Effects of alteration on element distributions in archean tholeiites from the Barberton greenstone belt,South Africa

Major and trace element and modal analyses are presented for unaltered, epidotized, and carbonated tholeiite flows from the Barberton greenstone belt. Au, As, Sb, Sr, Fe⁺³, Ca, Br, Ga, and U are enriched and H₂O, Na, Mg, Fe⁺², K, Rb, Ba, Si, Ti, P, Ni, Cs, Zn, Nb, Cu, Zr, and Co are depleted during epidotization. CO₂, H₂O, Fe⁺², Ti, Zn, Y, Nb, Ga, Ta, and light REE are enriched and Na, Sr, Cr, Ba, Fe⁺³, Ca, Cs, Sb, Au, Mn, and U are depleted during carbonization-chloritization. The elements least affected by epidotization are Hf, Ta, Sc, Cr, Th, and REE; those least affected by carbonization-chloritization are Hf, Ni, Co, Zr, Th, and heavy REE. Both alteration processes can significantly change major element concentrations (and ratios) and hence caution should be used in distinguishing tholeiites from komatiites based on major elements alone. The amount of variation of many of the least mobile trace elements in the altered flows is approximately the same as allowed by magma model calculations. Hence, up to about 10% carbonization and 60% epidotization of tholeiite do not appreciably affect the interpretation of trace-element models for magma generation.     

Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project: I. Petrology and geochemistry of the main hole (0–2,050 m)

The main hole (MH) of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) in southern Sulu has penetrated into an ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock slice which consists of orthogneiss, paragneiss, eclogite, ultramafic rock and minor schist. Recovered eclogites have a UHP metamorphic mineral assemblage of garnet + omphacite + rutile ± phengite ± kyanite ± coesite ± epidote. Ultramafic rocks contain garnet + olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene ± Ti-clinohumite ± phlogopite. Gneisses and schists contain an amphibolite-facies paragenesis, but their zircons have coesite, garnet, omphacite (or jadeite) and phengite inclusions, indicating that eclogites and gneisses have been subjected to in situ UHP metamorphism. Using available geothermobarometers, P–T estimates of 3.1–4.4 GPa and 678–816°C for eclogites were obtained. If surface outcrops and neighboring shallow drill holes are considered together, we suggest that a huge supracrustal rock slab (> 50 km long × 100 km wide × 5 km deep) was subducted to a depth > 100 km and then exhumed to the surface. The depth interval (0–2,050 m) of the CCSD-MH can be divided into six lithological units. Unit 1 consists of alternating layers of quartz-rich and rutile-rich eclogites, with thin interlayers of gneiss and schist. Eclogites of unit 1 are characterized by Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, low Mg number and general LREE enrichment. Unit 2 comprises rutile- and ilmenite-rich eclogite and minor “normal” eclogite and is characterized by high TiO₂, total Fe, V, Co and Sr, and very low SiO₂, alkali, Zr, Ba, Nb, Ta and total REE contents, and LREE-depleted REE patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Unit 3 contains ultramafic rock and minor MgO-rich eclogite. Protoliths of UHP rocks from units 1, 2 and 3 represent a layered mafic to ultramafic intrusion at crustal depth. Units 4 and 6 consist of interlayered eclogite and paragneiss; the eclogites are characterized by Th, U, Nb, Ta and Ti depletion and K enrichment and LREE-enriched REE patterns. Paragneisses show Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions and LREE-enriched REE patterns occasionally with slightly negative Eu anomalies, indicating that their protoliths represent metamorphic supracrustal series. Unit 5 consists mainly of orthogneisses, showing distinct Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti depletions, and LREE-enriched REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies, suggesting granitic protoliths. In conclusion it is proposed that the southern Sulu UHP belt consists of a series of meta-supracrustal rocks, a layered mafic–ultramafic complex and granites.     

