岩溶勘察中的探地雷达技术及应用

岩溶的空间分布和物性特征为探地雷达技术进行岩溶地球物理探测提供了基本前提条件.在已有的探测实例中应用探地雷达方法基本查明了岩溶的分布范围和充填性质，从而为岩溶区的岩土工程勘察和评价提供了有效手段及依据.     

探地雷达在LNAPL污染土壤探测中的应用进展研究

轻非水相液体(LNAPL)的不当使用、渗漏及不当处置等会造成严重的土壤和地下水污染,威胁环境和公共卫生安全.探地雷达(GPR)作为一项重要的浅表地球物理观测技术已在LNAPL污染土壤探测中发挥重要作用.本文对近年来国内外学者利用GPR探测LNAPL污染土壤方面的理论和应用研究进行梳理,结合实例主要从以下几个方面开展评述.这些方面包括LNAPL污染土壤电性特征、基于GPR探测的LNAPL污染土壤建模、GPR信号响应、GPR的测量方式等.这些理论与应用研究为如何从场地的地质和水文背景中提取与污染有关的GPR信号做出了指导与成功的示范.现场和实验室的大量的研究工作表明,所有成功的案例都不可能倚赖单一的手段或方法.直接(例如,钻孔)和间接(例如,GPR)调查结合,多手段、多方法的有效配合,才有可能最大程度的减小探测结果的非唯一性,达到全面准确了解污染场地的目的.     

小波理论在探地雷达信号处理中的应用

探地雷达(ground penetrating radar—GPR)系统已成为浅层地下探测的有效手段并在地质勘探、城市建设、水文勘测、环境工程、考古等领域发挥着重要作用．信号处理质量是雷达技术能否成功运用的关键．本文对近年来探地雷达信号处理方面的文献进行了综合,对探地雷达技术中常用的数据处理技术作了阐述,重点分析了小波理论在探雷达信号处理中的应用,最后就小波变换理论在探地雷达中的应用前景提出了一些展望．     

GPR探测地埋管径研究综述

用无损探测技术来获取地下目标物的信息是当前研究的热点,探地雷达作为一种重要的工具及技术,已广泛应用在地埋管道直径的无损探测中,准确快速测定地埋管的直径,在理论研究与实际应用中都具有重要意义.本文在综合分析电磁波在介质中传播的基本特征和目标回波双曲线特征的基础上,讨论了用探地雷达无损探测技术来获取地埋管的直径特征参数的可行性;介绍了国内外目前主流的探地雷达设备,及相关学者在管径探测方面的研究进展;在国内外典型实例剖析的基础上,介绍分析了不同发展时期探地雷达测定地埋管管径的原理及测定方法;接着对地埋管径无损探测研究工作当前存在的问题进行总结.最后指出,地埋管探测的研究工作,应着眼于实现硬件轻便化、软件专业化、数据处理模型的智能化,才能更好的在实践中加以应用.     

非开挖特深管线的探测技术分析及展望

本文介绍了最近几年对非开挖施工大于3m的深埋管线探测的4种物探探测技术的最新进展,包括地面高精度磁测、井中磁梯度探测、探地雷达、电磁法探测等技术的工作原理、数据处理、应用的成功实例,并总结了各自探测技术的优点、缺点,讨论了物探方法在对非开挖管线的定位技术的发展趋势.     

探地雷达在多年冻土工程地质勘察中的应用效果研究

由于融土和冻土之间存在明显的电性差异,使探地雷达成为研究多年冻土的有效手段之一.本文结合工程实例,对探地雷达在青藏高原多年冻土工程地质勘察中的应用效果进行了现场试验研究.分析了探地雷达探测多年冻土的物理前提条件,总结了多年冻土主要地质要素的雷达图像特征和探地雷达在多年冻土工程地质勘察中的实际应用效果.研究表明融土与冻土的雷达图像特征存在明显差异:融土雷达反射波为低频强宽振幅的稀疏波,波形较杂乱;冻土反射波为高频低振幅细密波,波形较为规则;探地雷达可较为准确地划分地层、识别多年冻土上限、确定多年冻土分布范围,但尚不能有效确定多年冻土的含冰量;另外,探地雷达对细颗粒土的探测效果要明显好于粗颗粒土.文章还指出了现场探测和图像解译分析中需要注意的事项和下一步需要研究解决的问题,建议在开展现场探测工作之前先在有钻探资料或天然地质剖面处进行对比试验,搞清测区内主要地层的物性参数,掌握有效波和干扰波的分布规律,从而提高雷达探测结果的准确性和可靠性.     

