对构建流域"大水文"理念,推进黄河流域水文一体化管理的思考与探索

在人民治理黄河60周年之际，党和国家领导人分别就治黄工作做出了重要批示，这意味着在实现“维持黄河健康生命”终极目标的进程中，水文工作将要承担的责任更大，提供的基础支撑更全。而以往“平面水文”和“区域水文”等“小水文”的理念已无法满足黄河治理开发的需求。因此，在新的形势下，黄河水文提出了“大水文”的创新理念与发展战略，要在流域内率先实现黄河流域水文一体化管理，从而大幅提升黄河水文的服务能力和管理水平。     

宜居黄河科学构想

黄河问题表象于河,形成于域,根植于地。针对于黄河流域高质量发展面临的地球科学问题特点及挑战,本文提出了“宜居黄河”科学构想,旨在构建一个包括“安全黄河”、“绿色黄河”、“生态黄河”、“和谐黄河”和“智慧黄河”5大核心内容的体系完善的宜居黄河研究科学架构,并对这5个方面的科学内涵和关键研究内容进行了阐述。其中,(1)安全黄河立足于工程地质学,研究黄河流域地质地表过程及其灾害效应,以保障地质安全需求,构建安全黄河体系;(2)绿色黄河立足于水文地质学,研究黄河流域水循环过程及其水土环境变化效应,构建绿色黄河体系;(3)生态黄河立足于环境地质学,研究黄河流域生态系统演化规律及其生态屏障效应,构建生态黄河体系;(4)和谐黄河立足于资源地质学,研究黄河流域资源开发与人地协调的发展模式,构建和谐黄河体系;(5)智慧黄河立足于大数据及信息科学,研究黄河流域地学信息集成与智慧决策平台,构建智慧黄河体系。这5个部分相互支撑融合,共同解决宜居黄河的核心关键问题,从而为保障黄河长治久安、促进全流域高质量发展,最终形成造福中华民族的“幸福黄河”起到科技支撑作用。     

同心托起千秋业——黄河水文工作50年回顾

当我们迎来新中国50华诞之时,黄河也迎来了人民治黄以来的又一岁安澜。在这份凝重的安澜背后,浸透着黄河水文人50年来林风沐雨的汗水,也铭记着黄河水文战天斗地的不朽功业。1世纪回眸,沧海桑田50年黄河,是中华民族的摇篮,是我们伟大祖国的象征,她哺育了坚强不屈的中华民族,培育了光辉灿烂的华夏文明……黄河,也是一条维骛不驯、灾难深重的河流。它在塑造辉煌的同时也酿造了深重的灾难,其水少沙多、善淤善徙的复杂特殊性在世界上任何河流都无以伦比,被称为“心腹之患”……“治水必先悉其水性”,治黄首先要深人认识黄河,黄河水…     

黄河源区水文预报的关键科学问题

黄河源区水文预报对龙羊峡、刘家峡等黄河上游梯级水库群的洪水资源化调度乃至整个黄河流域的水旱灾害防御都起着举足轻重的作用。然而,由于降水的地面观测严重匮乏、且缺少适用于高寒山区的专用水文模型,源区水文预报成为长期困扰黄河洪水/径流业务预报的难题。在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上,从高海拔缺资料地区的降水观测与降水预报、寒区水文模型构建与气象水文耦合系统集成、高原降水发生的气象成因与形成机制3个方面,评价了黄河源区水文预报的当前现状与技术水平,提出了黄河源区水文预报面临的关键科学问题;指出新一代多源降水信息融合与同化、高寒区特殊产汇流模型构建、无缝隙气象水文集合预报、强降水与连阴雨的多影响天气系统解析等,是当前黄河源区水文预报的研究重点与发展方向。     

黄河水文信息处理的问题与发展

黄河水文信息处理的问题与发展张国泰，胡文杰（黄河水利委员会水文局）黄河是我国第二大河，又是西北和华北地区重要的水资源。４０多年的不断发展，黄河水文事业取得了巨大成就，为黄河流域开发水资源、防治水害、保护水环境、保障国民经济建设和人民生活安定做出了重要...     

建设有黄河特色的水文自动测报系统的探讨

本文简要分析了黄河流域独特的地理、水文特性,对黄河流域水文自动测报系统建设现状进行了初步分析,提出水文自动测报系统建设要根据黄河河情,配备满足黄河水文特性的数据采集传感器和通信组网方案,并对黄河流域自动测报系统建设进行了展望.     

"3S"技术在水文应用中的思考

本文在系统介绍“3S”技术及其构成的基础上,从社会发展对水文事业的挑战的角度出发,论述了“3S”技术应用与传统水文业务结合点和水文业务范畴拓展等问题,此外还提出了“3S”技术推动水文业务升级的关键技术与体制保障设想。     

黄河水文勘测站队结合工作会议在西峰召开

为了推动黄河水文勘测站队结合工作的全面开展,黄委会水文局于1987年11月19～23日在甘肃省西峰市召开了黄河水文勘测站队结合工作会议。黄委水文局及其所属各总站、勘测队的代表40多人出席了会议。会议听取了三门峡水文总站和西峰水文勘测队开展站队结合工作的试点经验介绍并进行了现场调研。同时,各单位也对站队结合工作的开展情况进行了汇报和交流。最后,会议还对黄委水文勘测站队结合工作提出了规划和安排。     

发达国家水文信息资源管理与应用概述

水是经济社会发展的重要战略性资源之一。加强对水资源的配置管理、保护利用是以水资源的可持续利用支持国家经济社会的持续协调的发展的重要保证。水文信息资源的管理和应用服务水平直接影响着水资源的科学管理。本文介绍了发达国家在水文信息资源管理和应用方面的经验，以期对黄河水文信息资源应用．乃至全国水文信息资源共享及服务能力的建设，提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

气候变化对黄河源区水资源的影响

利用气候模型结果和大尺度分布式水文模型评估黄河源区未来的水资源.根据IPCC DDC的13个系列的GCMs成果,结合黄河源区的实测气象资料,分析了该地区气候在未来100 a内的可能变化;建立了考虑融雪和冻土影响的分布式水文模型,经验证该模型能够适用于黄河源区.计算出了相应的径流情景,分析了黄河源区水量尤其是水资源特性(径流的年内、年际分布)的可能变化;对南水北调西线工程的需水量进行了简单评估.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.