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1.
This article explores the impacts of floods on the economy, environment, and society and tries to clarify the rural community’s
coping mechanism to flood disasters in Central Viet Nam. It focuses on the social aspects of flood risk perception that shapes
the responses to floods. The research findings revealed that flooding is an essential element for a coastal population, whose
livelihood depend on productive functions of cyclical floods. The findings also revealed that floods, causing losses and damages,
often inhibited economic development. The surveyed communities appeared to have evolved coping mechanisms to reduce the negative
impacts of the floods, yet these coping mechanisms are under pressure due to environmental degradation. Integrated flood risk
management is considered as a suitable paradigm for coping with flood disasters.
相似文献
Phong TranEmail: |
2.
José I. Barredo 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(1):125-148
There is a need for comprehensive, standardised and georeferenced information on floods for political and economic decision-making.
Relevant, accurate and up-to-date data is an important aspect for resource distribution, mitigation programmes, disaster monitoring
and assessment. Despite this, there is a lack of spatial and thematic accurate global data for floods. In Europe, historic
data on flood losses and casualties are neither comprehensive nor standardised, thus making long-term analyses at continental
level difficult. In this article, we present a map and catalogue of the major flood events of the last 56 years in the European
Union (EU), Bulgaria and Romania. This study is an effort to alleviate the lack of homogeneous and georeferenced information
on flood disasters for large periods in Europe. The objectives of this paper are to identify and classify the major flood
disasters of the last 56 years in the EU; to map the major flood disasters at pan-European scale with the support of a potential
flood hazard map and ancillary GIS datasets; and to give a picture of the current situation for major floods in the EU on
the basis of past events and current trends.
The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) of the Centre of Research on Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels (CRED) and United
States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) and NATHAN of Munich Re are two of the main public global databases for
natural disasters. Information from EM-DAT and NATHAN on flood disasters producing more than 70 casualties and/or more than
0.005% of EU GDP in damage has been assessed for the production of the map and catalogue of major flood disasters in Europe.
相似文献
José I. BarredoEmail: |
3.
Mediterranean flash flood transfer through karstic area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vincent Bailly-Comte Hervé Jourde Axel Roesch Séverin Pistre 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):605-614
Karstic aquifers influence flash floods propagation in Mediterranean countries. Near Montpellier, Southern France, discharge
data are recorded on the Coulazou River upstream and downstream of the Aumelas Causse. Two gauging stations are used to describe
the hydrodynamics of this binary karstic system. The first station characterizes the non-karstic catchment area. The second
one is representative of the karstic part of the watershed. Records since April 2004 are used to understand how the river
interacts with a karstic aquifer. Hydrograph analysis of three flash flood events is described. Corresponding discharge time
series recorded at the two gauging stations are used to describe the modification of the hydrographs by auto- and crosscorrelations
analyses. Finally, linear system analyses are used to provide the transfer functions of this binary karstic system according
to the three flood events characteristics (initial conditions, volume, spatial distribution of rainfall, etc.). Theses functions
summarize the hydrodynamic behaviour of the system: their shapes are indicative of the dynamics of the storage, the release
and the contribution to surface waters.
相似文献
Vincent Bailly-ComteEmail: |
4.
Brian Mills Dan Unrau Carla Parkinson Brenda Jones Jennifer Yessis Kelsey Spring Laurel Pentelow 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(2):157-183
This article summarizes research completed to assess the risk of lightning-related injuries and fatalities in Canada. Although
lightning mortality has declined significantly over the past century, it remains a common meteorological hazard that regularly
kills and injures. Based on an analysis of media reports, vital statistics, hospital admission and emergency room visit records,
and fire loss data, the authors estimate that on average about 9–10 lightning-related deaths and 92–164 injuries occur each
year in Canada. The distribution of casualties reflects current provincial population and cloud-to-ground lightning densities.