用于高分辨率土壤、岩石地层填图的探地雷达技术

探地雷达是探测浅部土壤和岩石条件的一种新技术.为进行地球化学采样、土工技术研究和砂矿勘探以及对地下水流控制因素的了解等,需要更好地搞清表土层的条件,这就日益要求有分辨率更高的、描绘地表的新技术. 探地雷达技术的应用范围较广.它已成功地用来绘制湖中冰厚和水深、基岩深度、土壤层和地下水位.它还用于描绘岩石结构,测定空隙和鉴定岩溶特征.应用高分辨率雷达有效确定基岩土壤层和断裂带令人嘱目. 通过文中选出的典型实列,对野外获得高质量雷达数据的基本原理和实际工作做了说明,其中一例说明了如何应用雷达来绘制深度大于20 m的基岩和土层;有两个典型实例说明了用雷达对矿体向外40 m的范围内如何绘制断裂和岩性的变化;另—个典型实例还说明了如何应用雷达来探测和绘制地下水的污染程度;通过钻孔研究对雷达结果进行验证,说明了高分辨率雷达作为常规钻探岩心获取内插和外推资料的一种辅助手段所具备的功能与实用价值性.随着新仪器和野外新方法的出现,雷达的常规应用正变得经济实用,人们将看到这种方法会得到更广泛的使用.     

机载探地雷达数值模拟及逆时偏移成像

机载探地雷达可以用于人类无法到达的危险地区、植被严重覆盖的地下目标体探测,然而由于机载探地雷达的特殊性,影响机载探地雷达探测效果的因素包括天线的极化方向、天线的飞行高度以及地表粗糙度等.为了研究这些影响因素与探测效果之间的关系,用三维时间域有限差分模拟电磁波的传播过程,以沙漠地区地下空洞掩体的机载探地雷达探测为实例,分别模拟了不同天线极化方向、天线高度及地表粗糙度情况下的机载探地雷达剖面,分析了各因素对机载探地雷达探测地下空洞目标体的影响.天线极化方向与目标体走向垂直更有利于地下目标体探测;天线距离地表越近,可以获得更高分辨率的雷达剖面;沙漠地表起伏越大,雷达剖面中的散射杂波能量越强,浅部地下目标体信号容易被掩盖.为了消除起伏地形造成的散射杂波,提出用逆时偏移成像技术对共炮集机载探地雷达数据进行偏移成像,成像结果优于基尔霍夫偏移成像结果.     

探地雷达不同参数对数据采集和处理的影响

探地雷达探测技术的关键环节是数据采集,而决定数据质量的是参数选择,本文从理论与实例两方面来探讨不同地质雷达参数对数据质量的影响,总结了在实际应用中的几点经验,可作为以后工作的借鉴与参考.     

基于GprMax正演模拟的探地雷达根系探测敏感因素分析

应用探地雷达对植物根系进行探测的有效性已得到证实.但由于根系结构复杂,根围环境异质性强,针对基于探地雷达得到的根系探测数据的解读尚处于经验积累阶段.本研究首先通过对比根系探地雷达实测信号图像和模拟信号图像,证实了利用GprMax模拟探地雷达探测植物根系的有效性.其次通过定义不同根系空间结构和电性参数场景,模拟了不同条件下根目标反射信号的差异,并对影响探地雷达探测植物根系有效性的敏感因素进行了初步分析.模拟结果有助于探地雷达野外根系探测图谱的解译,为探地雷达在植物根系探测中的应用积累经验.     

隧道地质超前预报研究进展

隧道地质超前预报是工程地球物理研究中的疑难问题之一。目前应用的工程地质推断、地质雷达探测是、反射地震负视速度法、TSP和TRT技术有一定的效果,但在目标判别、定位和岩体工程分类的可靠性方面还需要改进。     

The origins of Antarctic rock glaciers: periglacial or glacial features?

In extensively glaciarized permafrost areas such as Northern Victoria Land, rock glaciers are quite common and are considered postglacial cryotic landforms. This paper reveals that two rock glaciers in Northern Victoria Land (at Adélie Cove and Strandline) that are located close to the Italian Antarctic Station (Mario Zucchelli Station) should have the same origin, although they were previously mapped as Holocene periglacial landforms and subsequently considered ice‐cored and ice‐cemented rock glaciers, respectively. In fact, by integrating different geophysical investigations and borehole stratigraphy, we show that both landforms have similar internal structures and cores of buried glacier ice. Therefore, this kind of rock glacier is possibly related to the long‐term creep of buried ice rather than to permafrost creep alone. This interpretation can be extended to the larger part of the features mapped as rock glaciers in Antarctica. In addition, a high‐reflective horizon sub‐parallel to the topographic surface was detected in Ground Probing Radar (GPR) data over a large part of the study area. Combining all the available information, we conclude that it cannot be straightforwardly interpreted as the base of the active layer but rather represents the top of a cryo‐lithological unit characterized by ice lenses within sediments that could be interpreted as the transition zone between the active layer and the long‐term permafrost table. More generally, knowledge of the subsurface ice content and, in particular, the occurrence of massive ice and its depth is crucial to make realistic and affordable forecasts regarding thermokarst development and related feedbacks involving GHG emissions, especially in the case of cryosoils rich in carbon content. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating some factors that affect feasility of using ground penetrating radar for landmine detection