Progressive hybridisation between Late Devonian mafic-intermediate and felsic magmas in the Meguma Zone of Nova Scotia, Canada

Two felsic plutons of Late Devonian (385–370 Ma) age in the Meguma Zone of southwestern Nova Scotia contain three circa 376 Ma synplutonic mafic-intermediate intrusions that collectively record progressive stages of in situ hybridisation. A 5 m wide spessartite dyke in the Port Mouton Pluton probably underwent rapid cooling and crystallisation immediately after intrusion, which heated and coarsened the adjacent tonalite. An 85 m long sheet of pillowed kersantite (also in tonalite of the Port Mouton Pluton) presumably contained residual magma after quenching and obtained K, P, Ba, Rb, more radiogenic Sr, Zr, Nb, and light REE from the tonalite during magma mingling. The third synplutonic body, a >100 m wide diorite sheet, intrudes granodiorite of the adjacent Shelburne Pluton and has a circa 45 m wide gradational contact of metaluminous hornblende-tonalite. This tonalite dominantly records magma mixing by the transfer of Ti, Mg, Fe, Ca, and V in hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, and (at least in part) apatite xenocrysts derived from dioritic pillows that were originally disaggregated in the granodiorite, probably in response to convection. Scattered data points, unusual “concave-down” variation trends for Al₂O₃, P₂O₅, and Sr, and non-hyperbolic Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics in the tonalite, apparently reflect syn- or post-mixing fractionation and accumulation of xenocrysts from residual magma. Phosphorus may have assisted diffusion of Sr, Zr, Nb, and light REE, and caused premature quenching of the hybrids at Mcleods Cove and Birchtown, during magma mingling and mixing. Received: 1 January 1996 / Accepted: 3 August 1996     

Origin and evolution of topaz-bearing granites from the Nanling Range, South China: a geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic study

Summary The F-rich Hongshan pluton in the eastern Nanling Range, southern China, is a topaz-bearing albite leucogranite. It is distinctive from other topaz-bearing felsic rocks in South China with respect to age, size, geochemical evolution and topaz mode and morphology. The Hongshan granites are highly peraluminous and characterized by high K₂O/Na₂O, Si, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta and F, and low Ca, Ba, Sr, Zr, Hf, P, K/Rb, Zr/Hf and Eu/Eu^*. The granites show significant trace-element variations with magma evolution, with increasing Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, Sn, W and decreasing Sr, Ba, Zr, Hf, Y, REE, Pb, Th, K/Rb, Zr/Hf, Th/U and Eu/Eu^*. These changes dominantly reflect fractional crystallization of plagioclase, biotite and accessory minerals such as zircon and monazite. The granites also exhibit a decrease in ɛNd(t = 225 Ma) from −7.9 to −11.7 with magma evolution. Modeling shows that the Nd isotopic variation could result from assimilation of the Taoxi Group wall rocks during fractional crystallization. The Hongshan pluton also shows spatial geochemical variations; the most evolved parts are located in the southeastern part of the pluton, which would be the most likely target area for rare-metal mineralization commonly associated with other topaz-bearing granites. Zircon grains from two rock types in the Hongshan body were analyzed in situ for U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic values. The concordant zircon grains mostly range from 218 to 230 Ma with an average of 224.6 ± 2.3 Ma (Indosinian). Some zircons with different internal structures and Hf isotope compositions, as well as monazite fragments, yield U–Pb ages of ca. 280 to 240 Ma, suggesting older thermal events in the studied area. The ɛHf(t) of these older zircons is strongly negative (−12.3), implying a crustal source with a Paleoproterozoic model age, similar to that for the Proterozoic Zhoutan Group. The main (∼225 Ma) zircon population exhibits less negative ɛHf(t) (−3.0 to −7.6) and Mesoproterozoic model ages, suggesting that the original magma of the Hongshan granite was generated from deeper Mesoproterozoic crust.     

Chemical evolution and petrogenetic implications of loparite in the layered,agpaitic Lovozero complex,Kola Peninsula,Russia

Summary Lovozero, the largest of the world’s layered peralkaline intrusions, includes gigantic deposits of Nb + REE-loparite ore. Loparite, (Na,Ce,Ca)₂(Ti,Nb)₂O₆, became a cumulus phase after crystallisation of about 35% of the ‘Differentiated Complex’, and its compositional evolution has been investigated through a 2.35 km section of the intrusion. The composition of the cumulus loparite changes systematically upwards through the intrusion with an increase in Na, Sr, Nb and Th and decrease in REE and Ti. This main trend of loparite evolution records differentiation of the peralkaline magma through crystallisation of 1600 m of the intrusion. The formation of the loparite ores was the result of several factors including the chemical evolution of the highly alkaline magma and mechanical accumulation of loparite at the base of a convecting unit. At later stages of evolution, when concentrations of alkalis and volatiles reached very high levels, loparite reacted with the residual melt to form a variety of minerals including barytolamprophyllite, lomonosovite, steenstrupine-(Ce), vuonnemite, nordite, nenadkevichite, REE, Sr-rich apatite, vitusite-(Ce), mosandrite, monazite-(Ce), cerite and Ba, Si-rich belovite. The absence of loparite ore in the “Eudialyte complex” is likely to be a result of the wide crystallisation field of lamprophyllite, which here became a cumulus phase. Received November 6, 2000; revised version accepted January 18, 2001     

