西天山吐拉苏盆地塔吾尔别克金矿床成因探讨:来自同位素年代学和稳定同位素证据

塔吾尔别克金矿床是新疆西天山吐拉苏盆地浅成低温热液金矿集区中的重要金矿床之一,赋存于晚古生代的大哈拉军山组火山岩和花岗斑岩中。矿体多呈脉状-透镜状不连续产出,受近NS向和NNW向断裂及其交汇部位控制。本文对赋矿安山岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得其加权平均年龄为367.1±3.2Ma,表明其喷发时代为晚泥盆世,代表了晚古生代北天山洋向哈萨克斯坦-伊犁板块俯冲消减背景下的岩浆产物。含金石英的氢、氧同位素组成表明,塔吾尔别克金矿床的成矿流体主要来源于大气降水;矿石中热液黄铁矿的δ34S值介于0.6‰~4.7‰之间,铅同位素组成与赋矿岩浆岩相似,指示成矿物质具有壳幔混合特征且以幔源为主,并很可能来自幔源的大哈拉军山组火山岩及其同时同源的花岗斑岩。另外,本文测得穿插矿体和赋矿安山岩的闪长细晶岩脉的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为315.2±3.5Ma,从而将塔吾尔别克金矿床的成矿时代限定在367~315Ma之间,推测矿床形成于晚泥盆世-早石炭世北天山洋向哈萨克斯坦-伊犁板块俯冲消减的陆缘弧环境中。综合矿床地质特征、稳定同位素组成和成矿时代,认为塔吾尔别克金矿床具有浅成低温热液型向斑岩型矿床过渡的性质。     

新疆伊宁县塔吾尔别克金矿床流体包裹体特征研究及矿床成因

塔吾尔别克金矿床是西天山吐拉苏断陷盆地中一个重要的金矿床。矿体主要赋存于早石炭世二长斑岩及大哈拉军组第五岩性段安山岩、蚀变凝灰岩中,受断裂构造控制,矿床围岩蚀变作用普遍而强烈。矿石金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、自然金、赤铁矿和黄铜矿等,非金属矿物主要为石英、斜长石、方解石等。成矿过程大致划分为3个成矿阶段:1石英-黄铁矿阶段;2石英-硫化物脉阶段;3石英-碳酸盐阶段。石英及方解石中流体包裹体类型简单,主要为气液两相水包裹体和纯液相水包裹体。包裹体测试均一温度为100~196℃,流体盐度为0.0%~7.3%(质量分数,NaCl_(eq)),流体密度为0.9~1.0 g/cm~3,计算出成矿压力为5.2~81.9 MPa,对应成矿深度为0.5~7.4 km。塔吾尔别克金矿床成矿流体包裹体显示低温度、低盐度和较低密度的流体特征,表明成矿压力小和深度较浅。结合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征及前人研究成果,初步认为该矿床为浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

新疆塔吾尔别克金矿矿床地质特征及成矿规律探讨

新疆塔吾尔别克金矿位于著名的阿希金矿附近,矿床产于下石炭统大哈拉军山组第5段安山岩及安山质凝灰岩中,矿床主要受NW—NNW向构造蚀变带的控制,同时次火山相二长斑岩、爆破角砾岩筒(隐爆角砾岩)对成矿也具控制作用;蚀变类型主要有黄铁绢英岩化、硅化、碳酸盐化,热液成矿期包括石英-黄铁矿、石英-硫化物和石英-碳酸盐等3个阶段,形成蚀变岩型、石英脉型和石英-碳酸盐脉型3种金矿化类型,表生期形成氧化金矿。在阐述矿床地质特征基础上,归纳出构造控矿规律、火山-次火山岩体控矿规律、中-低温成矿规律和多因复合成矿规律,综合勘查和研究成果,认为矿床的成因类型为与晚古生代早-中期火山热液有关、有次火山(斑岩型、爆破角砾岩筒型和隐爆角砾岩型)热液成矿作用叠加的浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

西藏布东拉金矿床浅成低温热液成矿作用：来自流体包裹体和H-O同位素的证据

西藏自治区仲巴县布东拉金矿床位于中拉萨地块西段,矿体受北西向的断裂构造控制,呈脉状、透镜状产出.矿石产出类型主要为石英脉型与蚀变岩型,主要矿石矿物为自然金.矿化蚀变过程经历了3个阶段,包括石英-自然金-黄铁矿阶段(S1)、石英-自然金-多金属硫化物阶段(S2)和石英-碳酸盐矿物阶段(S3).文章在野外地质调查的基础上,对不同成矿阶段的石英脉进行了流体包裹体岩相学观测、包裹体显微测温、包裹体显微激光拉曼分析、群包裹体成分分析和群包裹体H-O同位素测试.结果表明,S1阶段流体均一温度为330～350℃,盐度w(NaCleq)为9.0％～11.0％,密度0.82～0.86 g/cm3,压力为(100～140)×105 Pa,深度为1.0～1.4 km;S2阶段流体均一温度为300～309℃,盐度w(NaCleq)为7.0％～9.0％,密度为0.80～0.85 g/cm3,压力为(70～120)×105 Pa,深度为0.7～1.2 km;S3阶段流体均一温度为210～230℃,盐度w(NaCleq)集中为2.0％～3.0％,密度为0.84～0.90 g/cm3,压力为(50～80)×105 Pa,深度为0.5～0.8 km.包裹体成分分析表明,布东拉金矿床的流体包裹体气相成分以H2O为主,含有少量CO2、SO2、N2和CH4;液相中阴阳离子主要为Ca2+、Na+、C1-和SO2-4.各热液脉体石英中流体包裹体的δDH2O值为-101.3‰～-90.7‰,δ18OH2O值为-0.75‰～5.06‰,表明成矿流体主要来源于地下水及少量岩浆水.研究表明,含金成矿流体沿着断裂从深部封闭体系运移到浅部的开放体系时,迅速突破临界状态,减压沸腾导致金属物质的沉淀,形成各种类型的矿脉及矿化.布东拉金矿床的成矿流体为中低温、低盐度、中低密度、含少量CO2、SO2、N2、CH4的NaCl-CaSO4-H2O体系的浅成地下热水,表明其可能属于浅成低温热液型金矿床.     

