亚高山不同植被类型区的雨季岩溶溶蚀速率研究

关于岩溶溶蚀速率,前人在研究中肯定了岩溶区内CO2浓度的时空变化对溶蚀速率的驱动作用,然而不同的植被条件产生的土壤理化性质差异和变化对溶蚀速率的方向和强度也具有较大的影响.通过野外溶蚀标准试片法,测试得出重庆金佛山岩溶区碧潭泉和水房泉两泉域4种典型植被类型下的5个测试点的雨季绝对溶蚀量和平均面积溶蚀量.测试结果表明不同植被条件甚至同一植被类型下不同海拔下岩溶区石灰岩标准试片的溶蚀速率都存在较大差异,5个测试点溶蚀量由大到小依次为水房泉竹林地、水房泉林地、水房泉草地、碧潭泉林地、碧潭泉灌草丛.通过测试点的土壤基本理化性质分析得出以下结论:在研究区研究时间内的降雨量、温度差异的基础上,除了土壤CO2浓度,土壤有机质也是控制金佛山两泉域岩溶速率的主要因素之一.     

山区岩溶作用对土地利用方式的响应——以金佛山碧潭泉和水房泉两区岩溶系统为例

不同的土地利用方式可使土地理化性质产生一系列的变化和差异,从而影响到岩溶作用的方向和强度。通过野外溶蚀试片实验法,对金佛山典型岩溶区碧潭泉和水房泉两泉域岩溶生态系统的5种典型土地利用方式下的土壤溶蚀速率进行雨季短时间尺度变化的野外观测。2006年7月中旬开始,重庆地区罕遇43天高温无雨的特殊天气,测试结果表明不同土地利用方式甚至同一土地利用方式下不同海拔的岩溶区石灰岩试片溶蚀速率都存在较大差异,碧潭泉域雨季绝对溶蚀量仅为水房泉域的13.3%,6个测试点土下溶蚀量由大到小依次为水房泉竹林地、水房泉林地、水房泉草地、碧潭泉林地、碧潭泉灌草丛、碧潭泉耕地。在研究时间内降雨量、温度和土壤CaCO3含量差异的基础上,金佛山两泉域岩溶作用主要有两个控制因素:土壤CO2浓度、土壤有机质。     

发展中的板块边界:天山-贝加尔活动构造带

不同的土地利用方式可使土地理化性质产生一系列的变化和差异,从而影响到岩溶作用的方向和强度。通过野外溶蚀试片实验法,对金佛山典型岩溶区碧潭泉和水房泉两泉域岩溶生态系统的5种典型土地利用方式下的土壤溶蚀速率进行雨季短时间尺度变化的野外观测。2006年7月中旬开始,重庆地区罕遇43天高温无雨的特殊天气,测试结果表明不同土地利用方式甚至同一土地利用方式下不同海拔的岩溶区石灰岩试片溶蚀速率都存在较大差异,碧潭泉域雨季绝对溶蚀量仅为水房泉域的13.3%,6个测试点土下溶蚀量由大到小依次为水房泉竹林地、水房泉林地、水房泉草地、碧潭泉林地、碧潭泉灌草丛、碧潭泉耕地。在研究时间内降雨量、温度和土壤CaCO3含量差异的基础上,金佛山两泉域岩溶作用主要有两个控制因素:土壤CO2浓度、土壤有机质。     

亚高山表层岩溶泉域土壤溶蚀速率季节变化及碳汇量估算——以重庆金佛山水房泉流域为例

利用标准溶蚀试片法测定了重庆金佛山水房泉流域林地、草地和灌丛三种土地利用类型不同深度年溶蚀速率。结果表明,不同土地利用类型、不同季节、不同土壤深度的溶蚀速率具有很大的差异。通过对各土地利用类型下不同季节不同深度土壤有机质、土壤CO2浓度和土壤pH分析发现:土壤有机质和pH相互耦合共同对溶蚀速率产生影响,有机质含量越高,则pH值越低,溶蚀速率就越大;三种土地利用方式下土壤CO2浓度与溶蚀速率具有一定的相关性,夏秋季土壤CO2浓度较冬春季高,相对应地,其土下溶蚀速率也比冬春季大。最后利用试片溶蚀数据对泉域内年碳汇量进行了估算,结果约为:25.595t/a。      