Geochemical Characteristics of Cenozoic Basaltic High-K Volcanic Rocks from Maguan Area, Eastern Tibet

The major element, trace element and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of Cenozoic basaltic volcanic rocks from the Maguan area, eastern Tibet, indicates that the volcanic rocks are enriched in alkalis, especially K (K2O up to 3.81%) and depleted in Ti (TiO2 = 1.27%-2.00%). These rocks may be classified as two groups, based on their Mg# numbers: one may represent primary magma (Mg# numbers from 68 to 69), and the other, the evolved magma(Mg# numbers from 49 to 57). Their REE contents are very high (∑REE = 155.06-239.04μg/g). Their REE distribution patterns are of the right-inclined type, characterized by LREE enrichment [(La/Yb)N =12.0-19.2], no Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*=1.0), and weak negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.9). The rocks are highly enriched in Rb, Sr and Ba (59.5-93.8μg/g, 732-999 μg/g, and 450-632 g/g, respectively), high in U and Th (1.59-2.31μg/g and 4.73-8.16 μg/g, respectively), and high in Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf (70-118 μg/g,3.72-5.93 μg/g, 215-381 μg/g, and 5.47-9.03 μg/g, respectively). In the primitive mantle-normalized incompatible element spidergram, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and P show positive anomalies, whereas Ba, Ti and Y show negative anomalies. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0. 704029 to 0.704761; 143Nd/144Nd from 0. 512769 to 0. 512949; and εNd from 2.6 to 6.1. These geochemical features might suggest that the potential source of the basaltic high-K volcanic rocks in the Maguan area is similar to the OIB-source mantle of Hawaii and Kergeulen volcanic rocks.     

U-Pb zircon geochronology, geochemistry and kinetics of the Huaniushan A-type granite in Northwest China

The Huaniushan granite is located at the Beishan orogenic belt, northwestern China. At the contact zone between the granite and marble, a hydrothermal Pb-Zn and skarn Au deposit is formed. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 229.5±2.6 Ma (MSDW=0.93) for the Huaniushan granite, imply-ing its Late Triassic intrusion. Geochemistry analyses show that the Huaniushan granite is enriched in Si, K, Na, and REE, and depleted in Mg and Ca, with contents of SiO2 (70.8% to 74.4%), Na2O+K2O (8.8% to 10.2%), CaO (0.93% to 1.44%), and MgO (0.14% to 0.48%). REE is characterized by obvious negative Eu anomaly. Rb, Th, U, K, Pb, Nb, Zr and Hf elements are rich in the granite while Ba, Sr, P, Ti and Eu are deplete. The granite has a high (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y) abundance and 104 Ga/Al ratios. Petrology, major and trace elements data all indicate that the Hua-niushan granite is A-type granite which intruded in a post-collisional extensional tectonic setting. The magma was dominantly sourced from partial melting of crustal intermediate-felsic igneous rocks. Intensive magmatic activities and Au-Cu-Mo mineralization occurred throughout the Beishan orogenic belt during the period from ca. 240 to 220 Ma.     

On the problem of the formation and geochemical role of bituminous matter in pegmatites of the Khibiny and Lovozero alkaline massifs, Kola Peninsula, Russia

Solid bituminous matter (SBM) typically occurs in the late hydrothermal assemblages of pegmatites of the Khibiny and Lovozero massifs, being confined to a microporous framework Ti-, Nb-, and Zr-silicates, which are sorbents of small molecules and efficient catalysts of the polymerization, reforming, and selective oxidation of organic matter. Bituminous matter from the pegmatites of the Lovozero Massif typically have elevated contents of aliphatic hydrocarbons, sulfur, and sodium, but are depleted in oxygen and trace elements. SBM from the pegmatites of the Khibiny Massif are depleted in sulfur and enriched in oxygen-bearing derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Being complexing agents for Th, REE, Ba, Sr, and Ca, they play a key role in the transfer and accumulation of Th and in the accumulation of alkali earth and rare earth elements during the hydrothermal stage of mineral formation. Oxidized SBM bearing rare and alkali earth elements are complex microheterogenous systems, which contain mineral (Th silicates, calcite, etc.), metalorganic (with REE, Ca, Sr, Ba), and predominantly organic phases formed by the exsolution of initial metalorganic material with decreasing temperature.     

