Effects of sand burial on survival and growth of Artemisia halodendron and its physiological response

There is a great deal of literature on the effects of sand burial upon the survival and growth of desert plants, but the physiological adaption mechanisms of desert plants to sand burial have as yet ra...     

轻度沙埋对典型荒漠植物的影响北大核心CSCD

中国西北干旱区以荒漠生态系统为主体,是中国典型脆弱生态系统。沙埋对该区域植物生存和生长、植被分布和组成以及荒漠生态系统功能和结构有重要影响。以典型荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为研究对象,对比研究了轻度沙埋和非沙埋植物在生理和生长方面的差异,并从土壤盐分、土壤水分、土壤温度等方面探究了造成这种差异的原因。结果表明:轻度沙埋环境下,梭梭、柽柳、白刺、沙拐枣的光合速率普遍高于非沙埋植株,蒸腾速率显著低于非沙埋植株,水分利用效率也均高于非沙埋植株。轻度沙埋梭梭、柽柳、沙拐枣、白刺株高明显低于非沙埋植株,但地径、冠幅、叶面积指数普遍高于非沙埋植株。主要原因是轻度沙埋植物下方土壤黏粒含量、土壤湿度高于非沙埋植物下方,轻度沙埋植物下方土壤温度、含盐量低于非沙埋环境。     

沙埋对小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长的影响及其生理响应

为了解沙埋对小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长的影响及其生理响应,2010年在科尔沁沙地研究了不同沙埋深度下小麦的存活率、株高、地上地下生物量、籽实产量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜透性、保护酶(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;过氧化物酶,POD;过氧化氢酶,CAT)活性和渗透调节物质含量变化。结果表明:随着沙埋深度的增加,小麦存活率、株高、地上地下生物量和籽实产量均显著下降,完全沙埋下第6天以后植株全部死亡。沙埋第6天,随着沙埋深度的增加,MDA含量、CAT活性、可溶性糖含量下降,POD活性变化不明显,但膜透性、SOD活性和脯氨酸含量显著增加。沙埋第12天,随着沙埋厚度增加,MDA含量和膜透性,SOD、POD和CAT活性,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著增加。沙埋导致小麦死亡率增加、株高及生物产量下降的主要原因不是水分胁迫,沙埋导致的光合面积降低、黑暗和无氧呼吸可能是其死亡和生长受到抑制的主要外部因素,而膜脂过氧化导致的膜透性增加可能是其死亡或生长受到抑制的主要生理机制。保护酶活性增强和渗透调节物质含量增加,对于减轻其细胞膜受损和防止细胞质渗漏起到了重要作用。     

沙埋对河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带一年生草本植物的影响

一年生草本植物是荒漠绿洲过渡带入工固沙植物群落草本层的优势植物类群,由于风沙活动剧烈,风蚀和沙埋成为一年生草本植物生存的关键选择动力因素.以河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型一年生草本植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、白茎盐生草(Halogeton arachnoideus...     

流动沙丘干沙层厚度对土壤水分蒸发的影响

利用Micro-lysimeter对流动沙丘不同干沙层厚度下的土壤水分蒸发作了测定与分析,结果表明:当干沙层厚度发育达到5 cm以上时,流动沙丘干沙层厚度成为土壤水分蒸发的决定因素。随着干沙层厚度的增加,土壤蒸发量逐渐降低;各观测日的蒸发抑制率随着干沙层厚度的增大而增大;5 cm的干沙层对蒸发的抑制作用最大可达70.6%,30 cm的干沙层则最大可达92.38%;干沙层厚度与土壤蒸发量之间存在显著的线性关系。各气象因子以及湿沙层不同深度土壤体积含水率对土壤蒸发量的影响作用很小,相关分析均没有达到显著水平。     

Effects of sand burial on growth and antioxidant enzyme activities of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in northern China

Growth and physiological responses of wheat to sand burial were studied in Horqin Sandy Land, to determine the impact on productivity and survival as well as antioxidant enzymes responses. This study c...     