Ground penetrating radar （GPR） is one of the promising technologies that can be used to detect landmines. Many factors may affect the ability of GPR to detect landmines. Among those factors are： 1） the type of landmine material （metallic or plastic）, 2） conditions of the host soil （soil texture and soil moisture）, and 3） the radar frequency utilized. The impact of these factors on the ability of GPR to detect landmines is investigated by studying their effect on the dielectric permittivity contrast between the landmine and the host soil, as well as on the attenuation of the radar waves. The impact of each factor was theoretically reviewed and modeled using the Matlab and Mathcad software packages. Results of the computer modeling were correlated with GPR data acquired for metallic and plastic landmine types. It was found that the ability of GPR to detect landmines depends to a great extent on the landmine type, water content of the host soil, utilized radar frequency, and soil texture. The landmines are much easier to detect than plastic landmines for any soil conditions and any radar frequency. Increasing the soil＇s moisture content, regardless of soil texture, eases the detection of the plastic landmine and worsens the detection of the metallic mines. Increasing the percentage of clay in the soil causes the same effect as the moisture content. However, higher radar frequency delivers better results for landmine detection as long as the percentage of clay and the moisture content in the soil remains low. The results of this study are expected to help in selecting optimum radar antennae and data acquisition parameters depending on the landmine type and environmental conditions.     

Application of the Brewster angle to quantify the dielectric properties of ground ice formations

Previous studies of ground ice using moveout type ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys indicate that the dielectric permittivity can constrain the type of ground ice present in the subsurface. Due to the high-loss nature of the active layer over permafrost targets, however, the signal strength of GPR signals is often insufficient to resolve the basal boundary required for determining the dielectric permittivity of an underlying unit. We apply a non-conventional antenna orientation and post-processing method to determine the dielectric permittivity of the unit underlying the lowest resolvable boundary. We conduct moveout surveys using a 450 MHz GPR with collinear parallel oriented antennas on two adjacent ground ice formations in the region of Thomas Lee Inlet, Devon Island, Nunavut. We exploit the Brewster angle to calculate the approximate dielectric permittivity of ground ice formations below the active layer. The results agree within 1 dielectric unit with on-ice permittivity measurements made during a complementary study of the site.     

Early history of soil–structure interaction

Soil–structure interaction is an interdisciplinary field of endeavor which lies at the intersection of soil and structural mechanics, soil and structural dynamics, earthquake engineering, geophysics and geomechanics, material science, computational and numerical methods, and diverse other technical disciplines. Its origins trace back to the late 19th century, evolved and matured gradually in the ensuing decades and during the first half of the 20th century, and progressed rapidly in the second half stimulated mainly by the needs of the nuclear power and offshore industries, by the debut of powerful computers and simulation tools such as finite elements, and by the needs for improvements in seismic safety. The pages that follow provide a concise review of some of the leading developments that paved the way for the state of the art as it is known today. Inasmuch as static foundation stiffnesses are also widely used in engineering analyses and code formulas for SSI effects, this work includes a brief survey of such static solutions.     

Impact of permafrost change on the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad engineering

Permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad produces the great change under the influence of climate change, such as the decreasing of permafrost table, the rising of permafrost temperatures, etc. Climate effect on permafrost is the long-term process. Engineering action makes rapidly permafrost the large extent change. On the basis of analyzing the permafrost change under the climate change and engineering action, the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost are predicted for air temperature rising 1℃ and 2℃ after 50 years in this paper. The results show that climate change results in the larger change for the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost. Permafrost change will produce the great effect on the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad engineering, not only resulting in the decreasing of permafrost table beneath the roadbed, but also resulting in thawing settlement due to the thawing of ground ice near permafrost table. The idea of cooling roadbed and active protecting permafrost for the Qinghai-Tibet Railroad engineering could adjust and control the permafrost thermal state, some better methods are provided to ensure the engineering stability in the areas of warm permafrost and high ice content.     

