e.g., Scandinavia), and steel is a common construction material for many civil engineering structures, our understanding of the interface shear behavior between sensitive marine clay and steel is still limited. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the interface shear behavior between Leda clay and steel. In this research, direct shear tests (DSTs) are conducted to investigate the interface shear strength parameters and behavior between Leda clay and steel, and the effect of several factors (e.g., steel surface roughness, properties of the Leda clay) on the interface shear behavior and parameters. All tests have been carried out with a standard DST apparatus at normal loads which range from 250 to 450 kPa. The results show that the Leda clay interface shear behavior can be significantly affected by the steel surface roughness, the Leda clay’s OCR, dry density, and salt content. The results presented in this paper will contribute to a more cost-effective design of geotechnical structures in Leda clay.     

钻孔埋管注盐法整治季节冻土区路基冻害现场试验研究

以季节冻土区青藏铁路环青海湖段路基冻害为背景,通过选取典型冻害断面,从水分、温度和土性三个方面分析了环湖段路基冻害成因。根据路基病害处理中成熟应用的注浆和注盐法,提出采用钻孔埋管注盐法整治路基病害技术,通过现场冻胀观测,检验注盐法整治路基的有效性。结果表明：环湖段路基冻害主要是由于路基土体内存在一层低液限低渗透性的粉质黏土,黏粒含量高,含水率大,冻深最大为1.5 m,粉质黏土层冻结,引起路基冻胀。结合现场试验段,对用盐量、盐的成分、施工工艺与参数提出合理的施工建议。现场冻胀监测表明,钻孔埋管注盐段路基的冻胀量明显降低,可用于季节冻土区路基冻害的整治治理。     

腾冲科学钻探孔非弹性应变恢复法三维地应力测量

用非弹性应变恢复法(简称ASR法)进行了腾冲科学钻探孔地应力测量。基于岩芯测量的ASR法是近年来发展起来的深部三维地应力测量的一种经济实用的新方法。使用该方法进行了720 m至1098 m深处的三维地应力测量,获得了该深度范围的地应力状态。测量结果表明:最大和中间主应力近于水平,最小主应力近于铅直。最大水平主应力方向为30°到45°。测量结果与地震机制解进行了对比。对比表明,ASR法得到的结果与地震机制解非常吻合。应力状态有利于高角度断层产生走滑运动,低角度断层产生逆冲运动。这与腾冲地区的地震断层活动性质一致。测量结果对地震机理的研究有意义。     

软土中桶型基础水平循环承载力的模型试验

利用真空预压方法制备了一个大尺寸软黏土模型试验土池,进行了不同竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载共同作用下软土中单桶基础承载力的模型试验,研究了竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载对基础承载力的影响。结果表明,基础的水平循环承载力小于静承载力;导致基础破坏的循环荷载与循环次数取决于竖向静荷载。竖向静荷载越大,与同一循环破坏次数对应的循环荷载就越小。依据模型试验土的循环强度变化关系,采用弹塑性有限元计算方法对模型试验进行了数值模拟,计算与试验结果基本吻合,表明可以依据软黏土的循环强度变化关系,通过弹塑性有限元数值计算评价软土地基中桶型基础的水平循环承载力。