基于RS的淮河流域土壤含水量估算方法

运用MODIS等数据,建立了基于能量平衡与水量平衡的地表土壤含水量遥感反演模型。模型验证结果表明,山东半岛地区实测值与模拟值相关性R2为0.63,沂沭泗流域R2为0.6,淮河地区R2为0.65,适合研究区域不同季节不同分区土壤含水量预测。对将RS用于土壤含水量估算有一定参考价值。     

改进的表观热惯量法反演土壤含水量

提出一种改进的表观热惯量计算模型,以中科院栾城农业生态系统试验站为基地,通过实测的模型参数,利用提出的表观热惯量模型计算不同植被覆盖下、不同实验区土壤含水量的热惯量值,并与土壤含水量进行相关性分析,以找到热惯量方法可以用来反演土壤含水量的适用条件(归一化植被指数NDVI的阈值).实验结果表明,该模型监测土壤含水量是可行的,在植被覆盖度较低的情况下(NDVI≤O.35)具有较高的精度,在植被覆盖度较高(NDVI＞0.35)时,热惯量模型失效,因此用热惯量方法反演土壤含水量植被覆盖时将NDVI阈值的最大值设为0.35.将该方法应用到MODIS数据中,以河北省栾城县、赵县、藁城市3市县为研究区,分别反演该区土壤含水量,反演结果与实际情况相符合.实地取点人工监测土壤含水量为25.1％,栾城站模型计算结果为22.4％,匹配性较好,该方法在遥感数据中得到了很好的应用.     

阜新地区干旱监测研究

选定温度植被干旱指数法建立阜新地区干旱监测模型。通过参数的确定,得到温度植被干旱指数,再通过阜新地区的气象站点地面实测土壤含水量数据,建立温度植被干旱指数-土壤含水量(TVDI-SWC)经验模型。通过回归分析以及2007年预测分析的实验数据表明,TVDI-SWC模型适用于阜新地区早春的干旱监测,可以使用该方法来实现对阜新地区的整体旱情状况快速,准确的评估。     

黄河三角洲地区地下水埋深遥感反演

黄河三角洲地区地理位置特殊,水资源供需矛盾尖锐,为了研究其地下水分布状况,使用MODIS遥感数据、实测土壤相对含水量和地下水埋深数据,利用温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI)和表观热惯量法(apparent thermal inertia,ATI)对研究区土壤相对含水量进行遥感估算;通过分析不同深度处土壤相对含水量与地下水埋深的相关性,建立了反演地下水埋深的线性方程,得到了研究区地下水埋深分布状况图.结果表明:利用地表10 cm深度处测得的土壤相对含水量反演地下水埋深的结果较为合理;在缺少土壤相对含水量数据时,可以用反映土壤相对含水量高低的因子估算地下水的埋深.     

基于作物缺水指数的土壤含水量估算方法

为研究江苏省徐州市的土壤水分时空分布及动态变化,基于MODIS数据和站点气象数据,利用蒸散发双层模型和考虑土壤水分可供率的改进双层模型分别计算实际蒸散发量,利用Penman-Monteith模型计算区域潜在蒸散发量,计算获得作物缺水指数(crop water stress index,CWSI),并与2010年7月和11月的土壤相对含水量实测数据分别进行回归分析建模,得到了土壤含水量分布图。结果表明:基于蒸散发双层模型的土壤含水量估算结果与实测值的决定系数分别为0.53和0.72,平均相对误差分别为5.89%和9.6%;对双层模型进行改进后,土壤含水量估算结果与实测值的决定系数都为0.84,平均相对误差分别为3.47%和6.03%,利用改进后的双层模型对土壤相对含水量进行估算效果更好。     