The Finero phlogopite-peridotite massif: an example of subduction-related metasomatism

The Finero peridotite massif is a harzburgite that suffered a dramatic metasomatic enrichment resulting in the pervasive presence of amphibole and phlogopite and in the sporadic occurrence of apatite and carbonate (dolomite)-bearing domains. Pyroxenite (websterite) dykes also contain phlogopite and amphibole, but are rare. Peridotite bulk-rock composition retained highly depleted major element characteristics, but was enriched in K, Rb, Ba, Sr, LREE (light rare earth elements) (La_N/Yb_N = 8–17) and depleted in Nb. It has high radiogenic Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr₍₂₇₀₎ = 0.7055–0.7093), low radiogenic Nd (ɛNd₍₂₇₀₎= −1 to −3) and EMII-like Pb isotopes. Two pyroxenite – peridotite sections examined in detail show the virtual absence of major and trace element gradients in the mineral phases. In both rock types, pyroxenes and olivines have the most unfertile major element composition observed in Ivrea peridotites, spinels are the richest in Cr, and amphibole is pargasite. Clinopyroxenes exhibit LREE-enriched patterns (La_N/Yb_N ∼16), negative Ti and Zr and generally positive Sr anomaly. Amphibole has similar characteristics, except a weak negative Sr anomaly, but incompatible element concentration ∼1.9 (Sr) to ∼7.9 (Ti) times higher than that of coexisting clinopyroxene. Marked geochemical gradients occur toward apatite and carbonate-bearing domains which are randomly distributed in both the sections examined. In these regions, pyroxenes and amphibole (edenite) are lower in mg## and higher in Na₂O, and spinels and phlogopite are richer in Cr₂O₃. Both the mineral assemblage and the incompatible trace element characteristics of the mineral phases recall the typical signatures of “carbonatite” metasomatism (HFSE depletion, Sr, LILE and LREE enrichment). Clinopyroxene has higher REE and Sr concentrations than amphibole (^amph/cpxD_REE,Sr = 0.7–0.9) and lower Ti and Zr concentrations. It is proposed that the petrographic and geochemical features observed at Finero are consistent with a subduction environment. The lack of chemical gradients between pyroxenite and peridotite is explained by a model where melts derived from an eclogite-facies slab infiltrate the overhanging harzburgitic mantle wedge and, because of the special thermal structure of subduction zones, become heated to the temperature of the peridotite. If the resulting temperature is above that of the incipient melting of the hydrous peridotite system, the slab-derived melt equilibrates with the harzburgite and a crystal mush consisting of harzburgite and a silica saturated, hydrous melt is formed. During cooling, the crystal mush crystallizes producing the observed sequence of mineral phases and their observed chemical characteristics. In this context pyroxenites are regions of higher concentration of the melt in equilibrium with the harzburgite and not passage-ways through which exotic melts percolated. Only negligible chemical gradients can appear as an effect of the crystallization process, which also accounts for the high amphibole/clinopyroxene incompatible trace element ratios. The major element refractory composition is explained by an initially high peridotite/melt ratio. The apatite, carbonate-bearing domains are the result of the presence of some CO₂ in the slab-derived melt. The CO₂/H₂O ratio in the peridotite mush increased by crystallization of hydrous phases (amphibole and phlogopite) locally resulting in the unmixing of a late carbonate fluid. The proposed scenario is consistent with subduction of probably Variscan age and with the occurrence of modal metasomatism before peridotite incorporation in the crust. Received: 20 July 1998 / Accepted: 28 October 1998     