云南石林地质公园土岩、土根界面过程和土下溶蚀速率

综合考虑土下界面过程对溶蚀速率的影响,不仅有助于客观评价不同土地利用下土壤溶蚀速率的差异及其控制因素,也有助于判别特定气候条件下区域或流域尺度的现代岩溶作用与碳循环强度。在云南石林世界地质公园,选择近原生滇青冈林(密枝林地)、云南松林地(人工辅助恢复林)、荒草地、石漠地等4种土地利用类型及不同界面开展为期2年的标准溶蚀试片(试片为圆形,直径40 mm,厚约3 mm)试验研究,同步测定土壤理化性质、水分、土壤CO_2。结果表明石林不同土地利用土下(土壤界面)平均溶蚀量为82.3 mg/a,最大年溶蚀量位于密枝林土下50 cm,达285.7 mg/a,最小年溶蚀量位于石漠地土下10 cm,为17.4 mg/a。总体上,土下年平均溶蚀量从大到小依次为密枝林地(182.6 mg),荒草地(76.4 mg),云南松林地(46.5 mg)与石漠地(23.8 mg)。土岩界面附近土下年溶蚀量为17.7～68.8 mg/a,均值为44.7 mg/a,从小到大依次为灌丛稀疏林(17.7 mg),石漠地(47.6 mg)与荒草地(68.8 mg)。土根界面附近土下溶蚀量为43 mg/a。土下溶蚀量要大于岩面溶蚀量,密枝林土下溶蚀量远远大于其它三种土地利用类型,荒草地和密枝林土下溶蚀量随土壤深度均呈现增加的趋势,尤其是后者的增幅相当显著,说明随着植被的正向演替可极大地促进岩溶作用的进行,提高碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率。石漠地岩土界面溶蚀速率约为岩面或正常土下溶蚀速率的2倍,为石柱水平土蚀凹槽的形成提供了岩溶作用动力学证据。利用密枝林地(原生性植被样本)土下溶蚀速率推断,石林形成鼎盛期的土下溶蚀速率为35.1～46.8 mm/ka。     

重庆中梁山碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率对季节的响应研究

在重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷,选取林地、园地、耕地和菜地4种不同土地利用类型,通过野外下三叠统嘉陵江组白云质灰岩石试片的溶蚀试验分析不同土地利用方式下溶蚀速率对季节的响应关系。结果表明:不同土地利用方式将造成土壤性质发生不同的变化,进而对岩石的溶蚀速率产生明显的影响。但无论是从夏半年还是从全年来看,试片的溶蚀速率的大小变化均表现为:林地>菜地>耕地>园地。夏半年在全年的试片溶蚀作用过程中贡献较大,其绝对溶蚀量占全年比例都大于50%;除林地、菜地和园地土下50cm试片外,其余试片的夏半年溶蚀速率都大于全年溶蚀速率。究其原因,主要是由于夏半年气温高,降水量大,使土壤中CO2和水分等增加,从而有利于岩溶作用的进行      

混合岩溶流域碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率与岩溶碳汇——以漓江流域上游为例

碳酸盐岩矿物的化学风化速率要显著高于硅酸盐岩矿物,碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩混合流域中碳酸盐岩矿物风化对河流水化学的贡献占主导。为研究混合岩溶流域碳酸盐岩风化及岩溶碳汇特征,在漓江流域上游大溶江、小溶江、灵渠3个混合岩溶流域选取了24个点放置标准溶蚀试片并测试对应的土壤理化性质。基于雨季和全年试片溶蚀量和土壤理化特征,分析试片溶蚀量的主控因素及季节差异,定量评估大溶江、小溶江和灵渠流域岩溶碳汇强度。结果表明:空中试片溶蚀量主要受控于降雨,植被会部分遮挡降雨,使试片溶蚀量显著下降,而地表和土下碳酸盐岩溶蚀受降雨和水文过程共同控制;雨季碳酸盐岩溶蚀更快,空中试片溶蚀量主要受控于降雨,而地表和土下试片主要受控于土壤水分的变化;基于溶蚀试片法,大溶江、小溶江和灵渠流域岩溶碳汇强度分别为0.75、0.30和2.92 tC?km-2 ?yr-1。      