基于光谱吸收深度分析的冬小麦生物量估算模型的建立

准确的估算作物的生物量,对作物长势监测具有重要的意义。利用高光谱仪获取的冬小麦高光谱实测数据,通过植被参数分析、植被光谱吸收特征挖掘,构建了冬小麦生物量的高光谱估算模型。结果表明,基于光谱深度分析与偏最小二乘方法建立的估算模型的R2值为0.86,RMSE为0.0397kg/m~2,较基于植被参数的生物量估算模型,模型精度得到了大幅的提高。本研究证实了利用光谱深度技术可以准确地挖掘光谱数据的"红谷"波段与生物量之间的关系,从而实现冬小麦生物量估算精度的提高。     

阜新地区干旱监测研究

选定温度植被干旱指数法建立阜新地区干旱监测模型。通过参数的确定,得到温度植被干旱指数,再通过阜新地区的气象站点地面实测土壤含水量数据,建立温度植被干旱指数-土壤含水量（ TVDI-SWC ）经验模型。通过回归分析以及2007年预测分析的实验数据表明, TVDI-SWC模型适用于阜新地区早春的干旱监测,可以使用该方法来实现对阜新地区的整体旱情状况快速,准确的评估。     

基于综合干旱指数的淮河流域土壤含水量反演

为了方便快捷地得到大范围的土壤含水量产品,以MODIS数据为数据源,淮河流域为研究区域,结合表观热惯量模型和植被供水指数模型的适用性特点,根据地表植被覆盖度的不同,建立综合干旱指数(comprehensive drought index,CDI)模型,对土壤含水量进行反演;然后,将反演的CDI结果与地表实测数据进行相关性建模,得到CDI与实测数据间的最佳拟合模型,利用该模型把CDI结果转化为最终的土壤含水量值;最后,通过实测含水量数据来验证反演结果的可靠性和精度。结果表明,反演得到的土壤含水量与实测土壤含水量相关性较高,相关系数R~2均在0.7左右,该方法对于高效地获取大面积土壤含水量信息具有较好的应用价值。     

条件植被温度指数及其在干旱监测中的应用

应用NOAA－AVHRR数据，在用条件植被指数、条件温度指数和距平植被指数进行年度间相对干旱程度监测的基础上，提出了条件植被温度指数的概念，它适用于监测某一特定年内某一时期（如旬）区域级的相对干旱程度。条件植被温度指数的定义既考虑了区域内归一化植被指数的变化，又考虑了在归一化植被指数值相同条件下土地表面温度的变化。陕西省关中平原地区2000年3月下旬干旱的监测结果表明，条件植被温度指数能较好地监测该区域的相对干旱程度，并可用于研究干旱程度的空间变化特征，对干旱的监测结果与用土壤热惯量模型反演的土壤表层含水量的结果基本吻合。     

利用ASAR图像监测土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度

以高级合成孔径雷达（ASAR）影像数据和地面实测数据为基础，分析了裸土、低覆盖（覆盖度为0．2左右）冬小麦麦地的后向散射与土壤含水量、地表粗糙度及小麦覆盖度之间的关系，探讨了裸土和冬小麦麦地土壤含水量及小麦覆盖度的反演方法。分析结果表明：①裸土后向散射系数受地表粗糙度和土壤质地的综合影响较大，裸土的后向散射和土壤含水量正相关关系未达显著，反演裸土土壤含水量必须考虑这两个因素的影响。②冬小麦麦地两种极化后向散射对土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度的敏感性差异明显。由于小麦植株与土壤的水平同极化后向散射差异较大，水平极化后向散射系数和小麦覆盖度及土壤含水量相关性达到显著；冬小麦麦地的垂直同极化后向散射对土壤含水量较敏感，垂直极化后向散射系数和土壤含水量的相关性达到显著，但与小麦覆盖度的相关性相对较低。据此，利用冬小麦麦地的两个同极化后向散射系数，建立了后向散射系数与土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度之间的关系模型，实现了小麦覆盖度和冬小麦覆盖下的土壤含水量反演。验证结果表明：土壤含水量和小麦覆盖度反演结果与地面调查和测量结果一致。     

Assessment of the EUMETSAT LSA-SAF evapotranspiration product for drought monitoring in Europe