Consistent with similar studies in other developed nations, most lightning-related fatalities and injuries in Canada occur
during the June-August summer season, coincident with peak lightning, and during the Thursday-Saturday period, most likely
related to higher rates of participation in outdoor activities. The majority of victims are male, less than 46 years old,
and engaged in outdoor recreational activities when injured or killed in a lightning incident. Media reports used in the study
were found to underestimate both lightning mortality (36%) and morbidity (20–600%).
相似文献
Brian MillsEmail: |
5.
Dorian Speakman 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(1):111-127
A vulnerability index for the Fire Service in the UK has been designed to identify vulnerable locations during episodes of
severe floods. Taking recent case studies with the UK Fire Service, the patterns of vulnerability, in terms of demand on time
and resources, can be explained by investigating the environmental causes and their interaction with the adaptive capacity
of the response agencies.
相似文献
Dorian SpeakmanEmail: |
6.
A multicriteria approach for flood risk mapping exemplified at the Mulde river,Germany 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2
In this paper we develop a GIS-based multicriteria flood risk assessment and mapping approach. This approach includes flood
risks which are not measured in monetary terms; it shows the spatial distribution of multiple risks, and it is able to deal
with uncertainties in criteria values and to show their influence on the overall flood risk assessment. Additionally, the
approach can be used to show the spatial allocation of the flood effects if risk reduction measures are implemented. The approach
is applied to a pilot study for the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany, heavily affected by the hazardous flood in 2002. Therefore,
a GIS database of economic, social and environmental risk criteria was created. Two different multicriteria decision rules,
a disjunctive and an additive weighting approach, are utilised for an overall flood risk assessment in the area. For implementation,
a software tool (FloodCalc) was developed supporting both, the risk calculation of the single criteria as well as the multicriteria
analysis.
相似文献
Volker MeyerEmail: |
7.
Tornado shelters and the manufactured home parks market 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Manufactured or mobile homes represent a fast growing portion of the housing market but are particularly vulnerable to tornadoes.
In the US over 40% of tornado fatalities occur in mobile homes even though they comprise about 8% of US housing units. We
examine the market for tornado shelters in manufactured home parks in Oklahoma. Almost 60% of parks in the state have shelters,
with 90% of the shelters underground. Parks with shelters are not concentrated in urban areas but spread across the state,
with parks with shelters in 32 counties. We find that rents for lots in parks with shelters are 5–8% higher, which generates
sufficient revenue to approximately pay for shelters, but the point estimate is statistically significant in only one specification.
相似文献
Daniel Sutter (Corresponding author)Email: |
8.
David R. Legates 《GeoJournal》2007,70(1):15-19
An Inconvenient Truth (AIT) has earned Al Gore an Oscar and a share of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize and has been widely acclaimed by the mass media.
However, significant errors exist in the film, owing to alarmism and exaggeration. As this forum does not provide for a detailed
examination of these errors, this paper will focus only on the portrayal of the hydrologic cycle by AIT—precipitation and
floods, soil moisture and droughts, and storminess. AIT argues that precipitation and intense rainfalls, floods, droughts,
and the total number, intensity, and duration of tropical cyclones have all increased due exclusively to anthropogenically-driven
climate change; indeed, AIT paints a picture of near scientific certainty with an overwhelming bias toward catastrophe scenarios.
A closer look at the science, however, reveals that the data do not support these claims and that the scientific community
is divided as to what the impact of anthropogenic climate change on the hydrologic cycle will be. Thus, the film gives a false
impression of both the current state of climate change and that ‘the science is settled’.
相似文献
David R. LegatesEmail: |
9.
Space Physics Interactive Data Resource—SPIDR 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mikhail Zhizhin Eric Kihn Rob Redmon Dmitry Medvedev Dmitry Mishin 《Earth Science Informatics》2008,1(2):79-91
SPIDR (Space Physics Interactive Data Resource) is a standard data source for solar-terrestrial physics, functioning within
the framework of the ICSU World Data Centers. It is a distributed database and application server network, built to select,
visualize and model historical space weather data distributed across the Internet. SPIDR can work as a fully-functional web-application
(portal) or as a grid of web-services, providing functions for other applications to access its data holdings.
