三维体曲率属性在断层识别中的应用

曲率属性根据地质体的曲率变化实现对断层、裂缝、弯曲和褶皱等构造的有效识别.本文介绍了曲率属性的基本理论,分析了二维层面曲率属性在实际资料处理中的局限性,提出了一种基于复地震道理论计算三维体曲率属性的方法,即通过计算数据体中某点的瞬时频率和瞬时渡数得到视倾角分量,通过相邻道和采样点的视倾角拟合出空间曲面,从而获得该点的曲...     

一种基于小波优势频带的深层-超深层碳酸盐岩走滑断裂识别方法及应用

塔里木油田碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深,地震资料主频低,走滑断裂断距小,断层地震反射特征不清楚,识别解释难度大.本文基于连续小波变换,提出一种识别深层-超深层碳酸盐岩走滑断裂方法.通过井震标定和地震正演模拟确定走滑断裂敏感频段,利用连续小波变换方法对断裂敏感频率进行筛选加权,突出断层地震反射特征,提高地震资料对次序级走滑断裂的识别能力.ZG8井区实际资料应用表明:经过本文方法处理后的地震数据与常规数据相比,剖面上走滑断裂的断点特征更清楚,平面上提取的相干属性对次序级断裂的刻画更可靠清晰,有利于本区块走滑断裂的综合解释研究以及断溶体的识别刻画.     

基于地震属性优化组合微断裂识别技术及应用

本文以断裂精细解释技术和地震属性分析技术为基础,通过对断裂具有响应特征的地震属性进行优化组合,有效刻画了研究区大级别断裂和微断裂的平面组合以及交切关系。工作流程首先以基于导向的相干体属性控制断裂展布趋势,然后优选融合凸显局部细节的倾角体、方位角体和曲率体等地震属性体精细刻画三、四级断裂和微断裂的空间展布特征,通过该方法有效识别出研究区断裂的5种平面组合样式(梳状、反梳状、岔Ⅰ型、岔Ⅱ型、帚状),7种剖面组合关系(反Y字、Y字、复Y字、X型、帚状、阶梯状和叉状)。该技术方法对复杂断裂的识别具有一定的借鉴意义。      

曲率属性计算方法研究及效果分析

曲率属性近年来在地震资料解释上得到了迅速的发展和应用,而曲率属性的计算通常使用3×3网格单元对二次曲面进行拟合,由Roberts推导并给出了具体的计算公式.本文以Roberts推导的思路为基础,应用中心差分方法计算空间导数,引入微分算子的形式来表示,并且在3×3网格拟合的基础上,推导了5×5网格单元对二次曲面进行拟合得到的各种曲率属性的计算公式,并对3×3网格、5×5网格求取曲率的结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,5×5网格拟合结果在断层和构造特征的识别方面有着良好的实际结果.     

基于局部二值法的断层检测方法应用研究

利用地震资料检测断层对油气勘探具有重要的意义,也是地震资料解释的重点.文中发展了局部二值模式(Local Binary Pattern,LBP)方法来检测断层,并结合地震剖面的旋转不变局部方差(Rotation Invariant Variance,VAR)信息,提出一种基于LBP/VAR特征的断层检测方法.首先利用相干属性、曲率属性和边缘检测等常规的断层检测方法和LBP/VAR算子对原始地震数据进行断层刻画,说明LBP/VAR算子的有效性,再对LBP、LBP/VAR进行阈值优化处理,使其检测断层的效果更佳.其次用LBP/VAR算子实现对含噪声的理论断层模型以及实际断层图片检测并对比分析.试验结果表明LBP/VAR算子对含噪声的断层理论模型仍然有效,具有一定的鲁棒性.实际断层图片检测证明该方法对断层检测具有更好的效果.研究结果表明LBP/VAR算子具有连续性好、一定的抗干扰能力,能较好的刻画断层,为地震资料断层检测提供了一种有效的检测工具.     