Wind velocity and sand transport on a barchan dune

We present measurements of wind velocity and sand flux performed on the windward side of a large barchan dune in Jericoacoara, northeastern Brazil. From the measured profile, we calculate the air shear stress using an analytical approximation and treat the problem of flow separation by an heuristic model. We find that the results from this approach agree well with our field data. Moreover, using the calculated shear velocity, we predict the sand flux according to well-known equilibrium relations and with a phenomenological continuum saltation model that includes saturation transients and thus allows for nonequilibrium conditions. Based on the field data and theoretical predicted results, we indicate the principal differences between saturated and nonsaturated sand flux models. Finally, we show that the measured dune moves with invariant shape and predict its velocity from our data and calculations.     

Deposition of sandstorms in a vegetation-covered sand dune in Ejin Oasis and its characteristics

“Ejin Section” found in a typical vegetation-covered sand dune in Ejin Oasis was investigated. In this study, 263 samples were taken from the section for grain-size analysis, 25 for chemical analysis, 11 for 14C dating and 6 for scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of the study indicate that 3 types of the sediments in the section can be identified, YS, LS and ST. YS, homogeneous yellow-brown dune sands, is equal to those of inland deserts, LS, loess-like sandy soils, is the same as the sandy loess in the middle Yellow River and modern falling dusts, and ST, sandy sediments interbeded with the deadwood and defoliation of Tamarix spp, represents the depositional process of the section interrupted by abrupt changes in climate. The Ejin Section has recorded the repeated dust-storms or sandstorms since 2500 yr BP and the peak periods of the dust-storms or sandstorms revealed by the section are consistent with the records of “dust rains” in historical literatures, indicating that the change of climate is a key factor to increase sandstorms or dust-storms, whereas, “artificial” factor may only be an accelerating one for desertification.     

新月形沙丘与线形沙丘共生现象探讨——以撒哈拉沙漠为例

沙丘共生问题是风沙地貌研究的热点,目前尚缺乏较为深入的探讨。以共生沙丘分布最为广泛的撒哈拉沙漠为例,基于Google Earth高清卫星影像对新月形沙丘和简单线形沙丘共生区域进行参数识别,并对其区域风况特征和形成发育环境进行分析,以探讨共生沙丘形成的可能原因。结果表明：撒哈拉沙漠共有17处典型的共生沙丘区域,是世界上最大的共生沙丘分布区。区域及单个共生沙丘形态参数之间均存在一定相关性,但并不具有理论上应具有的良好相关性,表明影响沙丘共生的因素较为复杂。共生沙丘在低、中、高风能环境以及不同风向变率下均可发育,但主要在低风能环境、中等风向变率,锐双峰风况下形成。单一的起沙风风向是共生沙丘形成的重要条件,合成输沙势方向与沙丘走向基本一致。除风况外,障碍物如山脉、河流等因素同样对沙丘共生发挥了重要作用。     

额济纳绿洲沙尘暴沉积特征

1 Introduction Oases are unique ecosystems and important residences for our ancestors in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and have deeply been imprinted by human actions, such as Jericho oasis of Jordan Valley, Jarmo oasis of the Euphrates River an…     

呼伦贝尔沙地沙丘砂来源的定量分析--逐步判别分析(SDA)在粒度分析方面的应用

Quantltatively determining the sources of dune sand uis one of the problems necessarily and urgently to be solved in aeolian landforms and desertification research. Based on the granulometric data of sand materials from the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the paper employs the stepwise discriminant analysis technique (SDA) for two groups to select the principal factors determining the differences between surface loose sediments. The extent of similarity between two statistical populations can be described quantitatively by three factors such as the number of principal variables, Mahalanobis distance D^2 and confidence level α for F-test. Results reveal that: 1) Aeolian dune sand in the region mainly derives from Hailar Formation (Q3), while fluvial sand and palaeosol also supply partially source sand for dunes; and 2) in the vicinity of Cuogang Town and west of the broad valley of the lower reaches of Hailar River, fluvial sand can naturally become principal supplier for dune sand.     