Evapotranspiration is a key parameter for water stress assessment as it is directly related to the moisture status of the soil-vegetation system and describes the moisture transfer from the surface to the atmosphere. With the launch of the Meteosat Second Generation geostationary satellites and the setup of the Satellite Application Facilities, it became possible to operationally produce evapotranspiration data with high spatial and temporal evolution over the entire continents of Europe and Africa. In the frame of this study we present an evaluation of the potential of the evapotranspiration (ET) product from the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF) for drought assessment and monitoring in Europe.To assess the potential of this product, the LSA-SAF ET was used as input for the ratio of ET to reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), the latter estimated from the ECMWF interim reanalysis. In the analysis two case studies were considered corresponding to the drought episodes of spring/summer 2007 and 2011. For these case studies, the ratio ET/ET₀ was compared with meteorological drought indices (SPI, SPEI and Sc-PDSI for 2007 and SPI for 2011) as well as with the anomalies of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (fAPAR) derived from remote sensing data. The meteorological and remote sensing indicators were taken from the European Drought Observatory (EDO) and the CARPATCLIM climatological atlas.Results show the potential of ET/ET₀ to characterize soil moisture variability, and to give additional information to fAPAR and to precipitation distribution for drought assessment. The main limitations of the proposed ratio for drought characterization are discussed, including options to overcome them. These options include the use of filters to discriminate areas with a low percentage vegetation cover or areas that are not in their growing period and the use of evapotranspiration without water restriction (ET_wwr), obtained as output of the LSA-SAF model instead of ET₀. The ET/ET_wwr ratio was tested by comparing its accumulated values per growing period with the winter wheat yield values per country published by Eurostat. The results point to the potential of using the remote sensing based LSA-SAF evapotranspiration and the ET/ET_wwr ratio for vegetation monitoring at large scale, especially in areas where data is generally lacking.     

土壤湿度信息遥感研究

土壤湿度是农业生产与应用过程中非常重要的因素,决定农作物的水分供应状况.本文利用MODIS产品数据获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和陆面地表温度(Ts)构建Ts-NDVI特征空间,根据温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)的研究原理与方法,对研究区2010年5～8月份土壤湿度分布情况进行遥感监测.结合气象数据与土壤墒情资料对局部...     

在GIS支持下用NOAA/AVHRR数据进行旱情监测

旱灾是影响农作物生产的一种重大自然灾害,它对中国北方春小麦生产的影响极大。本文介绍了一个应用遥感、ＧＩＳ技术对黄淮海平原春小麦的旱情进行监测的系统及其方法。它综合使用的ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ数据、地面气象资料和地图,选用作物缺水指数（ＣＷＳＩ）模型和热惯理模型对旱情进行监测。监测结果分别用分县的旱情等级分布图和相应不同等级的旱情面积、面积比例数统计表来表示。该系统自１９９４年起投入运行３年,监测结果     

华北平原灌溉需水量时空分布及驱动因素

采用华北平原14个气象站点2002年-2007年的降水资料、76个站点的0-80 cm厚度的土壤参数以及ETWatch系统计算的蒸散发量数据,运用水分平衡原理计算了灌溉需水量的空间分布;利用相关及多元逐步回归分析方法,定量分析了研究区灌溉需水量的主要驱动因素.结果表明:从山前平原到滨海平原,多年平均灌溉需水量分别为28...     