相似文献
Mikhail ZhizhinEmail: |
10.
The present state-of-the-art for natech risk and management is discussed. Examples of recent natechs include catastrophic
oil spills associated with Hurricane Katrina and hazardous chemical releases in Europe during the heavy floods of 2002. Natechs
create difficult challenges for emergency responders due to the geographical extent of the natural disaster, the likelihood
of simultaneous releases, emergency personnel being preoccupied with response to the natural disaster, mitigation measures
failing due to the effects of the natural disaster, and others. Recovery from natechs may be much more difficult than for
“normal” chemical accidents, as the economic and social conditions of the industrial facility and the surrounding community
may have been drastically altered by the natural disaster. Potential safeguards against natechs include adoption of stricter
design criteria, chemical process safeguards, community land use planning, disaster mitigation and response planning, and
sustainable industrial processes, but these safeguards are only sporadically applied. Ultimately, the public must engage in
a comprehensive discussion of acceptable risks for natechs.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
11.
Materials properties of barricade bricks for mining applications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christopher C. Berndt Kirralee J. Rankine Nagaratnam Sivakugan 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2007,25(4):449-471
Barricade bricks are fundamental to the safe operation of a mining site. Past failures have lead to loss of life and reduced
mine efficiency or even shut down. The fundamental material property that determines the operational characteristics of barricade
bricks is their permeability, which must be tailored to suit the operational environment of the mine. The ability of the barricade
to control the hydraulic pressure within a stope application is crucial for safety and economic returns. In the current work
practical barricade bricks were tested for permeability. As well, the strength and modulus of bricks were measured after being
soaked in water for either 7 or 90 days so that a measure of their engineering functionality could be determined. The primary
conclusions of this work are as follows. There was substantial deviation in permeability between bricks; however, the average
permeability of the barricade bricks was several orders of magnitude larger than the values obtained for the hydraulic fill.
This difference indicates that modelling efforts can assume that the barricade does not contribute to the pore pressure development
within the fill. Hence the drainage of the system is not related to the permeability of these bricks provided that the barricades
are built from the bricks in such a way that the construction or future migration of fines from the fill does not impede the
drainage performance.
相似文献
Christopher C. BerndtEmail: |
12.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the state of Florida implemented new wind load and tie-down regulations
for manufactured homes following Hurricane Andrew. This article examines the effect of the new regulations on the likelihood
that occupants of mobile homes would survive a tornado. On February 2, 2007, three tornadoes struck central Florida, resulting
in 21 deaths in Lake County, all in manufactured homes. The deaths occurred almost exclusively in homes rated as leveled by
the county tax appraiser. Manufactured homes built to the new regulations, however, were significantly less likely to be leveled.
Regression analysis finds that manufactured homes built to the post-Andrew requirements were 79% less likely to be leveled
than homes built prior to the HUD Code in 1976, and 68% less likely to be leveled than homes built after 1976 but before the
1994 wind load regulations. Construction of all manufactured homes in the tornado paths to the wind load and tie-down requirements
could have reduced fatalities by 70%.
相似文献
Daniel Sutter (Corresponding author)Email: |
13.
