日潮特征海域回归潮平均高高潮位的计算方法

针对海岸线定义不适用于日潮特征海域的问题,分析了不同潮汐类型海域潮汐高潮位与月相和月赤纬间关系,提出并实现了日潮特征海域顾及日潮龄值的回归潮平均高高潮位计算。结果表明,在不规则日潮海域月赤纬极值与回归潮高高潮位表现出强相关性。海岸线定义明确为平均大潮高潮面或回归潮平均高高潮位与海岸的交接线更科学。     

基于地物光谱可分性的CHRIS 高光谱影像波段选择及其分类应用

本文以黄河口湿地为研究区,应用覆盖该区域的CHRIS高光谱遥感影像,提出了一种基于地物光谱可分性的滨海湿地高光谱影像波段选择方法。该方法利用研究区的7种典型地物的110余条现场实测地物光谱曲线,通过分析比对地物两两之间的光谱可分度,确定地物类型之间的光谱可分区间,基于此选取CHRIS高光谱影像的地物分类特征波段,应用三种经典的监督分类方法(支持向量机法SVM、人工神经网络法ANN和光谱角制图法SAM)开展利用全波段的和利用本文方法选择特征波段的分类对比实验。结果表明:(1)基于光谱可分性特征波段的方法较全波段分类精度有所提高,其中ANN分类精度最高,为82.52%,较全波段分类精度提高了约为5.1%;(2)芦苇、水体、黄河水和裸滩4种地物的识别能力高,生产者精度都在80%以上;(3)碱蓬的用户精度提升最为明显,约在7%。     

潮间浅滩特征潮位线的遥感成图

运用多时相卫片中潮间浅滩出露经验频率与实际潮位累积频率的联系,可以从短期多时相卫片直接编绘特征潮位线分布图。在理想抽样方案下,编绘可以在无任何实测潮位记录条件下进行。在不合理抽样条件下,通过若干控制潮位站的潮滩出露经验频率与实测潮位累积频率的关系曲线,也可以进行近似的编绘。文中给出杭州湾南岸潮间浅滩的应用实例和关于误差的讨论。     

平均高潮位记录分析淤泥质海岸的相对海面变化--以江苏淤泥质海岸为例

在研究相对海面变化时,常常用实测潮位记录来分析相对海面的变化速率。淤泥质海岸的验潮站多设在入海河流的闸F。由于拦门沙发育等因素的影响,闸下测到的潮位不能准确反映低潮时的潮位变化,因此常常采用平均高潮位记录来分析相对海面的变化。本文通过对平均高潮位、平均潮位和平均海平面之间关系的统计分析,得出平均高潮位与平均潮位以及平均海平面变化速率之间的关系。并对江苏沿海6个验潮站33a的潮位记录进行分析,得出江苏沿海此期间的相对海面变化速率为0．29～1.00cm／a。     

基于组分反演的高光谱潮间带表层沉积物自动分类研究

利用星载高光谱遥感影像数据Hyperion并结合现场采样粒度分析资料,对潮间带表层沉积物类型的自动分类进行了研究.根据低潮位下沉积物的短波红外光谱反射率与沉积物组分(沙、粉砂、黏土)含量之间的强相关关系,选择2102nm为特征波段,建立了高光谱定量遥感反演模型,获取初步的逐像元沙、粉砂和黏土含量,然后采用线性均衡化处理方法对初步反演结果进行修正,并结合Shepard三角分类法建立对照表,自动确定出每一像元对应的沉积物类型,得到研究区潮间带表层沉积物的空间分布特征,总体分类验证精度为87.9%.研究结果表明,研究区分布着三种沉积物,分别为粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂,所占比例分别为18.9%,64.6%和16.5%,它们的空间分布趋势与研究区内的植被分布状况、水动力条件以及沉积物来源密切相关.     

