工程地球物理方法技术研究现状综述

从工程地球物理的方法技术角度，结合相应的地球物理理论，综述了工程地球物理方法在各种工程领域的应用现状和发展，并具体讨论了各领域中存在的问题。     

非线性方法在地球物理研究中的应用综述和展望

地球科学的发展离不开数理科学和信息科学的发展。以开放巨系统为研究对象,各种子系统的综合研究和复杂笥系统理论、非线笥科学理论方法将２１世纪得到充分的发展,具有在更高层次上进行综合和效叉研究的特点。文章简述了小波变换、遗传算法、神经网络、分形分维的方法和原理及其在地地物理研究中的应用、存在的问题和发展趋势。     

地球物理方法在碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用综

近年来,碳酸盐岩储层逐渐成为世界各国勘探的一个重点.本文结合碳酸盐岩的地球物理特征,简要介绍了目前在碳酸盐岩储层预测中应用的一些主要地球物理方法,探讨了各种方法的应用基础及限制条件,并分析了地球物理方法在碳酸盐岩储层预测方面的发展方向和趋势.     

SQUID及在地球物理中的应用

SQUID(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device)技术(特别是高温SQUID)的发展，为地球物理探测技术的发展提供了巨大潜力，基于SQUID技术开发的地球物理探测系统不仅具有精度高、分辨率高的优点，而且仪器系统轻便，在野外实验和应用取得了巨大的进展，本文将近年SQUID技术应用于地球物理取得的进展进行了简要的总结，并阐述它了在地球物理勘探领域的广阔应用。     

应用地球物理方法寻找隐伏矿床

在金属矿勘探的发展过程中,地球物理的重要作用逐渐崭露头角．随着地球物理认识的不断深化,特别是地球物理勘探方法、仪器设备以及资料处理的长足进步,使得其勘探能力迅速提高．在当前攻深找盲、寻找大矿的需求下,地球物理勘探不应将自己局限于具体矿床勘探的战术作用,虽然这方面的勘探能力有了很大发展,然而更重要的是地球物理勘探应该而且可能在找矿的宏观战略方面作出重大贡献．     

应用地球物理方法寻找隐伏矿床

在金属矿勘探的发展过程中，地球物理的重要作用逐渐崭露头角．随着地球物理认识的不断深化，特别是地球物理勘探方法、仪器设备以及资料处理的长足进步，使得其勘探能力迅速提高．在当前攻深找盲、寻找大矿的需求下，地球物理勘探不应将自己局限于具体矿床勘探的战术作用，虽然这方面的勘探能力有了很大发展，然而更重要的是地球物理勘探应该而且可能在找矿的宏观战略方面作出重大贡献．     

地球物理方法在含油工业污水管道渗漏探测中的应用

基于含油污水管道渗漏形成土壤污染区的物性改变,利用高密度电阻率法、自然电位法、探地雷达的方法对污染区进行了探测,试图通过污染区的分布特征确定渗漏点的存在.基于异常区布设的钻孔取样分析资料显示,含油污水的侵入会引起地下粘土层的电阻率增高,随着侵入量的增大电阻率越大,相应的探测电剖面异常区表现为高阻特征;相应位置的自然电位曲线显示低电位特征,探地雷达图像则表现为低频,高幅的特征.基于异常区的分布特征可以确定渗漏点的分布位置.研究结果证实了地球物理方法对此类工业污水污染区探测的可行性.     

综合地球物理勘探方法在特殊地质工程中的应用

根据在原辽宁省工程地震勘测研究院从事工程地震工作的多年实践及技术成果，对利用综合地球物理方法确定滑坡、地下洞穴、断裂、矿区采空区、塌陷区等地质灾害的经验进行了较全面的总结和介绍。     

应用气体地球化学方法探测隐伏活动断裂的初步研究

在新疆首次应用气体地球化学方法探测乌鲁木齐地区的主要隐伏活动断层。查明了碱沟-雅玛里克山北麓水磨沟活动断层隐伏段的位置,并可划分为南支(二叠纪与三叠纪地层的分界线)与北支(三叠纪与侏罗纪地层的分界线)。认为有可能存在通过市区的北西-南东向隐伏活动断层,并给乌鲁木齐河顺河断层的存在提供了气体地球化学依据。根据断层气体释放强度的分析,认为六道湾-西山马料地-头屯河一带,可能是目前工作区内构造断裂的主要活动地带。由于该方法实用、简捷、价廉、效果良好、结果可靠,可在今后的工作中大力推广,但方法本身尚待进一步完善与提高。     

