大气活动中心长期变化的阶段性

本文根据1871—1970年全球一月、七月海平面的月平均气压,讨论了全球各大气活动中心长期变化的阶段性,同时还讨论了阶段性与太阳黑子数的关系及阶段性在统计学上的意义.我们得到以下几个主要结果: 1.大气活动中心的长期变化存在着阶段,这种阶段一般持续为40—60年. 2.本世纪30年代许多大气活动中心发生了较明显的阶段转折. 3.大气活动中心及气候要素的阶段转折与太阳黑子数的变化有一定的关系.     

闪电与太阳活动

英国卡彭赫斯特电力研究中心对闪电与太阳活动的关系进行了研究,发现闪电年平均频率与雷暴年平均日数的1.9次方成正比。用英国40个气象台的雷暴日数资料,确定了1930—1973年之间每年的闪电频率,将此数据与逐年的太阳黑子数相比较,可以看出闪电数变化的周期与太阳黑子数交化一样,也具有11年的周期。据计算二者的相关系数为0.8。     

江淮梅雨长期变化对太阳活动因子的响应分析

利用美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)地球物理数据中心(NGDC)1954-2005年太阳黑子数资料,把太阳活动作为地球气候的外强迫因子,采用小波分析和交叉小波分析方法,研究了太阳黑子数与江淮梅雨特征量及西太平洋副热带高压指数的关系。结果表明:太阳活动与江淮梅雨的相关性存在南北差异,北部呈现正相关而南部呈现负相关,且正负相关性在时间序列上保持不变;江淮南部梅雨量与太阳黑子数有稳定的11年共振周期及0.5~1年的相位滞后;西太平洋副热带高压指数与太阳黑子数也有较好的相关关系,说明太阳活动影响地球气候可能存在太阳活动—西太平洋副热带高压—江淮梅雨这样一条过程链。     

太阳黑子的11年周期与超长期气候预报

目前在做超长期气候预报时,人们经常用到太阳黑子。为了今后工作方便,我们在这里把有关太阳黑子的资料及11年周期的分析方法,做一个扼要的介绍。关于太阳黑子最完整的记录是瓦尔德梅尔整理的苏黎士天文台1610—1960年的观测结果。其中1749年以后有逐月的相对黑子数。1700—1748年仅有年平均相对黑子数。1610—1699年期间只有太阳黑子11年周期的最高(M)及最低(m)出现的时间。此外,美国地球物理研究杂志按月公布苏黎士天文台的初步黑子数。每年初公布上一年经过最后核算的黑子     

昆明近300年的旱涝变化规律

应用昆明近３００年历史旱涝指数和近百年降雨观测资料,研究了旱涝历史气候演变、气候周期变化和年际变化的规律,探讨了厄尔尼诺、太阳黑子、大气环流因子对旱涝气候变化的影响。主要结果有：（１）昆明旱涝气候变化主要存在４０年和１１年的周期,４０年变化周期受厄尔尼诺变化周期影响,１１年变化周期受太阳黑子变化周期影响,厄尔尼诺和太阳黑子的周期变化是昆明旱涝周期变化和两大影响因子。（２）昆明降雨年际变化与大气环流     

夏季北半球环状模态及其周期分析

对NCEWNCAR再分析资料中的北半球夏季（6—8月）海平面气压（sea level pressure,SLP）场进行EOF分解,其主要模态之一为夏季北半球环状模态（Northern Hemisphere annularmode,NAM）,体现出大气的纬向对称结构,SLP异常场在北极和中高纬地区呈现反相变化分布。通过经验模态分解和希尔伯特变换可知,夏季的环状模态具有准2a和准6a的年际周期,同时还具有准11a和准21a的年代际周期,其年际周期信号占主要部分。     

用太阳射电通量代替太阳黑子相对数的探讨

一、引言 太阳黑子数是反映太阳活动的主要标志。随着现代科学的发展,太阳黑子相对数在地震、气象、水文、农业等等学科中的应用日益广泛。1974年Dodson等发现,10.7cm(2800MHz)太阳射电通量的日平均值的变化,与太阳黑子11年周期变化一致。 本文对比分析了截止到1986年12月的资料,证实10.7cm太阳射电通量和太阳黑子     

太阳黑子周期与天气

大气科学家业已揭示出11年太阳黑子周期与地球天气之间存在较强的统计联系,这一发现有助于最终解释为什么有些冬天温和,而有些冬天严寒冷酷.这份报告是在洛杉矶美国地球物理联合会会议上提交的. 科学家们认识太阳黑子周期已有好几个世纪了,他们一直努力将太阳黑子周期与天气及其他许多现象联系起来.科罗拉多州博     