华南砂质海滩的动力地貌分析

为探讨华南砂质海滩的动力地貌学特征,对不同地理岸段不同地貌形态的8 个沙滩剖面于冬、夏季进行现场重复调查和室内分析工作.据此,通过对华南海岸带地质构造、地貌和现代海岸动力环境地域变化的分析,将华南沿海砂质海岸划分为岬湾岸、沙坝-潟湖岸和夷直岸三种基本海岸地貌类型,并且从滩面倾向、海岸动力环境影响、季节冲淤变化趋势和滩面沉积物粒径、坡度的动力响应等方面探讨砂质海滩的动力地貌,得出其受制于多种环境因素的影响,其中地质构造背景和海平面变化为大尺度的砂质海岸地貌的发育奠定了基础,而全新世海侵海平面相对稳定后,海岸动力条件的塑造起着决定性的影响,浪潮作用指数是其中重要的影响指标.     

粤东后江湾涨落潮下的碎波带波能与滩面地形时空变化分析

利用涌浪和处于陡滩面、滩面下陡坎和深槽海滩地形条件下的海滩碎波带压力波和滩面地形资料,对碎波带中的入射总波能、长重力波能及两者比值随潮位涨落的变化关系,碎波带动力因子与滩面地形之间的作用关系及典型相关和多维偏交叉谱关系等作了初步分析。结果表明,碎波带中的入射总波能与潮位涨落呈现出一致的变化规律;而碎波带中的长重力波能变化与潮位涨落变化趋势相反;碎波带各动力因子、滩面潜水位和碎波带波浪、潮位及滩面地形引起的滩面陡坎处破波点位置变动等因素的耦合作用,对滩面向海发育和滩面地形变化有重要影响。     

唐山市风暴潮警戒潮位标志物设置研究

警戒潮位是指沿海地带防护区沿岸可能出现险情或潮灾,需进入戒备或救灾状态的潮位既定值,是海岸防汛工作的一个重要技术指标,是海洋预报部门发布风暴潮预报、警报的重要参考,是各级政府防潮减灾指挥决策的重要依据。依据河北省已核定出沿海警戒潮位值,将警戒潮位定为4个数值,按蓝色警戒潮位、黄色警戒潮位、橙色警戒潮位和红色警戒潮位进行分级核定,分别以蓝、黄、橙、红4色予以标志,通过将警戒潮位值实体直观化,更便于沿海地区直接了解风暴潮警戒潮位情况,为唐山市沿海的风暴潮防灾减灾工作提供更好的技术支持,警戒潮位的细化也有利于沿海部门单位更加有针对性地制订预案、采取防风暴潮措施,这对海洋灾害带来的损失具有防范作用。     

基于决策树算法的Landsat 8 OLI影像海岸类型自动识别方法

针对基岩、人工、砂质和淤泥质海岸四种海岸类型,采用数据挖掘算法中的C4.5决策树算法对Landsat 8OLI多光谱影像数据进行分析。首先得出4种海岸类型中所包含的海水、陆地、植被、养殖区、淤泥、沙滩六种地物的识别规则;然后利用不同海岸类型所包含的地物类型差异,分别提出了基岩、人工建筑、人工养殖、沙滩、淤泥五种海岸类型的自动识别规则。实例验证结果表明,对于地物特征明显的人工海岸和基岩海岸,我们提出的海岸类型自动识别方法的精度可达到100%,而对于光谱相近的淤泥质海岸和人工养殖海岸其识别精度较低,大于80%。     

环渤海砂质岸侵蚀和海滩养护

环渤海辽冀津鲁砂质岸近几十年遭受愈来愈强烈的侵蚀,岸线平均蚀退率约1.0～2.0m/a,局部或短期可达5～8m/a。为抑制海岸侵蚀,曾采取大量修建顺岸坝、丁坝等海岸"硬工程"护岸,但引起下游岸段继续侵蚀。近年逐渐发展起来的抛沙养滩工程可以增宽和稳定海滩,至2012年底,已完成和正在进行共有13处养滩工程,包括砂岸养滩、泥岸养滩和岩岸养滩等3种类型。在不同类型的海滩上养滩,应强调不同的设计重心。环渤海各养滩工程效果比较好,促进了滨海旅游业的发展,也取得了一些设计经验,预计未来将迎来环渤海海滩养护的新高潮。     