土地利用和覆被变化对岩溶区土壤CO2浓度的影响

通过选择3个具有不同地质背景、气候条件等环境特征的山西汾阳马跑-郭庄岩溶泉域、湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域、广西桂江流域,对流域内具有代表性的不同土地利用方式和覆被类型下垫面土壤20~50cm深处CO2浓度进行检测。结果显示,土地利用方式和覆被变化对3个流域岩溶土壤中20cm、30cm、40cm和50cm深处CO2浓度具有明显的影响作用:湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域多数样地土壤CO2表现为随土层的加深先增加后降低的双向梯度;山西马跑-郭庄泉域玉米地的土壤CO2浓度比种植马铃薯的高,且随着覆被条件由草地→灌丛→林地的改善,土壤的扰动性变小,CO2浓度差趋于减少,变幅趋于稳定。各个流域相同覆被类型,群落结构和优势种变化越小,土壤CO2浓度变幅越小。      

施用农肥对岩溶溶蚀作用的影响及其生态环境意义

土壤下伏碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用研究对岩溶区成土作用及大气中CO_2影响意义重大.施肥改变了土壤的生物地球化学场,进而会影响岩溶区的岩溶动力学过程及碳循环.本文在贵州贵阳碳酸盐岩土壤剖面不同深度,埋设白云石、石灰石试片,进行了野外溶蚀试验,观测了试片溶蚀量、土壤CO_2、土壤pH及其他如土壤含水量、土壤矿物与化学成分、土壤水化学成分等影响凶素.结果表明:(1)施用农家肥降低了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率:石灰石的溶蚀速率降低了10.48%～53.90%.平均25.51%;白云石的溶蚀速率降低了25.0%～65.69%,平均39.45%.同样条件下土壤中石灰石溶蚀量比白云石大.(2)施用农家肥降低了当地的碳酸盐岩成土速度,降低了35.77%～37.27%.(3)施肥土壤更利于CO_2的产生:施肥剖面土壤中CO_2浓度比空白剖面CO_2浓度高22.52%～198.87%,平均高93.94%;施肥剖面地面CO_2通量比空白剖面地面CO_通量高67.64%.(4)施用农家肥减少了土壤对大气CO_2的沉降量,在贵州贵阳地区,减少的大气CO_2沉降量为25.50%～39.45%;间接地对岩溶水CO_2汇的作用产生了抵消作用,在贵州贵阳地区,抵消作用为59.41%～62.73%.     

湖南大龙洞流域不同岩性不同土地利用类型条件下碳酸盐岩试片的溶蚀速率

选择湖南大龙洞流域寒武系中统熬溪组上段(∈2a3)白云岩、寒武系上统比条组下段(∈3b1)和奥陶系中统牯牛潭组(O2g)灰岩进行野外溶蚀试验,并测试林地和草地类型土壤剖面20cm、50cm深度土壤CO2浓度和有机质含量,以探讨林地、草地土地利用类型条件下试片溶蚀速率的差异特征。结果表明:(1)O2g、∈3b1和∈2a33种试片溶蚀速率在林地和草地土下20cm、50cm深度差异明显,∈3b1g灰岩林地土下20cm试片的溶蚀速率最大,达357.93mg/(m2?d);(2)试片溶蚀速率受岩性影响明显,CaO含量高,溶蚀速率大,O2g、∈3b1灰岩中CaO含量分别为35.38%、47.45%,较∈2a3白云岩的含量32.64%高,因而其溶蚀速率也较∈2a3的大;(3)埋放于林地土壤的试片其溶蚀速率大于草地,表明土地类型对溶蚀速率有较大的影响,植被从草地向林地的正向演替有利于岩溶作用的进行。      