Comparison of three remotely sensed drought indices for assessing the impact of drought on winter wheat yield

ABSTRACT

Agricultural drought threatens food security. Numerous remote-sensing drought indices have been developed, but their different principles, assumptions and physical quantities make it necessary to compare their suitability for drought monitoring over large areas. Here, we analyzed the performance of three typical remote sensing-based drought indices for monitoring agricultural drought in two major agricultural production regions in Shaanxi and Henan provinces, northern China (predominantly rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, respectively): vegetation health index (VHI), temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) and drought severity index (DSI). We compared the agreement between these indices and the standardized precipitation index (SPI), soil moisture, winter wheat yield and National Meteorological Drought Monitoring (NMDM) maps. On average, DSI outperformed the other indices, with stronger correlations with SPI and soil moisture. DSI also corresponded better with soil moisture and NMDM maps. The jointing and grain-filling stages of winter wheat are more sensitive to water stress, indicating that winter wheat required more water during these stages. Moreover, the correlations between the drought indices and SPI, soil moisture, and winter wheat yield were generally stronger in Shaanxi province than in Henan province, suggesting that remote-sensing drought indices provide more accurate predictions of the impacts of drought in predominantly rain-fed agricultural areas.     

Combination of multi-sensor remote sensing data for drought monitoring over Southwest China

Drought is one of the most frequent climate-related disasters occurring in Southwest China, where the occurrence of drought is complex because of the varied landforms, climates and vegetation types. To monitor the comprehensive information of drought from meteorological to vegetation aspects, this paper intended to propose the optimized meteorological drought index (OMDI) and the optimized vegetation drought index (OVDI) from multi-source satellite data to monitor drought in three bio-climate regions of Southwest China. The OMDI and OVDI were integrated with parameters such as precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and vegetation information, which were derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature (MODIS LST), AMSR-E Soil Moisture (AMSR-E SM), the soil moisture product of China Land Soil Moisture Assimilation System (CLSMAS), and MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MODIS NDVI), respectively. Different sources of satellite data for one parameter were compared with in situ drought indices in order to select the best data source to derive the OMDI and OVDI. The Constrained Optimization method was adopted to determine the optimal weights of each satellite-based index generating combined drought indices. The result showed that the highest positive correlation and lowest root mean square error (RMSE) between the OMDI and 1-month standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI-1) was found in three regions of Southwest China, suggesting that the OMDI was a good index in monitoring meteorological drought; in contrast, the OVDI was best correlated to 3-month SPEI (SPEI-3), and had similar trend with soil relative water content (RWC) in temporal scale, suggesting it a potential indicator of agricultural drought. The spatial patterns of OMDI and OVDI along with the comparisons of SPEI-1 and SPEI-3 for different months in one year or one month in different years showed significantly varied drought locations and areas, demonstrating regional and seasonal fluctuations, and suggesting that drought in Southwest China should be monitored in seasonal and regional level, and more fine distinctions of seasons and regions need to be considered in the future studies of this area.     

一种新的基于MODIS的地表含水量模型构造与验证

考虑到水的光谱反射特性，提出了一种新的统一地表含水量指数（SWCI）模型，并通过国家气象局降雨量和台站土壤水对应数据进行了验证。本方法能较好地反映地表的含水量值及其变化，可用于大范围且快速的土壤水遥感监测。     

基于温度供水干旱指数的京津冀春旱监测及时空分布分析

为提高农业干旱监测效果和精度,在对传统干旱监测模型对比分析基础上,本文提出将温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)和植被供水指数(VSWI)加权联合构建温度供水干旱指数(TSWDI)的研究思路。以京津冀2006—2012年5月份数据作为实验统计数据,以京津冀2006—2016年3—5月份春旱监测为例进行了模型实验。实验结果证实,TSWDI指数相对其他两个指数与10、20和50 cm深处的土壤水分相关性更高,能够更精准地反映农业干旱状况。TSWDI计算结果显示,京津冀干旱分布具有如下特征:从时间角度看,2006—2016年整体干旱状况逐渐缓解,特别是自2010年至今,研究区域干旱程度逐步减轻;从空间角度看,京津冀区域整体干旱面积逐步减少。     

基于MODIS的区域动态干旱监测方法

以辽宁省2009年夏季的干旱情况为例,利用多时相、多光谱的MODIS数据信息,结合地面实测气象信息与水文信息对旱情监测进行了研究,根据具体区域的实际情况,动态选择遥感指数及模型参数,实现了利用遥感数据对大范围区域的动态干旱监测。