新疆拜城波孜果尔碱性岩中副矿物的特征

在野外地质调查的基础上,结合室内显微镜观察及电子探针分析测试,对新疆拜城波孜果尔碱性岩中的副矿物的矿物学特征和化学成分进行了研究.发现这些副矿物常以共生组合的形式产在碱性岩中,主要分布在石英二长闪长岩和石英二长岩中.烧绿石中U、Th和REE替代Ca、Na.独居石富含LREE,Th和LREE相互替代;根据独居石中w(La+ Ce) ＞40％和La/Nd比值在1.6～4.5,推断独居石为热液成因.磷钇矿中富含REE,且以HREE为主;w(Th)＞w(U).锆石中Zr/Hf比值在60％以上,符合碱性岩特征;其Th/U比值为0.6,属于岩浆锆石.星叶石中w(Rb2O)、w(Cs2O)较高.萤石中Y、Ce替代Ca.锆石中的钍石w(U)明显高于磁铁矿中钍石w(U).在石英二长岩中,烧绿石的w(CaO)、w(TiO2)、w(ZrO2)、w(U3O8),磷钇矿的w(Y2O3),星叶石的w(TiO2),萤石的w(Ca),氟碳铈镧矿的w(CaO)较丰富;而在石英二长闪长岩中,烧绿石的w(Ce2O3),磷钇矿的REE含量,星叶石的w(Nb2O5)、w(Rb2O),萤石w(Ce)、w(Y)和氟碳铈镧矿的w(La2O3)较高.     

浙西北萧山—诸暨地区晚中生代侵入岩地球化学特征及构造意义

浙西北萧山—诸暨地区晚侏罗世末期花岗(石英)闪长岩与早白垩世末期(辉石)闪长岩具有以下地球化学特征:低硅、贫碱、富钙镁铁,弱负铕异常,稀土配分曲线右倾,富集K,Rb,Ba,Th,U等,亏损Nb,Ta等,Sr,Ti亏损不明显。晚侏罗世末期花岗岩与早白垩世末期花岗(斑)岩均具有高硅、富碱、贫钙镁,强负铕异常的特征;晚侏罗世侵入岩具"V"型稀土配分曲线,强富集K,Rb,Th,U等,相对富集Nb,Ta,强亏损Ba,Sr,Ti等特征;早白垩世侵入岩具右倾稀土配分曲线,富集K,Rb,Th,U等,亏损Nb,Ta,Sr,Ti,Ba不亏损等特征。岩石构造地球化学图解分析表明,晚侏罗世末期I-A型花岗岩类成岩构造环境具有从俯冲挤压碰撞作用向后碰撞或后造山作用演化的特征;早白垩世末期(高分异)I型花岗岩类岩石主要与火山-次火山喷发-侵入作用关系密切,成岩构造环境主要与区域伸展作用有关。     

Experimental study of liquid immiscibility in the fluid-magmatic silicate systems containing Ti,Nb, Sr,REE, and Zr

Aluminosilicate alkaline systems containing Ti, REE (La, Ce), Y, Sr, and Nb were studied experimentally at T = 1200 and 1250°C and P = 2 kbar in the presence of aqueous and alkaline fluid. In the fluid-absent experiments with systems containing the same elements, loparite crystals in a silicate matrix were obtained. These systems in the presence of aqueous and alkaline fluid pressure conditions demonstrate an immiscible splitting into two liquids: (1) aluminosilicate matrix and (2) droplets enriched in Ti, REE (La, Ce), Y, Sr, and Nb, which contain silicate admixture and are compositionally close to loparites. According to approximate estimates, the partition coefficients between the melts of the droplets and aluminosilicate matrix (K = C _dr/C _sil) are more than 5 for TiO₂, < 0.35 for SiO₂, 10–20 for Nb₂O₅, > 15 for REE, and from 2.3 to 7.6 for SrO. Obtained unmixing may be of great significance for explaining the genesis of REE-Nb (loparite) deposits. In addition, the experiments demonstrate that Zr may be accumulated together with Ti and REE due to liquid immiscibility of this type. The partition coefficient of ZrO₂ between the melts of droplets and aluminosilicate matrix (K = C _dr/C _sil) according to approximate estimates varies from ∼ 3.5 to 9.     