内陆河高寒山区流域分布式水热耦合模型（Ⅰ）：模型原理

在全球变暖的背景下，我国多数大江大河源区存在冰川退缩、雪线上升以及多年冻土和季节冻土明显退化等现象，并由此造成河源区产流量减少以及生态环境恶化等诸多问题，这在内陆河山区流域体现的较为明显，但目前分布式水文模型中很少涉及冻土水热耦合问题。文章以黑河干流山区流域为例，构建了一个内陆河高寒山区流域分布式水热耦合模型（DWHC）。模型基于土壤水热连续性方程将流域产流、入渗和蒸散发过程融合起来，在植被截留、入渗、产流和蒸散发计算方面也有所改进和创新，部分模块具有多个可选择方案。模型设计了与中尺度大气模式MM5的嵌套接口，也可以用地面气象资料驱动。模型在1 km×1 km网格基础上，以日为时间步长，将流域土壤分为18类，土壤剖面分为3～5层不等，流域植被概化为9类。模型只需要土壤初始含水量、初始地温和常规气象资料，以及土壤和植被物理参数，就能够连续演算各层土壤的温度、液态含水量、固态含水量、感热传导、潜热变化、水势梯度、导水率以及水分入渗和毛细上升量等水文循环要素。主要介绍了模型的基本原理和构建思路，有关模型的地面资料驱动结果和与MM5嵌套结果部分，参见后续文章(Ⅱ)、(Ⅲ)。     

切沟中土壤水分的空间变化特征

切沟侵蚀不仅破坏土地资源，而且影响下游地区环境。目前的土壤侵蚀预报模型没有包括切沟侵蚀，因此研究切沟中土壤水分空间变化是建立切沟侵蚀模型的基础，也是恢复植被的基础。在陕西省安塞大南沟流域选择一个切沟，从1998-2000年连续 3年在 4～10月间对切沟不同部位土壤水分状况进行了观测。分析结果表明，切沟中浅层土壤水分空间分异规律明显，沟顶土壤水分状况较好，土壤容积湿度达到10．3％。沟坡则较差，但沿沟坡向下到沟底，土壤水分不断增加，分别为 6．3％、6．4％和10．4％。沟坡陡崖的土壤水分条件最差，接近凋萎湿度，容积含水量仅为4.6％～5.9％。沟底土壤湿度有所好转，为 7．7％。从雨季开始到结束，整体上土壤水分呈下降趋势，但随降雨事件发生波动。季节变化比较明显的是土壤水分条件好的部位，如沟顶、沟坡底部和沟底。尤以沟底变化最大。沟坡陡崖土壤湿度随季节没有任何变化。从1998-2000年，随降水量减少，切沟所有部位土壤湿度持续下降，即使在水分条件较好的沟顶和沟坡下部，土壤湿度也仅为 8．1％～8．8％，其它部位则都接近于凋萎湿度。土壤水分亏缺相当严重。切沟不同部位土壤水分的季节和年际变化主要受降雨入渗补给影响，而沟底则与径流的产生有关。因此应进一步研究不同降雨类型与径流产生、以及土壤湿度变化的关系。     

Laboratory and pilot studies on reclamation of a salt-affected alluvial soil

Soil column experiments showed that a surficial sodic soil is efficiently reclaimed using freshwater, after the addition of saturated gypsum solution. Gypsum application in the field was beneficial in terms of maintaining high soil permeability, increased water infiltration and neutral pH after a rainfall event. In the present paper, two different reclamation techniques for the plough layer of a sandy loam sodic soil were tested in laboratory columns, 25 cm long and 10 cm in diameter; the first using freshwater alone and the second using a saturated gypsum solution. The dynamics of salt removal were studied by continuous analysis of the water drained from the bottom of the columns. When freshwater was used, sodium presented the lower removal rate and adversely affected soil permeability. When gypsum solution was used, calcium was present in the flushing solution and the effect of sodium dominance on clay dispersion and soil clogging was limited. The results presented in this study are of practical importance with respect to the reclamation of sodic soils found in the coastal area of the east Nestos Delta, Greece, where freshwater is limited, due to seawater intrusion, and saline groundwater is used for irrigation.     