三维多尺度体曲率的算法及应用(英文)

为了充分提取与挖掘储层结构及构造信息在时间(深度)和空间上的多尺度特征,构造了一种新的三维多尺度体曲率分析方法,并给出了三维体曲率快速提取算法。与常规的体曲率方法相比,本文方法的改进主要体现在以下两个方面:①在体曲率分析中引入时频域分频展开和对应的空间波数域多尺度自适应微分算子,可同时在时间和空间上反映地震信息的多尺度特征;②将不同尺度的体曲率数据进行有机融合,充分利用了不同尺度曲率异常信息,同时突出有效异常,降低噪声影响,为体曲率属性解释奠定基础。利用该方法处理了陆上和海上三维地震资料,实现了对储层展布、断层及裂缝发育带的检测及多尺度特征的有效刻画。     

地震几何属性的快速算法实现

地震几何属性被广泛用于提取地震数据中的几何结构特征,从而辅助解释相关的地质沉积和构造过程.本文提出基于多种递归滤波和构造导向滤波的地震几何属性快速算法,能显著提高地震相干和体曲率的计算效率和分辨率.递归滤波的计算效率远高于传统的加权求和计算,且其计算成本与平均窗口的大小无关;同时,利用高维滤波的可分离特性可以将其分解为多个一维滤波来进一步提升计算效率并有利于多线程并行运算.此外,使用构造导向滤波实现相干计算,可以有效地消除倾斜构造对结果的影响而无需传统方法中耗时的插值运算.三维实际地震数据的应用结果表明,本文提出的快速算法能将传统的相干和曲率属性计算速度提高10～30倍且对断层的刻画更加完整和连续.     

基于地震等震线面积和长轴半径的烈度衰减关系

我国目前使用最多的烈度衰减模型为椭圆衰减模型,这种烈度衰减模型在对中强地震烈度等震线形状的描述比较接近,而对于断层长度较大的强震高烈度区的描述存在较大的偏差.而大震真实的烈度等震线形状在近场接近于“跑道”形状,而在中远场又趋近于“椭圆”.如何建立一种能够同时近似这两种模型的烈度衰减模型是一个亟待解决的问题.因此,本文提出了一种基于等震线面积和长轴半径的烈度衰减关系的建立方法.并搜集了我国38次震级(Ms)大于6级的地震,对本文提出的衰减关系建立方法进行了验证.结果表明,基于等震线面积和长轴半径的衰减关系能够很好地拟合实际地震等震线的形状.     

叠后储层地震滤波质量控制方法

地震数据的噪声往往覆盖了有用的地质信息,需要对地震数据进行滤波处理.在滤波处理过程中,为减少噪声对地震解释带来的假象,形成了很多相关的技术.但在地震解释滤波质量控制方面所做的研究工作很少.因此,建立叠后储层地震滤波质量控制标准,可以提高地震数据的品质及减少地震解释的假象.根据滤波前后地震资料的合成地震记录相关系数、信噪比地震属性以及时频特征三个方面对叠后储层地震资料滤波处理进行质量控制,通过对比处理前后地震资料发现:滤波后地震资料井震相关系数得到提高;滤波前后均方根地震属性变化大的地方对应信噪比属性值较小,且滤波前后地震剖面及属性与信噪比剖面及属性均具有较好的对应关系;在频谱上,滤波前后频带宽度、主频和能量保持一致.以上对地震滤波处理的控制方法中,经实际结果检验及分析可以看出,滤波前后地震资料的时频特征一致性是保证滤波质量的重要手段,另外信噪比以及与信噪比相关的地震剖面及属性在评价地震资料滤波合理性上也优于合成记录及常规地震属性对地震资料滤波质量的评价.针对叠后断裂检测实例,据该滤波质量控制标准,确保断裂检测精度.     

Steerable Pyramid分解在储层断裂检测中的应用

在隐蔽油气藏勘探中,正确刻画储层断裂对于油气勘探和开发都有着至关重要的作用.储层断裂在地震数据中表现为边缘特征.但现今多尺度边缘检测的基本理论和方法都有其本身的局限性.本文详细阐述了Steerable Pyramid分解用于储层断裂检测的基本原理和方法.输入的三维地震切片经过Steerable Pyramid分解后,不仅可以分析不同尺度不同方向上断裂的特征及走向,还可以通过重构得到经S函数控制的断裂信息,该断裂信息不仅仅是断裂的边缘检测,而是增强的断裂本身.将该算法应用于实际地震切片的断裂检测,得到了清晰的断裂信息,完整细致地展现了这些地质类型的特征,为构造解释、地震相表征及储层预测提供了有用信息.     