中国东部陆架表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境浅析

对取自中国东部陆架海的209个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度分析及沉积物类型划分,探讨细颗粒沉积区分布格局与物源和环流体系的关系。结果表明,研究区底质类型主要有砂、粉砂质砂、泥质砂、砂质粉砂、砂质泥、粉砂和泥,个别站位含砾石。表层沉积物以粗颗粒砂质沉积为主,其主要分布在东海中北部、苏北浅滩、北黄海北部,其粒度特征主要为:平均粒径2～4Φ,分选差(分选系数>2),偏态极正偏(2～2.80),峰态很宽至宽(1.60～3.50);细颗粒泥质沉积主要分布在浙江沿岸至长江口外、苏北老黄河口外、南黄海中部、北黄海西南部及黄河口外的渤海海域,其粒度特征主要为:平均粒径6～7Φ,分选差至较差(分选系数1～2.5),偏态负偏(-1.50～-0.33)至近于对称(-0.33～+0.33),峰态很宽(>2.75)。从环流的流向与路径及邻近的河流物源角度,初步探讨了河流输入物质及环流体系对细颗粒沉积物沉积分布格局的影响,并初步推断了细颗粒沉积物的物源及基本输移路径。     

Geotechnical properties of sediment on the Kodiak continental shelf and upper slope,gulf of Alaska

Abstract

Fine‐grained sedimentary deposits on the Kodiak continental shelf and upper slope comprise three distinct compositional types: terrigenous mud, diatomrich mud, and ash‐rich sandy mud. The sediment types can be distinguished on the basis of geotechnical properties as well as by composition. The terrigenous mud has properties largely within the normal range for fine‐grained marine sediment, except for the low compressibility of many samples. This sediment underlies the walls of canyons that incise the upper slope, and analyses of undrained static and cyclic loading indicate potential instability in the steepest areas. The diatom‐rich mud has high water content, plasticity index, and compression index but low grain specific gravity. The ash‐rich sandy mud is nonplastic and has low water content and compressibility. It has high drained and undrained static strength but is extremely weakened by cyclic loading. Extensive deposits of sedimentary bedrock and coarsegrained glacial sediment in the region apparently are relatively stable, but low sediment strength or high compressibility may be encountered at the local sites of soft sedimentary deposits.     

辽东湾东岸砂质海岸的地貌特征

根据辽东湾东岸12段砂质海岸的实测剖面、表层沉积物粒度以及收集的水文资料,对其海岸类型、海岸动力环境等特征进行了研究,并运用Dean参数Ω探讨了研究区砂质海岸的动力地貌特征。结果表明:研究区砂质海岸发育岬湾型和沙坝-潟湖型两种海岸类型,并受浪控型、过渡型及潮控型三种海岸动力影响。辽东湾东岸砂质海岸动力地貌特征根据Dean参数Ω可划分为消散型与过渡型两种,两者在辽东湾东岸相间分布。     

辽宁省海岸的蚀淤等级与分布

为了查清辽宁省海岸的蚀淤等级和分布,从1990年和2007年遥感图像中提取了17年的岸线变化信息,结合辽宁省908专项海岸带海岸侵蚀特征的调查资料,对全省海岸蚀淤情况进行了等级划分,并对其形成原因进行了分析与评价。结果表明,砂质海岸侵蚀较重的区域主要分布在绥中和熊岳一带,黄海岸段的砂质海岸基本稳定,基岩海岸侵蚀较重的区域主要分布在老铁山一带,粉沙淤泥质海岸侵蚀较重的区域分布在庄河一带。摸清辽宁省海岸蚀淤等级分布,对海岸整治与修复、海岸侵蚀灾害的防治与防护以及海岸带管理具有一定的指导意义。     