Extractable and total Fe and Mn contents of three sand dune soils in NW Nigeria

The profile distribution of total, diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA)- and 0·1 HCl-extractable Fe and Mn were determined in 12 pedons formed on three contiguous sand dunes in the semi-arid savanna of Nigeria. The total Fe and Mn contents varied from 100 to 3750 and 40 to 11,375 μg g⁻¹, respectively. Values of 0·1 HCl-extractable Fe and Mn varied from 8·0 to 123 and 1·5 to 43·5 μg g⁻¹, respectively. The corresponding values of DTPA-extractable Fe and Mn were 4·5 to 16·0 and 1·0 to 38·8 μg g⁻¹. Total Fe and Mn correlated significantly with clay in nearly all the dunes (p≤ 0·01) but were not significantly correlated with organic matter. The 0·1 HCl-extractable Mn had a positive significant correlation with soil pH (r= 0·58*) in Illela dunes but a negative significant correlation with pH in the Sangiwa dunes (r= −0·75***). The values of extractable Fe and Mn in the sand dune soils are above the critical limits reported in other literature, thus deficiencies of these micronutrients do not pose a problem to crop production in the study area.     

Effects of dune stabilization on vegetation characteristics and soil properties at multiple scales in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Ecological patterns and processes in dune ecosystems have been a research focus in recent years, however information on how dune stabilization influences vegetation and soil at different spatial scales...     

不同地形条件对沙漠植物生长和沙地土壤水分的影响

对沙坡头地区人工植被固定沙地内不同地形条件下土壤水分和植物生长的变化进行了研究。结果表明,沙地土壤水分的变化以及植物生长的变化依照不同的地形条件表现出一定的规律性。沙地土壤水分含量由高至低的变化趋势根据地形条件依次表现为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;灌木植物密度和盖度与土壤水分变化密切相关,由大到小的变化趋势同样为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;而草本植物密度和盖度可能还受结皮等其它环境因素的影响,由大到小的变化趋势为:背风坡>坡顶>迎风坡>丘间低地。     

干旱沙区植被恢复过程中土壤颗粒分形特征

统计分析了干旱沙漠地区植被恢复过程中土壤颗粒分形特征及其与土壤沙粒(>0.05mm)、粉粒(0.05~0.002mm)和粘粒(<0.002mm)含量和土壤养分状况间的关系。结果表明:土壤颗粒分形维数随恢复时间延长有增大的趋势,土壤颗粒分形维数大小与土壤质地的细粒化有一致的变化趋势。0.05mm粒径成为土壤各粒径的分界值--即土壤分形维数的临界粒径,大于这一粒径颗粒含量越高,土壤分形维数越小;而小于这一粒径的颗粒含量越高,分形维数越大。土壤各养分状况均与土壤颗粒分形维数有极显著的线性正相关关系(p<0.0001),表明了土壤颗粒分形维数能客观地反映土壤肥力特征。在干旱沙漠地区,伴随着植被恢复和流沙固定,土壤颗粒分形维数可作为一个评价土壤演变程度的综合定量指标。     

呼伦贝尔沙地沙丘砂来源的定量分析— 逐步判别分析(SDA)在粒度分析方面的应用

以呼伦贝尔沙地砂物质的粒度分析资料为基础,利用两组间的逐步判别分析(SDA) 来筛选决定不同沉积物间差异的主导因子,根据主导因子的个数、Mahalanobis距离D2、通过统计学检验的信度琢等3个因素,来定量地确定两个总体间的相似性大小。分析结果表明:呼伦贝尔沙地的风成沙丘砂主要来源于海拉尔组砂(Q3),但河流冲积砂和古土壤也有不可忽视的作用;在嵯岗镇附近及其以西的海拉尔河下游宽阔河谷中,自然条件下河流冲积砂也可以成为风成沙丘砂的主要沙源。     