Research on the effect of straw mulching on the soil moisture by field experiment in the piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains

To reveal the influencing effect of the long-term straw mulching on the soil moisture, this paper employed the field experiment data in 2010 of a typical area of Taihang Mountains plain, observed the soil moisture dynamic regularities under different mulching patterns by virtue of depressimeter and neutron probe, analyzed the characteristics of soil water content and storage in different depths and seasons under the long-term straw mulching. The results showed that the long-term straw mulching can keep the soil moisture conservation of the deep, while decreased the shallow. (1) The long-term straw mulching can changed the type of soil water movement. If no straw mulching, the type is mainly evaporation-infiltration. And with straw mantle the type would change into infiltration. The number of zero flux plane would be reduced or absent. (2) The long-term straw mulching can increase the soil water reserves of the whole soil profile with the depth between 0 cm and 220 cm. But the soil water content of the layer from 30 cm to 80 cm decreased and the soil water content of the layer from 80 cm to 220 cm increased instead., The effect of soil moisture conservation on winter wheat is not obvious; (3) With no straw mulching, the depth of infiltration recharge by rainfall or irrigation is shallower than 80 cm. In a straw mulching, the influence depth is can extend to 120 cm; (4) With no straw mulching , there is a deep layer on the depth of 220 cm between March and June, while this layer will disappear with a long-term straw mulching.     

Modification of the properties of salt affected soils using electrochemical treatments

In this project, an in situ soil treatment technique using the principles of electrokinetics was tested using laboratory experimental models in order to identify the potential of this approach in modifying and reinstating the physical properties of salt affected soils. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using saline-sodic soils collected from two salt affected regions in central Victoria, Australia. Soil specimens were compacted in glass tanks to reproduce in situ density and in situ water content. Using mild steel electrodes inserted into the soil, a direct current was passed through the soil under a constant potential gradient of 0.5 V/cm for a period of 14 days. In separate experiments, distilled water and a saturated lime solution were introduced to the soil via the anode over this experimental period. It was observed that the soil dispersion, otherwise known as soil sodicity (measured as ESP—Exchangeable Sodium Percentage and SAR—Sodium Absorption Ratio) decreased by up to 90% in most regions of the soil between the electrodes. The compressive strength of the soil increased in excess of 100% with electrokinetic treatment alone while the lime-enhanced electrokinetic treatment led to an almost 200% strength increase. The liquid limit and plastic limit of the soil increased causing the plasticity index to decrease, indicating increases in soil compressive strength and workability. These results indicate the potential of this technique for improving the physical properties of salt affected soils both effectively and efficiently, and in particular gives hope for the remediation of salt affected land for infrastructure management and development.     

用土壤溶液提取器采集土壤溶液方法与效果

土壤溶液已成为土壤、植物营养、生态环境等学科的重要研究内容，如何有效提取土壤溶液已成为一个重要的技术问题。目前国内采用的土壤溶液采集方法大多处于试验阶段，利用陶土头土壤溶液提取器采集土壤溶液是比较常用的方法之一。就南京周边及南通地区利用陶土头土壤溶液提取器开展土壤溶液系统采样试验的结果，总结了土壤类型、地貌等自然因素对试验效果的影响，为提取土壤溶液提供了可靠的方法技术。     