计算平均海平面气压的简便方法

海平面气压指的是1厘米~2面积上从海平面到大气上界空气柱的重量。平均海平面气压资料是气候及天气分析研究中的一项基本资料。平均海平面气压,与其他气候要素一样,本是可以用各定时海平面气压统计得出的。但是,通常气象台站(除发报站外)不计算海平面气压:虽然发报站要计算定时海平面气压,但也不抄入气象报表,而只记在观测簿上,也不做月平均和多年平均统计。所以,如要按定时海平面气压来统计各时段平均海平面气压,就要作大量整理、统计工作。可否不用定时海平面气压统计各时段平均海平面气压(以下简称“按定时值统计”),而直接用本站气压和其它要素来计算(以下简称“直接计算”)呢?这两种计算结果会有多大差异?下面作一些计算分析。     

我国海平面气压多年变化与温度关系的时空结构分析

本文根据1911—1980年全国50个站点海平面气压资料,用主成分分析方法,讨论了我国海平面气压的长期趋势相周期振动特征及其温、压场之间年际变化的相关性。结果表明,一、七月分我国大范围海平面气压长期趋势明显,与温度长期趋势对应较好,表示温度变化与大气质量的经、纬向输送强度密切相关,不同月分,不同主成分其显著周期各不相同,但显著周期集中出现在17.5—23.3年和11.7—14.0年波段,前者与温度分布周期相对应。温、压场年际变化相关各月不同,一月两者在信度α=0.05时统计显著,相关密切。七月两者在信度α=0.50时统计显著,四、十月两者统计不显著。     

用初始方程二层模式模拟一月和七月全球海平面气压场

用低分辨率的初始方程二层模式在给定下垫面温度下模拟了一月及七月全球海平面气压场,其中加热项主要是感热垂直输送。计算采用守恒的Lilly空间差分格式及Matsuno的时间差分格式。海平面气压的初值给成常数值,高空的风速及气温的初值给成纬向平均的气侯值。在数值模拟中,下垫面温度用一月及七月的气候实际值。计算的冬半球海平面气压与观测值相当一致,而夏半球的结果稍差些。本模式所求得的全球海平面气压场能与实况相比,结果并不差于高分辨率的复杂模式。     

Sea-level response to atmospheric forcing along the north coast of Persian Gulf

Summary Data from tide gauges (1990–1999) at Bandar Abbas and Bushehr combined with atmospheric data at both stations are utilized to investigate the mean sea-level (MSL) response to meteorological forcing functions along the north coast of the Persian Gulf. The relations between MSL and forces due to air pressure, air temperature and local wind are examined. The characteristics of variability of each field are analyzed using the spectral analysis method. The annual cycle is dominant in the sea-level, atmospheric pressure, air temperature and wind spectra. The influence of local meteorological functions are quantified using forward stepwise regression techniques. The results suggest that 71.5% and 71.2% variations in the MSL of Bandar Abbas and Bushehr stations are due to meteorological forces at each stations. The model indicates that the most significant influence on the observed variation of MSL at Bandar Abbas is air pressure, while at Bushehr is air temperature. The results of multivariate and simple regression show that these parameters are highly intercorrelated. The sea-level is not significantly correlated with the monthly and winter NAO and Monsoon in the Persian Gulf. The remaining variations are due to density of sea water (steric effect), which has considerable influence on the sea-level variations, and coastal upwelling.     

ENSO and seasonal sea-level variability – A diagnostic discussion for the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands

Summary The El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate cycle is the basis for this paper, aimed at providing a diagnostic outlook on seasonal sea-level variability (i.e. anomalies with respect to the Climatology) for the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI). Results revealed that the sea-level variations in the northwestern tropical Pacific islands (e.g. Guam and Marshall Islands) have been found to be sensitive to ENSO-cycle, with low sea-level during El Ni?o and high sea-level during La Ni?a events. The annual cycle (first harmonic) of sea-level variability in these north Pacific islands has also been found to be very strong. The composites of SST and circulation diagnostic show that strong El Ni?o years feature stronger surface westerly winds in the equatorial western/central Pacific, which causes north Pacific islands to experience lower sea-level from July to December, while the sea-level in south Pacific islands (e.g. American Samoa) remains unchanged. As the season advances, the band of westerly winds propagates towards the south central tropical Pacific and moves eastward, which causes American Samoa to experience a lower sea-level from January to June, but with six months time lag as compared to Guam and the Marshalls. U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands are among the most vulnerable communities to climate variability and change. This study has identified the year-to-year ENSO climate cycle to have significant impact on the sea-level variability of these islands. Therefore, regular monitoring of the ENSO climate cycle features that affect seasonal sea-level variability would provide substantial opportunities to develop advance planning and decision options regarding hazard management in these islands.     