机载探地雷达的进展以及数值模拟

机载探地雷达可能解决危险环境或广域条件下的近地表探测问题,用于解决环境、生态或军事方面的问题.然而由于种种原因,该技术的发展却显得比较慢.为了推进该技术的发展,本文介绍了目前世界范围内机载探地雷达的进展,并利用时间域有限差分法对一些典型模型进行数值模拟,并用特定的偏移成像方法对模拟结果进行成像.目前存在的机载探地雷达主要有三种类型:第一种为将常规探地雷达天线悬挂在直升飞机上,第二种为针对机载探地雷达开发的雷达系统,第三种为具有探地能力的合成孔径雷达.数值模拟结果表明,不管是水平地面的情况下,还是起伏界面的情况下,机载探地雷达都能清楚探测一定深度范围内的地下目标.可见,机载探地雷达是存满希望的一种方法.     

浅层人工地震和地质雷达在城市活动断层探测中的联合应用?以鹤壁市汤东断裂为例

浅层人工地震勘探是探查城市隐伏活动断层最有效的手段之一,然而受近地表探测盲区和探测分辨率的限制,该方法难以获取活动断层超浅层上断点的准确埋深位置。地质雷达探测方法在一定程度上可弥补浅层人工地震勘探的不足。为探索浅层人工地震勘探和地质雷达探测的联合应用效果,分析其在城市隐伏活动断层探测中的应用潜力,选取河南省鹤壁市汤东断裂西支为研究对象,并在冯屯村和前交卸村分别开展联合探测,获取高信噪比的浅层人工地震反射剖面和地质雷达剖面。浅层人工地震勘探揭示的冯屯村处汤东断裂西支上断点埋深为60～70 m,地质雷达探测揭示的上断点埋深约为2.5 m,结合平均沉积速率推测汤东断裂西支在冯屯村的最新活动时代约为25 ka。浅层人工地震勘探揭示的前交卸村处汤东断裂西支上断点埋深为50～60 m,地质雷达探测揭示出汤东断裂西支在前交卸村处未造成近地表约10 m以内的地层断错。研究结果表明,在城市隐伏活动断层探测中,采用浅层人工地震勘探和地质雷达探测相结合的方法,不但可有效确定活动断层的位置,且可进一步约束活动断层上断点的准确埋深,有利于指导后期地震地质勘探中的探槽和钻孔布设。     

Occurrence,evolution and ice content of ice-debris complexes in the Ak-Shiirak,Central Tien Shan revealed by geophysical and remotely-sensed investigations

Rock glaciers and large ice-debris complexes are common in many mountain ranges and are especially prominent in semi-arid mountains such as the Andes or the Tien Shan. These features contain a significant amount of ice but their occurrence and evolution are not well known. Here, we present an inventory of the ice-debris complexes for the Ak-Shiirak, Tien Shan's second largest glacierised massif, and a holistic methodology to investigate two characteristic and large ice-debris complexes in detail based on field investigations and remote sensing analysis using Sentinel-1 SAR data, 1964 Corona and recent high resolution stereo images. Overall, we found 74 rock glaciers and ice-debris complexes covering an area of 11.2 km² (3.2% of the glacier coverage) with a mean elevation of about 3950 m asl. Most of the complexes are located south-east of the main ridge of Ak-Shiirak. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements reveal high ice content with the occurrence of massif debris-covered dead-ice bodies in the parts within the Little Ice Age glacier extent. These parts showed significant surface lowering, in some places exceeding 20 m between 1964 and 2015. The periglacial parts are characterised by complex rock glaciers of different ages. These rock glaciers could be remnants of debris-covered ice located in permafrost conditions. They show stable surface elevations with no or only very low surface movement. However, the characteristics of the fronts of most rock glacier parts indicate slight activity and elevation gains at the fronts slight advances. GPR data indicated less ice content and slanting layers which coincide with the ridges and furrows and could mainly be formed by glacier advances under permafrost conditions. Overall, the ice content is decreasing from the upper to the lower part of the ice-debris complexes. Hence, these complexes, and especially the glacier-affected parts, should be considered when assessing the hydrological impacts of climate change. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球物理方法对城市活断层的探测与研究

采用综合地球物理方法对长春市活断层进行探测,实践证明,利用联合剖面法、高密度电法、地质雷达、瞬变电磁法、高分辨率地震和重磁方法等,在研究活断层的位置、产状与形态上均具有很好的作用,针对城区干扰因素多环境复杂等不利因素,通过采用新的数据处理方法技术,取得了理想的探测效果,为今后开展活断层的探测与研究提供了借鉴.