地球物理方法在厚覆盖区第四纪地层划分中的应用

在岩石地层分析和测年实验分析的基础上,综合运用地球物理测井、浅层反射地震和古地磁测年等多种地球物理方法划分河北平原厚覆盖区第四纪地层.通过对QHJ01孔的岩芯观察,按照沉积物岩性、颜色、沉积组合和沉积环境分析将揭露的松散沉积物分为8大岩性段.根据QHJ01孔古地磁样品磁倾角变化划分古地磁极性带,0～82.8 m为布容正极性时,82.8～235.8 m为松山反极性时,235.8 m以下为高斯正极性时.综合运用古地磁、浅层地震、地球物理测井方法和岩石地层分析判断第四系和中更新统底界分别为235.8 m和82.8 m,运用地球物理测井结合C14、光释光测年实验和岩石地层分析判断上更新统和全新统底界分别为53.3 m和24.9 m.     

Calibration of subsurface batch and reactive-transport models involving complex biogeochemical processes

In this study, the calibration of subsurface batch and reactive-transport models involving complex biogeochemical processes was systematically evaluated. Two hypothetical nitrate biodegradation scenarios were developed and simulated in numerical experiments to evaluate the performance of three calibration search procedures: a multi-start non-linear regression algorithm (i.e. multi-start Levenberg–Marquardt), a global search heuristic (i.e. particle swarm optimization), and a hybrid algorithm that combines the particle swarm procedure with a regression-based “polishing” step. Graphical analysis of the selected calibration problems revealed heterogeneous regions of extreme parameter sensitivity and insensitivity along with abundant numbers of local minima. These characteristics hindered the performance of the multi-start non-linear regression technique, which was generally the least effective of the considered algorithms. In most cases, the global search and hybrid methods were capable of producing improved model fits at comparable computational expense. In other cases, the multi-start and hybrid calibration algorithms yielded comparable fitness values but markedly differing parameter estimates and associated uncertainty measures.     

InterPACIFIC project: Comparison of invasive and non-invasive methods for seismic site characterization. Part II: Inter-comparison between surface-wave and borehole methods

The InterPACIFIC project was aimed at assessing the reliability, resolution, and variability of geophysical methods in estimating the shear-wave velocity profile for seismic ground response analyses. Three different subsoil conditions, which can be broadly defined as soft-soil, stiff-soil, and hard-rock, were investigated. At each site, several participants performed and interpreted invasive measurements of shear wave velocity (Vs) and compression wave velocity (Vp) in the same boreholes. Additionally, participants in the project analysed a common surface-wave dataset using their preferred strategies for processing and inversion to obtain Vs profiles. The most significant difference between the invasive borehole methods and non-invasive surface wave methods is related to resolution of thin layers and abrupt contrasts, which is inherently better for invasive methods. However, similar variability is observed in the estimated invasive and non-invasive Vs profiles, underscoring the need to account for such uncertainty in site response studies. V_S,30 estimates are comparable between invasive and non-invasive methods, confirming that the higher resolution provided by invasive methods is quite irrelevant for computing this parameter.     

Benthic biogeochemical cycling of mercury in two contaminated northern Adriatic coastal lagoons

Previous research recognized most of the Northern Adriatic coastal lagoon environments as contaminated by mercury (Hg) from multiple anthropogenic sources. Among them, the Pialassa Baiona (P.B.) Lagoon, located near the city of Ravenna (Italy), received between 100 and 200 tons of Hg, generated by an acetaldehyde factory in the period 1957-1977. Further east, the Grado Lagoon has been mainly affected by a long-term Hg input from the Idrija mine (western Slovenia) through the Isonzo River since the 16th century. Hg cycling at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of the two lagoons was investigated and compared by means of an in situ benthic chamber, estimating diffusive Hg and Methyl-Hg fluxes in the summer season. Major chemical features in porewaters (Fe, Mn, H₂S, dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC), nutrients) and in the solid phase (C_org, N and S) were also explored to understand the general biogeochemical conditions of the system in response to benthic respiration. The daily integrated flux for the methylated Hg form was extremely low in P.B. Lagoon, accounting for only 7% of the corresponding flux calculated for the Grado Lagoon. Despite a higher sedimentary Hg content in the P.B. Lagoon (14.4-79.0 μg g⁻¹) compared to the Grado Lagoon (10.7-12.5 μg g⁻¹), the in situ fluxes of Hg in the two experimental sites appeared similar. A selective sequential extraction procedure was applied to the solid phase, showing that the stable crystalline mineral phase cinnabar (HgS) is the predominant Hg fraction (about 50%) in the Grado Lagoon surface sediments. Conversely, Hg mobilization and sequestration in the P.B. Lagoon is related to the extremely anoxic redox conditions of the system where the intense sulfate reduction, by the release of sulfur and the formation of sulfides, limits the metal recycling at the SWI and its availability for methylation processes. Thus, the environmental conditions at the SWI in the P.B. Lagoon seem to represent a natural “barrier” for the potential risk of Hg transfer to the aquatic trophic chain.     