Arctangent function‐based third derivative attribute for characterisation of faults

Using seismic attributes such as coherence and curvature to characterise faults not only can improve the efficiency of seismic interpretation but also can expand the capability to detect faults. The coherence and curvature have been widely applied to characterising faults for years. These two methods detect faults based on the similarity of seismic waveforms and shapes of the reflectors, respectively, and they are complementary to each other and both have advantages and disadvantages in fault characterisation. A recent development in fault characterisation based on reflector shapes has been the use of the rate of change of curvature. Through an application to the seismic data from Western Tazhong of the Tarim Basin, China, it was demonstrated that the rate of change of curvature is more capable of detecting subtle faults having quite small throws and heaves. However, there often exist multiple extreme values indicating the same fault when applying the rate of change of curvature, which significantly degrades the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the computation result for multiple extrema interfering with each other. To resolve this problem, we propose the use of a linear combination of arctangent and proportional functions as the directrix of a cylindrical surface to fit the fault model and calculate its third derivative, which can then be used to characterise the fault. Through an application to the 3D seismic data from Western Tazhong of the Tarim Basin, the results show that the proposed method not only retains the same capability to detect subtle faults having small throws as the curvature change rate but also greatly improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the calculated result.     

Semi-automatic fault/fracture interpretation based on seismic geometry analysis

Fault and fracture interpretation is a fundamental but essential tool for subsurface structure mapping and modelling from 3D seismic data. The existing methods for semi-automatic/automatic fault picking are primarily based on seismic discontinuity analysis that evaluates the lateral changes in seismic waveform and/or amplitude, which is limited by its low resolution on subtle faults and fractures without apparent vertical displacements in seismic images. This study presents an innovative workflow for computer-aided fault/fracture interpretation based on seismic geometry analysis. First, the seismic curvature and flexure attributes are estimated for highlighting both the major faults and the subtle fractures in a seismic volume. Then, fault probability is estimated from the curvature and flexure volumes for differentiation between the potential faults and non-faulting features in the geometric attributes. Finally, the seeded fault picking is implemented for interpreting the target faults and fractures guided by the knowledge of interpreters to avoid misinterpretation and artefacts in the presence of faulting complexities as well as coherent seismic noises. Applications to two 3D seismic volumes from the Netherlands North Sea and the offshore New Zealand demonstrate the added values of the proposed method in imaging and picking the subtle faults and fractures that are often overlooked in the conventional seismic discontinuity analysis and the following fault-interpretation procedures.     

基于地震多属性融合的断层识别与评价——以塔里木盆地SHB地区碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层为例

塔里木盆地SHB地区的深部碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层主要发育于断裂破碎带,大多表现为断裂破碎形成的裂缝和后期溶蚀形成相互连通的断溶体.因此,断层的识别与精细评价成为该区缝洞型储层识别评价的基础.考虑到研究区处于沙漠腹部,深部地层的地震反射能量相对较弱,用单一地震属性难以实现断裂带的识别.本文针对研究区地震资料的地质-地球物理特...     

Efficient volumetric extraction of most positive/negative curvature and flexure for fracture characterization from 3D seismic data

Most positive/negative curvature and flexure are among the most useful seismic attributes for detecting faults and fractures in the subsurface based on the geometry of seismic reflections. When applied to fracture characterization and modelling of a fractured reservoir, their magnitude and azimuth help quantify both the intensity and orientation of fracturing, respectively. However, previous efforts focus on estimating only the magnitude of both attributes, whereas their associated azimuth is ignored in three‐dimensional (3D) seismic interpretation. This study presents an efficient algorithm for simultaneously evaluating both the magnitude and azimuth of most positive/negative curvature and flexure from 3D seismic data. The approach implemented in this study is analytically more accurate and computationally more efficient compared with the existing approach. The added value of extracting most positive/negative curvature and flexure is demonstrated through the application to a fractured reservoir at Teapot Dome (Wyoming). First, the newly extracted attributes make computer‐aided fault/fracture decomposition possible. This allows interpreters to focus on one particular component for fracture characterization at a time, so that a composite fractured reservoir could be partitioned into different components for detailed analysis. Second, curvature/flexure azimuth allows interpreters to plot fracture histogram and/or rose diagram in an automatic and quantitative manner. Compared with the conventional plotting rose diagram based on manual measurements, automatic plotting is more efficient and offers unbiased insights into fracture systems by illuminating the most likely orientations of natural fractures in fractured reservoirs.     