河口冲刷区泥沙空间分布与流速关系遥感解译标志

通过对泥沙光学光谱特征和河口冲刷区水动力特征的研究和总结,分析了中巴地球资源卫星(China Brazil Earth Resource Satellite)CCD相机B1,B2和B3波段的太湖遥感图像,初步论证了入汇河流流速与冲刷区跨度的关系,以及遥感定量河口泥沙交换强度和动态反映冲积扇发育方向及强度的可行性,并提出了河口泥沙交换强度的判别标志。     

基于规则的多种类型海岸线TM/ETM+影像智能检测方法

A coastline is defined as the average spring tide line. Different types of seacoast, such as sandy, silty, and bio- logical coast, have different indicators of interpretation. It is very difficult to develop a universal method for interpreting all shorelines. Therefore, the sandy, the silty, and the biological coast are regarded as research objects, and with data mining technolog,found the rules of interpretation of those three types of coastlines. Then, an intelligent coastline interpretation method based on rules was proposed. Firstly, the rules for ex- tracting the waterline in Landsat TM/ETM＋ （Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus） imagery were discovered. Then, through analyzing the features of sandy, silty and biological coast, the indicators of interpreting different types of shoreline were determined. According to the indicators, the waterline could be corrected to the real coastline. In order to verify the validity of the proposed algorithms, three Landsat TM/ETM＋ imageries were selected for case studies. The experimental results showed that the proposed methods could interpret the coastlines of sandy; silty, and biological coasts with high precision and without human intervention, which exceeded three pixels.     

A model of profile evolution on wave-dominated mud coast

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Subtidal Benthic Macroinfauna in an Estuary of South Chile: Distribution Pattern in Relation to Sediment Types

Abstract. A quantitative survey (18 stations) of the subtidal soft bottom macroinfauna in an estuary of the south Chilean coast was conducted during January, 1980. The map of sedimentological facies elaborated for the Queule River Estuary shows sandy bottoms in the outlet and upper part of the area studied, while the middle part is occupied by muddy sand. The ordination of stations by Principal Component Analysis is fundamentally defined by mud and gravel percentage and is, in general, concordant with the distribution of sediments in the facies map. A total of 17,405 animals was collected (16 taxa), Polychaeta being the dominant group in density (77.47%) and biomass (73.4%). The maximum number of species was obtained outside the mouth of the estuary, while maximum densities and biomass were obtained in the middle of the estuary.
The Factor Analysis performed with the abundances data of the most abundant species rendered the ordination of two groups of stations (concordant with a Cluster Analysis) in the Q-mode and two groups of species in the R-mode. One group of stations is restricted to sandy habitats of the outlet area and is dominated by suspension feeders. The other, in the middle and upper part of the estuary (muddy sand or sandy bottoms with a higher percentage of organic matter), is dominated by deposit feeders. Between these two groups, significant differences in sedimentological variables (sand, mud, and organic matter percentage) were detected. Each of the two delineated groups of species corresponds to the groups of stations, showing that most of the taxa can be combined in faunal assemblages with preference for different types of substrate.     

ON TIDAL INLETS OF CHINA

Tidal inlets should be distinguished from tidal channels which connect open sea at both ends. In China, tidal inlets may be grouped into (1) embayment-lagoon type on sandy or rocky coast, (2) estua-rine inlets on the mouths of small or medium rivers which may be on mud plain coast, and (3) artificial inlets enclosed by breakwaters. Improvement of navigation channels of these inlets follows the same principle using O'Brien P-A formula. Where accurate oceanographical and littoral drift data are not available, a careful analysis of coastal morphology and sedimentology may provide a useful clue for the evaluation of the value of inlets in navigation.