Short-term beach–dune sand budgets on the north sea coast of France: Sand supply from shoreface to dunes, and the role of wind and fetch

Three experimental plots, covering the transition from the upper beach to the dune, on the North Sea coast of France were monitored at various intervals over a period of 18–24 months via high resolution terrain surveys in order to determine inter-site sand budget variability, as well as patterns and processes involved in sand exchanges between the upper beach and dune. The wind regime consists of a fairly balanced mix of moderate (80% of winds are below 8 m/s) onshore, offshore and shore-parallel winds. Sustained dune accretion over several years depends on the periodic local onshore welding of shoreface tidal banks that have developed in the storm- and tide-dominated setting of the southern North Sea. The only site where this has occurred in the recent past is Calais, where bank welding has created a wide accreting upper beach sand flat. At this site, significant sand supply from the subtidal sand bank reservoir to the upper beach flat occurred only once over the 18-month survey following a major storm. The bulk of the sand deposited over this large flat is not directly integrated into the adjacent embryo dunes by onshore winds but is progressively reworked in situ into developing dunes or transported alongshore by the balanced wind regime, thus resulting in alongshore stretching of the embryo dune system. The Leffrinckoucke site near Belgium shows moderate beach–dune mobility and accretion, while the Wissant site exhibits significant upper beach bedform mobility controlled by strong longshore currents that result in large beach budget fluctuations with little net budget change, to the detriment of the adjacent dunes. Accretion at these two sites, which are representative of the rest of the North Sea coast of France, is presently constrained by the absence of a shore-attached sand bank supply reservoir, while upper beach–dune sand exchanges are further limited by the narrow wave-affected upper beach, the intertidal morphology of bars and troughs which segments the aeolian fetch, and the moderate wind energy conditions. The balanced wind regime limits net sand mobilisation in favour of either the beach or the dune, and may explain the relatively narrow longshore morphology of the dune ridges bounding this coast.     

等效沙厚度研究进展

风、沉积物和地表覆盖是控制沙丘地貌的三大要素.沉积物尤其是沙源供应对沙丘地貌的影响仍有待深入研究.沙丘体积的研究促使了等效沙厚度(equivalent sand thickness,EST)概念的提出.EST研究经历了多个沙丘和亚沙丘尺度2个研究阶段.多个沙丘EST研究发现,EST与沙丘高度之间具有较好的一致性,其与方...     

放牧对古尔班通古特沙漠南部半固定沙垄地表性质的影响

Intensive grazing in spring-summer has been responsible for environmental deg- radation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring-summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10-40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring-summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Mean- while the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring-summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% re- spectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring--summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring-summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China.     

Distribution of ephemeral plants and their significance in dune stabilization in Gurbantunggut Desert

Based on systematically monitoring plants on dune ridges in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert in 2002, this paper, from the angle of dune stabilization by vegetation, describes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of ephemeral plants on isolated sand dunes, analyses the natural invasion processes of ephemeral plants on human-disturbed sand surface and expounds the importance of ephemeral plants in stabilizing sand dune surface. A total of 45 plant species were identified in the study area, 29 of which are ephemeral plants. Ephemeral plants sprouted in early April and completed their life-circle within about two months. Just as aeolian sand activities came to the strongest stage from April to June in desert regions of northern Xinjiang, the total coverage of trees, shrubs and herbs of long vegetational period on most dune ridges was less than 10%, while the mean coverage of ephemeral plants reached 13.9% in April, 40.2% in May and 14.1% in June. Therefore ephemeral plants acted as the major contributor to dune surface stabilization in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Investigations of vegetation restoration on engineering-disturbed dune surface show that ephemeral plants first recolonized the disturbed dune surface.