山东昌邑莲花山铁矿矿床地质与矿石稀土、微量元素特征

莲花山铁矿位于昌邑-安丘铁成矿带的中部,铁矿体赋存于古元古代粉子山群小宋组中。本文通过矿石地球化学特征及其与矽卡岩矿物组合和赋矿围岩结构特征的对比研究,证明了莲花山铁矿与条带状铁矿相似。莲花山铁矿矿石稀土元素含量较低,经页岩标准化的稀土元素配分模式呈现轻稀土元素亏损、重稀土元素富集的特征,具有明显的Eu、Y、La异常,为无明显Ce异常,Y/Ho比值反映了在其沉积时受到海水作用的影响,表明莲花山铁矿的稀土元素来源于火山热液和海水的混合溶液。微量元素中Ti、V、Co、Ni、Mn、Sr、Ba等含量较低,原始地幔标准化的微量元素配分曲线显示,U、La、Hf呈正异常,Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr呈负异常,SiO2/Al2O3、Ti/V、Ni/Co、和Sr/Ba的比值指示了莲花山铁矿成矿物质来源于火山物质的沉积。研究结果表明,莲花山铁矿成矿作用源于火山热液与海水的混合,成矿物质来自火山沉积物,其地质与地球化学特征与五台山铁矿一致,为火山沉积变质型铁矿床。     

Premetamorphic lateritisation in Proterozoic metabasites of Rogaland,SW Norway

Heterogeneous layers of granulite facies metamorphic basites of the Proterozoic supracrustal Faurefjell Formation in Rogaland, S.W. Norway, display an extreme chemical variation. Within a single layer the bulk chemical composition gradually changes from approximately basaltic in basic granulites to alumina-iron-rich in granofelses. Component-ratios and composition-volume relations indicate open-system chemical reactions mainly involving the extraction of silica. Apparent enrichment in Fe, Ti, P, Al, Zr, Ni, Co, Zn, Y, Nb, Hf and REE and variations in resulting metamorphic mineral assemblages are related to premetamorphic progressive lateritisation of a basaltic protolith. The weathering generated a continuous chemical suite from SiO₂=48 wt%, Fe₂O₃=10 wt% and Al₂O₃=19 wt% in the basic granulites to 14 wt%, 40 wt% and 25 wt% in the Fe-Al granofelses. Metasomatism during diagenesis and during (very) high-grade metamorphism (1200–900 Ma) further perturbed the concentrations of relatively mobile elements Ca, Mg, K, Rb, Sr, Ba, Na and Li in the laterites without affecting the transition metal ratios. In particular, the REE did not fractionate differentially during the supracrustal and metasomatic alteration.     

Trace element partitioning between silicate minerals and carbonatite at 25 kbar and application to mantle metasomatism

Summary Experiments at 25 kbar and 1000°C, on a model trace element-enriched carbonatite-eridotite mix, produced augite + pargasite ± garnet ± dolomite coexisting with a carbonatite melt. Proton microprobe analysis of the phases showed that key trace elements (Rb, Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Y and REE) all partitioned strongly into the melt (with the exception of Y, Ho and Lu in garnet), verifying that carbonatite is potentially a highly effective metasomatizing agent. The data also indicate that carbonatitic metasomatism will impart higher Ba/Rb, Ba/Nb, Nb/Ta, Sr/Ta, La/Ta, and lower Zr/Y, with little change to Sr/Nb, in affected mantle.

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Spurenelementverteilung zwischen Silikatmineralen und Karbonatit bei 25 kbar: Anwendung für die Mantel-Metasomatose

Zusammenfassung Experimente mit einer Modell-mischung von Karbonatit-Peridotit, angereichert mit Spurenelementen, produzierten bei 25 kbar und 1000°C Augit + Pargasit ± Granat ±Dolomit coexistierend mit einer Karbonatitschmelze. Protonmikrosonden-Analyse der Phasen zeigte, dass alle Schlüsselspurenelemente (Rb, Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Y and REE) stark in der Schmelze angereichert werden (mit der Ausnahme von Y, Ho und Lu in Granat), was beweist, dass Karbonatit potentiell ein sehr effektives Agens für Metasomatose ist. Die Daten zeigen weiterhin, dass karbonatitische Metasomatose in betroffenen Mantel höhere Ba/Rb, Ba/Nb, Nb/Ta, Sr/Ta, La/Ta und niedrigere Zr/Y produziert, mit geringen Äderungen für Sr/Nb.