长江下游谷物天气产量变化与大型环流准周期性振动的分析

本文分析了近几十年谷物产量和百余年海平面气压场及降水资料。揭示我国东部长江下游粮产区的天气和谷物天气产量存在30—40年的长周期振动和2—3年的短周期振动,并且与特定的相一致的大型环流系统振动相配合。通过分析讨论,提出了一个“环流一天气一天气产量”同步振动模式。简言之,即当冬季贝加尔湖冷高压偏弱和澳洲低压偏强,相应地,春季赤道低压偏强以及夏季南方涛动偏强时,则长江下游处于(长周期振动的)多水期或(短周期振动的)多水年型,谷物天气产量偏低。反之,则处于少水期或少水年型,谷物天气产量偏高。     

南北半球大气环流与东亚季风

本文用谐波分析,对南北半球多年平均逐月海平面气压场进行了分析,结果表明:海陆的大小和分布不同,是南北半球大气环流差异的主要原因。大陆的作用随纬度和季节而改变;夏季低纬度大陆的作用更明显,高纬度则是冬季明显。欧亚非大陆,在东亚季风形成中起了主要作用。     

极冰气候效应的数值试验

利用一个大气环流模式（ＡＧＣＭ）和一个全球耦合海气模式（ＣＯＡＧＣＭ）,模拟了北极海冰边界范围的变化对月平均气候的影响。结果表明,极冰边缘的异常完全可以改变中高纬度某些地区的局地气候。受冷源的影响,北半球中高纬度冷高压加强,低纬度暖高压减弱。同时利用一个全球三维大气环流模式,作了海冰反照率参数化的数值试验,用两种不同的海冰反照率参数化方案,检验对地表面温度、海平面气压、极地表面对太阳辐射吸收的影响。模拟试验表明了冰雪圈反照率的反馈作用,对气候变化的影响十分重要。     

THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ICE AGE CLIMATE

Using the lAP two-level general circulation model,the ice age July climate was simulated through the surface conditions of 18 000 years before present assembled by the CLIMAP Project.Comparing with the present July simulation results,the ice age atmosphere is found to have a substantially lower temperature,precipitation,and cloudiness,higher sea-level pressure,especially in the high latitude land region of the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica.When the CO₂ content is set as the modern value the climatic response is very small,which shows that the problems of CO₂ sensitivity should be studied by means of coupled models.It is also pointed out that there are some common characteristics between CO2-induced climatic changes and the ice age surface condition-induced climatic changes,which may give us some insight into how climate responds to external forcings.     

Low-frequency sea-level variability in the South China Sea and its relationship with ENSO

Sea-level variability in the South China Sea was investigated based on satellite altimetry, tide-gauge data, and temperature and salinity climatology. The altimetric sea-level results clearly reveal three distinct amphidromes associated with the annual cycle. The annual sea level is higher in fall/winter in the coast and shelf region and in summer/fall in the central sea, agreeing well with independent tide-gauge data. Averaged over the deep basin (bottom depth>2,000 m), the annual cycle can be approximately accounted for by the steric height relative to 700 db. Significant interannual sea-level change is observed from altimetry and tide-gauge data. The interannual and longer-term sea-level variability in the altimetric data is negatively correlated (significant at the 95% confidence level) with the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO), attributed in part to the steric height change. The altimetric sea-level rise rate is 1.0 cm/year for the period from 1993 to 2001, which is consistent with the rate derived from coastal tide-gauge data and approximately accountable for by the steric height calculated relative to 700 db. The altimetric sea-level (steric height) rise rate of 1.05 (0.9) cm/year from 1993 to 2001 is much larger than that of 0.22 (0.12) cm/year for the period from 1979 to 2001, implying the sensitivity to the length of data as a result of the decadal variability. Potential roles of the ENSO in the interannual and longer-term sea-level variability are discussed in terms of regional manifestations such as the ocean temperature and salinity.     

Low-frequency sea-level variability in the South China Sea and its relationship to ENSO

Sea-level variability in the South China Sea was investigated based on satellite altimetry, tide-gauge data, and temperature and salinity climatology. The altimetric sea-level results clearly reveal three distinct amphidromes associated with the annual cycle. The annual sea level is higher in fall/winter in the coast and shelf region and lower in summer/fall in the central sea, agreeing well with independent tide-gauge data. Averaged over the deep basin (bottom depth?>?2,000 m), the annual cycle can be approximately accounted for by the steric height relative to 700 db. Significant interannual sea-level change is observed from altimetry and tide-gauge data. The interannual and longer-term sea-level variability in the altimetric data is negatively correlated (significant at the 95% confidence level) with the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO), attributed in part to the steric height change. The altimetric sea-level rise rate is 1.0 cm/year for the period from 1993 to 2001, which is consistent with the rate derived from coastal tide-gauge data and approximately accountable for by the steric height calculated relative to 700 db. The tide-gauge sea-level (steric height) rise rate of 1.05 (0.9) cm/year from 1993 to 2001 is much larger than that of 0.22 (0.12) cm/year for the period from 1979 to 2001, implying the sensitivity to the length of data as a result of the decadal variability. Potential roles of the ENSO in the interannual and longer-term sea-level variability are discussed in terms of regional manifestations such as the ocean temperature and salinity.