青藏高原腹地东西分区和界带的地球物理场特征与动力学响应

青藏高原是东亚大陆一个特殊的块体,无论是介质属性,还是构造格局在深部与浅部都是不均匀的和各向异性的,其演化进程也是非线性的.基于综合地球物理场研究发现:青藏高原在NS向挤压和EW向扩张错综力系作用下,形成了东、西分区的构造格局,它们的界带位于90o±2oE的范围内,即表明青藏高原基本上为由三块(西、中、东)组成.在此界...     

东亚地震各向异性——2006年西太平洋地球物理会议专题介绍

2006年7月24—27日在北京召开了2006年西太平洋地球物理会议,本文简介了这次会议的概况,介绍了东亚地震各向异性专题中的最新研究进展。     

闽西南大排多金属矿区地球物理响应特征与找矿启示

大排多金属矿区位于闽西南坳陷大田—龙岩次级坳陷带南部,政和—大埔深大断裂西侧,是福建省较大的多金属矿产地之一.随着找矿勘查的不断深入,对在该矿区外围和深部寻找隐伏矿床提出了迫切需求,但研究区地表地形崎岖、植被茂密,以往很少进行高精度大比例尺的综合地球物理调查,因此对隐伏的控矿构造、赋矿层位和火成岩体分布的认识远不能满足深部找矿的需求.本文实施了反射地震、可控源音频大地电磁剖面测量和大比例尺航磁面积性测量,在成矿理论和找矿模型的指导下采用反射地震真地表偏移成像技术、可控源音频大地电磁二维带地形反演技术和航磁数据精细处理与三维反演技术,提取识别了剖面浅层逆冲推覆控矿构造和赋矿层位的反射地震特征,与成矿关系密切的燕山期火成岩体的地震、电磁特征,以及控矿构造和隐伏岩体平面分布的航磁异常特征.在地表地质和已知钻孔岩心及物性的约束下,构建了剖面的综合地球物理的地质解释模型,包括浅层推覆构造和控矿地层分布,推断解释大断裂6条,次级断裂16条和3处较大的隐伏岩体分布,为深入认识研究区的矿床成因和分布规律,指导在外围和深部找矿提供了地球物理有效响应特征.

     

地球物理技术在我国考古和文物保护工作中的应用

20世纪80年代以来，我国考古及文物保护工作者和地球物理工作者越来越认识到地球物理技术在考古和方物保护方面可以发挥作用，在古幕探查、大型古建筑地下遗存现状、古遗迹断代等方面，地球物理技术都找到了发挥作用的机会，本文通过地球物理技术在云冈石窟、龙门石窟、克孜尔石窟、北京故宫紫禁城、嵩岳寺塔、古泗州城遗址、风阳明中都等的物理探查实例，以及查找古幕、古遗迹断代等方面的工作，介绍了我国在考古和文物保护领域应用地球物理技术的进展，并指出了物探在用于考古和文保时的特点和展望。     

Research Progress of Geophysical Exploration in Karatungk Mine in Northern Xinjiang, China

Karatungk Mine in northern Xinjiang, China, which is a large-scale magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide mine in the Central Asian orogenic belt, has a long history of mining. The mine is located at the merging belt between Altay orogenic belt and Junggar Basin, and has strong tectonic activities. In recent years, mining source detection has become an important target for mineral exploration due to the difficulties in ore body exploitation. In this paper,we systematically summarize the achievements of the geophysical explorations in Karatungk Mine from various aspects, including tectonic backgrounds of the mine, dynamic mechanisms, geophysical characteristics and scientific challenges in the future. Because of the restrictions of observation density and analysis methods, the fine geometrical structure of the mine cannot be completely characterized yet. Therefore,in order to obtain the high-resolution structure and detailed spatial distribution of orebodies, researchers should focus on combining multiple geophysical methods, developing high-resolution imaging methods, and improving petro physical experiments in the future.     

2002年西太平洋地球物理会议--固体地球物理部分研究进展

概述了2002年7月9－12日在新西兰惠灵顿召开的2002年西太平洋地球物理会议固体地球物理专题的交流情况，介绍了该专题的16个子专题当前的研究进展。