Global Perspectives on Loss of Human Life Caused by Floods 总被引:14,自引:4,他引:10
Every year floods cause enormous damage all over the world. This study investigates loss of human life statistics for different types of floods and different regions on a global scale. The OFDA/CRED Database contains data on international disasters and is maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels (CRED) in cooperation with United States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). Information from this source on a large number of flood events, which occurred between January 1975 and June 2002, is evaluated with respect to flood location and flood type. Due to the limited availability of information on coastal flood events, the scope of this study is limited to three types of freshwater flooding: river floods, flash floods and drainage problems. First, the development of loss of life statistics over time is discussed. Second, the dataset is analysed by region, by flood type and by the combination of type and region. The study shows that flash floods result in the highest average mortality per event (the number of fatalities divided by the number of affected persons). A cross analysis by flood type and location shows that average mortality is relatively constant for the different types over various continents, while the magnitude of the impacts (numbers of killed) and affected for a certain type varies between the different continents. On a worldwide scale Asian river floods are most significant in terms of number of persons killed and affected. Finally, a comparison with figures for other types of natural disasters shows that floods are the most significant disaster type in terms of the number of persons affected. 相似文献
14.
Ethnic coexistence in a pluralistic campus environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh 《GeoJournal》2006,66(3):223-241
In Malaysia, ethnic segregation seems to have grown more and more pronounced at all levels of education, which may have in
the main contributed to increasing occupational segregation by ethnicity when the graduates left to join the job market. Such
trends may be disturbing given the effort the country has put in to promote interethnic understanding and reduce interethnic
economic disparity since 1970. By critically investigating the dynamics of ethnic coexistence in the microcosm of the university
campus environment, this paper provides statistical evidence to show how far the country has progressed in terms of ethnic
relations since the watershed events of May 13, 1969; to what extent Malaysian multiethnic society is different now compared
to the unmistakable racial “corporateness” and interethnic “separateness” that Furnivall observed in his classic study of
1948; and in what ways ethnic relations have been reshaped by three decades of affirmative action policies and the form of
ethnic democracy adapted for this unique society.
相似文献
Emile Kok-Kheng YeohEmail: |
15.
Almost annually, natural hazards such as floods and landslides cause a great deal of financial loss and human suffering in
Taiwan. In order to gain a better understanding of disaster preparedness, this paper examines several factors in relation
to hazard mitigation behavior: social economic status (education, income), psychological vulnerability (sense of powerless
and helpless), risk perception (perceived impact and control) and social trust. The statistical analysis reported here is
based on the “2004 National Risk Perception Survey of Floods and Landslides in Taiwan”. The main findings include: (1) in
comparison with general public, victims are less willing to adopt risk mitigation measures than the public, even though they
perceive larger impacts, worry more about the hazard, and pay more attention to hazard information; (2) trust, risk perception
and social economic status are positive predictors for mitigation intentions, whereas psychological vulnerability is a negative
predictor; and (3) psychological variables are stronger predictors for mitigation intentions than that of socio-economic variables.
In light of these findings, the policy implications and intervention strategy are also discussed.
相似文献
Shuyeu LinEmail: |
16.
Kees Terlouw 《GeoJournal》2008,73(2):103-116
Subsidizing cross-border regions is a method to close the gap between citizens and the European Union. This analysis of PAMINA,
a cross-border region in the Rhine Valley near Karlsruhe, discusses some of the difficulties of this policy. There are structural
mismatches between the scales of different cross-border relations. These vertical mismatches are linked to the differences
in the horizontal logics of economic and administrative cross-border relations. Especially cross-border commuting, made possible
by European economic integration, has improved the daily life of many inhabitants of this region. Paradoxically this regional
success of European economic integration is disconnected from the EU funded cross-border region. They not only relate to different
scales, but the same spatial asymmetry generating this cross-border behaviour hinders administrative cross-border cooperation
in PAMINA.
相似文献
Kees TerlouwEmail: |
17.