Enhancement of Seismic Data Processing and Interpretation of Fracture Zones on the Upper Part of Granitic Basement in Cuu Long Basin,Vietnam

The fractured granite basement is the primary oil and gas reservoir in the Cuu Long Basin, Vietnam. Due to the complexity of this nonlayered unconventional target, combined with complicated fault and fracture systems, the seismic data quality near and within the basement section is very low. For this reason, it is important to apply improved seismic data processing workflows, filtering and migration techniques, as wells as attribute processing methods to enhance the imaging quality.Our studies show that applying different types of filters, including the f-k, Radon transform and Tau-P, improves signal to noise ratio, removing multiples, revealing basement’s top and its related fractured and fault zones. In addition, the application of multi-arrival-solution migration algorithms, such as Kirchhoff Migration and Controlled Beam Migration, provides improved imaging for identifying basement top and faults and fractures within the basement. Furthermore, the application of seismic attributes such as curvature, apparent dip, or energy gradient, is important in locating faults and fractures, whereas mapping of intensity and orientation of such structures assists the delineation of “sweet spots” and assists the planning of exploration.     

Semi-automatic detection of faults in 3D seismic data

The semi‐automated detection of objects has been quite successful in detecting various types of seismic object, such as chimneys. The same technique can be applied successfully to detect faults in 3D seismic data. We show that several different attributes – among others, similarity, frequency and curvature, all of which potentially enhance the visibility of faults – can be combined successfully by an artificial neural network. This results in a fault ‘probability’ cube in which faults are more continuous and noise is suppressed compared with single‐attribute cubes. It is believed that the fault‐cube can be improved further by applying image‐processing techniques to enhance the fault prediction.     

福建第四纪活断裂岩石显微构造特征与孕震标志研究

在福建第四纪活断裂调查研究基础上,进一步详细观察活动断裂面的擦痕、阶步、断层泥、蚀变程度的对比,并采集断面岩石切片,作显微构造观察,结合宏观断裂特征、震源机制解、地震破裂形迹,探讨宏、微观地震断裂破裂力学特性,试图为本区强震的中长期预测提供新的标志.     

Improved structural interpretation of legacy 3D seismic data from Karee platinum mine (South Africa) through the application of novel seismic attributes

Seismic detection of faults, dykes, potholes and iron-rich ultramafic pegmatitic bodies is of great importance to the platinum mining industry, as these structures affect safety and efficiency. The application of conventional seismic attributes (such as instantaneous amplitude, phase and frequency) in the hard-rock environment is more challenging than in soft-rock settings because the geology is often complex, reflections disrupted and the seismic energy strongly scattered. We have developed new seismic attributes that sharpen seismic reflections, enabling additional structural information to be extracted from hard-rock seismic data. The symmetry attribute is based on the invariance of an object with respect to transformations such as rotation and reflection; it is independent of the trace reflection amplitude, and hence a better indicator of the lateral continuity of thin and weak reflections. The reflection-continuity detector attribute is based on the Hilbert transform; it enhances the visibility of the peaks and troughs of the seismic traces, and hence the continuity of weak reflections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these new seismic attributes by applying them to a legacy 3D seismic data set from the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. These seismic attributes show good detection of deep-seated thin (∼1.5 m thick) platinum ore bodies and their associated complex geological structures (faults, dykes, potholes and iron-rich ultramafic pegmatites). They provide a fast, cost-effective and efficient interpretation tool that, when coupled with horizon-based seismic attributes, can reveal structures not seen in conventional interpretations.     

地震属性技术的研究和应用

地震属性的研究大致从上个世纪60年代开始,经历了几个阶段的发展后得到了广泛的应用.由于地震属性的解释可获得许多有关地层、断层、裂缝、岩性和相的变化的重要特征信息,我们结合地震属性特征参数的意义,从实际应用出发,把地震属性分为了振幅、频（能）谱、相位、复地震道、层序、相关六大类,并根据在地层、断裂、岩性等方面的实际应用进行了详细描述,讨论了属性分析技术原理中应注意的几个环节.最后通过对断裂、河道、火成岩、古潜山等几个实例的详细描述,证明了相干、阻抗、振幅等地震属性的应用效果,说明了地震属性在实际应用中的作用.