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江苏省海州式磷矿岩石地球化学特征及成矿背景

本文对苏北地区锦屏组磷矿石及地层样品进行了岩相学及地球化学分析,研究了磷矿初始沉积环境和源区特征。磷矿类微量元素富集Ba、Pb、U、Sr,贫Th、Ta、Nb、Ti;REE配分曲线为LREE富集型,Ce负异常,表明成矿环境为陆缘海,且成矿过程受深海热水沉积和生物作用影响。Sr、Nd同位素初始值判断磷灰岩物质来源为年轻的地壳物质。绿片岩类微量元素富集Rb、Th、K,贫Th、U、Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti;REE配分曲线为LREE富集型,判断其原岩为陆源碎屑岩。（混合）片麻岩类微量元素富集Pb、Th、K,亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti;REE配分曲线为LREE富集型,具地幔源区特征。     

Geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K igneous rocks from Liuhe-Xiangduo area, eastern Tibet

The major elements, trace elements and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of Cenozoic high-K igneous rocks and mafic deep-derived enclaves from the Liuhe-Xiangduo area, eastern Tibet, indicate the high-K igneous rocks are characterized as being enriched in Ca (CaO= 1.20% - 8.80% ), alkali (Na2O K2O= 3.47% - 10.65% ), especially K (K2O up to 5.96% ) and depleted in Ti (TiO2= 0.27% - 1.50% ). Their REE contents are very high (REE= 91.29 - 231.11 μg/g). Their REE distribution patterns are of the right-inclined type, characterized by intense LREE enrichment [(La/Yb)N= 7.44 - 15.73 ]. The rocks are distinctly enriched in Rb, Sr and Ba ( 46.3 -316 μg/g, 349-1220 μg/g and 386-2394 μg/g, respectively), high in U and Th ( 1.17 - 8.10 μg/g and 2.58 - 27.0 μg/g, respectively), moderate in Zr and Hf ( 87.5 -241 μg/g and 2.83 - 7.52 μg/g, respectively), and depleted in Nb and Ta ( 4.81 - 16.8 μg/g and 0.332 - 1.04 μg/g, respectively). In the primitive mantle-normalized incompatible element spidergram, U, K, Sr and Hf show positive anomalies, whereas Th, Nb, Ta, P, and Ti show negative anomalies. The rocks are strongly depleted in Cr and Ni ( 21.4 -1470 μg/g and 7.79 -562 μg/g, respectively), and their transition element distribution curves are obviously of type-W. The ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i ratios range from 0.704184 to 0.707539 ; ( 143 Nd / 144 Nd)i from 0.512265 to 0.512564 ; and ε Nd (t) from -6.3 to -0.4 . These geochemical features might suggest that the potential source of the high-K igneous rocks in the Liuhe-Xiangduo area is similar to the EM2, which may be similar to the material enriched K that is located under the crust-mantle mixed layer. The mafic deep-derived enclaves in the high-K igneous rocks belong to chance xenoliths. Their ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i ratios range from 0.706314 to 0.707198 ; ( 143 Nd / 144 Nd)i from 0.512947 to 0.513046 ; and ε Nd (t) from 7.0 to 9.0 . These geochemical features might indicate that the enclaves probably came from the depleted mantle. The P-T conditions of the enclaves also showed that the enclaves are middle-lower crust metamorphic rocks, which were accidentally captured at 20-50 km level by rapidly entrained high-K magma, whose source is over 50 km in depth.     

南秦岭勉略带铧厂沟火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究

陕西省西南部铧厂沟火山岩以英安岩为主(～ 90vol％),夹玄武岩构造透镜体(～ 10vol％).玄武岩SiO2含量为43.6％ ～ 54.7％,具有低K、Ti,高Na、Mg的特征;稀土总量为24×10-6 ～29×10-6,中稀土轻微富集,Eu、Sr轻微正异常;具有正Rb、Ba异常及负Nb、Zr异常,LaN/YbN值为1.81 ～2.87,Th/Yb值为0.19 ～0.23,Th/Nb值为0.11 ～0.20,Nb/La值为0.26～0.70,Hf/Th值为0.50 ～ 0.67,显示亚碱性弧玄武岩的特征.英安岩SiO2含量为59.5％～ 72.3％,稀土总量较低(116×10-6～187 × 10-6),为右倾式配分模式,Eu负异常,富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba、Th、K等),亏损高场强元素(如Nb、P、Ti、Ta等),显示弧火山岩地球化学特征.获得玄武岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为801.7±4.7Ma (MSWD=1.18;n=12),英安岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为802.1±5.3Ma (MSWD=1.02;n=19),二者在误差范.内一致.因此,铧厂沟火山岩是一套火山弧环境的亚碱性玄武质-英安质火山岩组合,表明新元古代曾有大洋板块向南俯冲到扬子古板块北缘之下;这套火山岩裹挟于泥盆系沉积地层中,与泥盆系地层一起,共同组成了一套由晚古生代-三叠纪勉略洋闭合所致的构造混杂岩带.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of acid volcano-plutonic rocks of the Siner area, Siwana Ring Complex, Northwestern Peninsular India