Perception of flood risk in Danube Delta,Romania 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
For exposed and vulnerable communities, the perception of natural risk is an essential link in the analysis of man–environment
coping relationship and also an important parameter in the quantification of complex vulnerability as a central predictive
variable in the risk equation. The topic of flood risk in related perception is of considerable interest, as some recently
published papers have proven (Messner and Meyer 2005, 2006; Raaijmakers et al. 2008). The aim of the current study is to reveal the conscious and unconscious attitudes towards the flood risk for the inhabitants
of the Danube Delta/Romania. These attitudes, defined by different degrees of psychological vulnerability, represent the background
for a series of psycho-behavioural patterns that generate certain adjustment mechanisms and strategies. Application of a specially
designed questionnaire and the statistical analysis of the results revealed two psychological factors as essential in establishing
the psychosocial vulnerability degree of the interviewed subjects: (i) an internal control factor and (ii) an external control
factor. The persons characterized by inner control have a significantly reduced general anxiety level in comparison to individuals
with the control factor placed externally. As confidence diminishes, it increases the tendency of the individual to rely on
the external factors for support and security. The lack of resources (indicating lower resilience) and mistrust in the support
given emphasizes non-adaptive behaviours.
相似文献
Iuliana ArmaşEmail: |
18.
Predicting environmental conditions to minimise salt damage at the Tower of London: a comparison of two approaches 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clifford A. Price 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(2):369-374
The paper compares the results of two studies of salt damage at the Wakefield Tower, Tower of London. The first, in 1993,
was based on semi-quantitative salt analysis and hygroscopicity measurements. The second was based on quantitative analysis
and a thermodynamic model, ECOS. Both studies aimed to predict environmental conditions that would minimise salt damage to
the interior stonework. Their predictions are markedly different, and this paper examines the reasons for the differences.
It is shown that hygroscopicity alone is not a reliable indicator of crystallisation from mixed salt solutions.
相似文献
Clifford A. PriceEmail: |
19.
This paper investigates the impact ash fall would have on dairy farming, based on a study of ‘Tulachard’, a dairy farming
operation at Rerewhakaaitu, North Island, New Zealand. It includes analysis of the potential effects on the dairy shed and
milking machine, electrical supply and distribution, water supply and distribution, tractors and other farm vehicles, farm
buildings (haysheds, pump sheds, implement sheds, etc.), milk-tanker access to the farm and critical needs of dairy cows and
farm to keep milking. One of the most vulnerable areas identified in the study was the cooling of milk at the milking shed,
pending dairy tanker pick-up. The cooling system’s condenser is exposed to the atmosphere and falling ash would make it highly
vulnerable. Laboratory testing with wet and dry ash was conducted to determine its resilience to ash ingestion. It was found
to perform satisfactorily during dry testing, but during wet testing significant clogging/blocking of the condenser’s radiator
occurred, dramatically reducing airflow through the condenser. Specific mitigation recommendations have been developed that
include cleaning with compressed air and adapting farm management techniques to lessen usage of the condenser during an ash-fall
event. Specific recommendations for management of dairy farm operation are given to mitigate the effects of an ash-fall event.
相似文献
James W. ColeEmail: |
20.
Recharge to a saline, unconfined shallow-water-table aquifer is normally considered as an irrecoverable loss of water, but
such thinking could be reviewed empirically. The use of an appropriate groundwater harvesting system does not only provide
an opportunity to recover this lost water, but can also help in catchment salinity management and improvement. Agricultural-based
land-drainage systems such as those that use serial biological concentration (SBC) of salts, provide examples of such harvesting
methods. The impact of groundwater harvesting has been assessed on the hydro-salinity of a saline catchment in southeastern
Australia through modeling. For both the below average rainfall and very wet years, the “do nothing” scenario resulted in
increasing salinization in the catchment. However, after introducing a SBC system, groundwater salinity showed a decreasing
trend while hydraulic heads tended to stabilize around the depth of subsurface collector wells. However, for a successful
groundwater harvesting system, proper understanding of the groundwater flows and salt mobilization associated with a catchment
is necessary. The outcomes of this modelling study have the potential to address similar issues (salinization) and/or needs
(water harvesting) existing elsewhere in the world, particularly in semi-arid regions.
相似文献
Muhammad Nadeem AsgharEmail: |