山前平原土壤水资源评价层的实验研究

根据冉庄水资源实验站资料,分析土壤水分布特征。实验提出当地下水埋深为2m时,土水势剧烈变化带在0~1.4 m。地下水埋深超过10 m时,土壤水剧烈变化带为0~2.2 m。地下水埋深为8 m时,2 m以下的土壤水资源量仅占全剖面的11.1%,3 m以下的土壤水资源量仅占全剖面的8.1%。本地主要作物为玉米、小麦。玉米最大根深在1.0~1.5 m,小麦最大根深在2.0~2.5 m。综合分析,得到河北省山前平原地下水大埋深区土壤水资源评价层厚度为2.5~3.0 m。     

Application of HYDRUS-1D in understanding soil water movement at two typical sites in the North China Plain

Recharge and discharge, such as rainfall infiltration and evapotranspiration in vertical direction, are major processes of water cycle in the shallow groundwater area of the North China Plain. During these processes, soil water movement in the unsaturated zone plays an important role in the transformation from rainfall infiltration to groundwater. The soil water movement models were developed by using HYDRUS-1D software at two typical experimental sites in Cangzhou (CZ) and Hengshui (HS) with different soil, vegetation and similar climate conditions. As shown in the results, the comparison in precipitation infiltration features between the two sites is distinct. The soil water experiences strong evaporation after precipitation infiltration, which accounts for 63% of the total infiltration at the HS site where the soil is homogenous. It is this strong evaporation effect that leads to slight increase of soil water storage. At the CZ site, where the soil is heterogeneous, the evaporation effect exists from July to October of the simulation period. The total evaporation accounts for 33% of the total infiltration, and the evaporation rate is slow. At the end of the simulation period, the soil water storage increases and the water table decreases, indicating a strong storage capacity at this site.     

Solid-solution partitioning of arsenic （As） in the paddy soil profiles in Chengdu Plain, Southwest China

To predict the long-term behavior of arsenic(As) in soil profiles,the solid-solution partitioning of As was studied in four paddy soil profiles obtained from agricultural areas in Chengdu Plain,Southwest China.Paddy soil profile samples were collected and soil solution samples were extracted.Total As contents in soil solution and soil solid were analyzed,along with the soil solid phase properties.The As in soil solution was significantly higher in the upper layer(0—20 cm) and had a definite tendency to decrease towards 40 cm regardless of the sampling locations.When the concentration of arsenic in soil solution decreased,its content in solid phase increased.Field-based partition coefficient(K_d) for As was determined by calculating the ratio of the amount of As in the soil solid phase to the As concentration in the soil solution.K_d values varied widely in vertical samples and correlated well with soil pH,total organic carbon(TOC) and total As. The results of this study would be useful for evaluating the accumulation trends of arsenic in soil profiles and in improving the management of the agricultural soils.     

A distributed water-heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin of Northwest China (I) model structure and equations

It is absolutely necessary to quantify the hydrological processes in earth surface by numerical models in the cold regions where although most Chinese large rivers acquire their headstreams, due to global warming, its glacier, permafrost and snow cover have degraded seriously in the recent 50 years. Especially in an arid inland river basin, where the main water resources come from mountainous watershed, it becomes an urgent case. However, frozen ground’s impact to water cycle is little considered in the distributed hydrological models for a watershed. Took Heihe mountainous watershed with an area of 10,009 km², as an example, the authors designed a distributed heat-water coupled (DWHC) model by referring to SHAW and COUP. The DWHC model includes meteorological variable interception model, vegetation interception model, snow and glacier melting model, soil water-heat coupled model, evapotransporation model, runoff generation model, infiltration model and flow concentration model. With 1 km DTM grids in daily scale, the DWHC model describes the basic hydrological processes in the research watershed, with 3∼5 soil layers for each of the 18 soil types, 9 vegetation types and 11 landuse types, according to the field measurements, remote sensing data and some previous research results. The model can compute the continuous equation of heat and water flow in the soil and can estimate them continuously, by numerical methods or by some empirical formula, which depends on freezing soil status. However, the model still has some conceptual parameters, and need to be improved in the future. This paper describes only the model structure and basic equations, whereas in the next papers, the model calibration results using the data measured at meteorological stations, together with Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) outputs, will be further introduced.