Petrochemical studies on acid plutonic (granite, microgranite) and volcanic (rhyolite, trachyte) rocks occurring in the Siner area of the Siwana Ring Complex, Malani Igneous Suite have been carried out. These rocks are characterized by high concentrations of SiO₂, Na₂O, K₂O, Zr, Nb, Y and REE (except Eu) but low in MgO, Fe₂O₃(t), CaO, Cr, Ni, Sr; indicating their A-type affinity. Field studies in conjunction with the geochemical characteristic indicate that the magmatism in the Siner area is generally represented by peralkaline suite of rocks which are formed due to rift tectonics. It is also suggested that these acidic rocks could have been derived by low degree partial melting of crustal material. Characteristics of certain pathfinder elements such as Rb, Ba, Sr, K, Zr, Nb, REE and the ratios of K/Rb, Zr/Rb, Ba/Rb along with the multi elemental primitive mantle normalized spidergrams suggest that the Siner peralkaline granites and microgranites have the potential for rare metal and rare earth mineralizations.     

An Archean arc basalt–Nb-enriched basalt–adakite association: the 2.7 Ga Confederation assemblage of the Birch–Uchi greenstone belt, Superior Province

The Uchi subprovince of the Archean Superior Province is a series of greenstone belts extending 600 km east–west along the southern margin of the North Caribou Terrane protocontinent. The 2.7 Ga Confederation tectonostratigraphic assemblage of the Birch–Uchi greenstone belt, northwest Ontario, is dominated by volcanic suites of mafic, intermediate and felsic composition. Tholeiitic basalts range compositionally from Mg# 59–26 evolving continuously to greater REE contents (La=2–19 ppm; Th/La_pm˜1), with small negative Nb anomalies. Primitive tholeiites are similar to modern intraoceanic arc basalts, whereas evolved members extend to greater concentrations of Ti, Zr, V, Sc, and Y, and lower Ti/Zr, but higher Ti/Sc and Ti/V ratios characteristic of back arc basalts. Calc-alkaline basalts to dacites are characterised by more fractionated REE (La/Yb_n=1–8), high Th/Nb_pm ratios and deeper negative Nb anomalies; they plot with modern oceanic arc basalts and some may qualify as high magnesium andesites. The two suites are interpreted as a paired arc–back arc sequence. A third group of Nb-enriched basalts (NEB; Nb=9–18 ppm) extend to extremely high TiO₂, Ta, P₂O₅, Sc and V contents, with strongly fractionated REE and ratios of Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf greater than primitive mantle values whereas Zr/Sm ratios are lower. The most abundant rhyolitic suite has extremely enriched but flat trace element patterns and is interpreted as strongly fractionated tholeiitic basalt liquids. A second group are compositionally similar to Cenozoic adakites and Archean high-Al, high-La/Yb_n tonalites; they possess Yb ≤ 0.4 ppm, Y ≤ 6 ppm and Sc ≤ 8 ppm, with La/Yb_n of 19–30 and Zr/Sm of 50–59. They are interpreted as melts of ocean lithosphere basaltic crust in a hot shallow subduction zone. Adakites are associated with NEB in Cenozoic arcs where there is shallow subduction of young and/or hot ocean lithosphere, often with oblique subduction. Slab melt adakites erupt, or metasomatise sub-arc mantle peridotite to generate an HFSE-enriched source that subsequently melts during induced mantle convection. The Archean adakite–NEB association erupted during development of the tholeiitic to calc-alkaline arc and its associated back arc. Their coexistence in the Confederation assemblage of the Birch–Uchi greenstone belt implies convergent margin processes similar to those in Cenozoic arcs. Received: 2 June 1999 / Accepted: 29 December 1999