新疆伊宁县塔乌尔别克金矿地质特征及成因分析

塔乌尔别克金矿是西天山吐拉苏断陷盆地火山岩带浅成低温热液型金矿集中区的一个金矿床,矿体主要赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组地层中。文章阐述了塔乌尔别克金矿床地质特征,探讨了矿床成因,认为塔乌尔别克金矿属于火山-次火山浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

新疆东准噶尔绿源金矿床成因研究：流体包裹体及氢、氧同位素制约

东准噶尔绿源金矿是近年来新发现的矿床,位于野马泉-琼河坝古生代岛弧带东段的琼河坝矿集区。矿体主要产于上石炭统巴塔玛依内山组中酸性火山岩中,呈似层状、条带状、透镜状,多受断裂构造控制。流体成矿作用可分为4个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英(玉髓)-金-黄铁矿阶段、石英-金-多金属硫化物阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中阶段2和阶段3为金主要成矿阶段。金属硫化物组合主要为黄铁矿-毒砂-闪锌矿-黄铜矿±银金矿组合。文章从流体包裹体和H、O同位素研究入手,对该矿床成矿流体和矿床成因进行探讨。流体包裹体岩相学特征显示,本矿床热液矿物中流体包裹体存在3种类型:富液相气液两相水溶液包裹体(V+L型)、富气相气液两相水溶液包裹体(V型)和纯液相水溶液包裹体(L型)。其中,V+L型包裹体数量最多,各阶段热液矿物中均有发育;V型包裹体数量最少;L型包裹体数量较少。显微测温结果显示:绿源金矿床石英中流体包裹体均一温度介于115~349℃之间,盐度集中于0.7%~8.8%NaCl eqv.之间,密度介于0.66~0.98g/cm~3之间;从阶段2至阶段4,流体均一温度从268~322℃,经181~300℃,降为115~176℃。这些都表明绿源金矿床成矿流体具有低温、低盐度、低密度的特征,与典型浅成低温热液型金矿成矿流体特征相似。对成矿压力和深度的估算表明,其成矿压力为(73~335)×10~5Pa(均值203×10~5Pa),成矿深度为0.24~1.12km(均值0.68km),显示出浅成热液矿床的特征。流体包裹体激光拉曼探针分析显示,各阶段包裹体成分类似,气相成分和液相成分主要为H_2O。成矿流体氢、氧同位素组成分别为δD_(H_2O)=-108.8‰~-129.0‰、δ~(18) O_(H_2O)=-7.2‰~4.6‰,表明成矿流体具有多来源,以大气降水为主的特征。综合矿床地质特征和成矿流体研究,认为流体不混溶作用可能是绿源金矿床的重要成矿机制,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

冀东高家店金矿床成因:来自金及载金黄铁矿化学成分、流体包裹体和氢氧硫同位素的证据

高家店金矿床位于华北克拉通北缘冀东矿集区中部,为典型的蚀变岩型金矿床,少部分为石英脉型,赋存于高家店岩体的花岗岩和闪长岩内,受断裂构造控制。为了探讨高家店金矿床的成因,文章对其开展了详细的矿床地质特征、金及载金黄铁矿化学成分、流体包裹体和氢氧硫同位素研究。结果表明,高家店金矿床热液成矿期包括4个阶段,其中Ⅱ和Ⅲ阶段为金的主要成矿阶段。黄铁矿是金的主要载体矿物,金矿物为自然金和银金矿,以独立的金矿物的形式赋存于黄铁矿中。主成矿阶段黄铁矿Fe和S含量及Fe/S元素比值揭示金矿床具有岩浆热液型的特征。主成矿阶段流体包裹体类型以富液相的两相H₂O溶液包裹体为主,其次为含CO₂三相包裹体,属中温、中低盐度流体。不同成矿阶段的流体δ¹⁸O_H2O值为1.82‰~5.60‰,δD值为-83.3‰~-55.3‰,指示流体主要来自岩浆水,并有少量大气降水混入。主成矿阶段黄铁矿δ³⁴S值为2.40‰~5.61‰,显示地幔硫或岩浆硫特征,揭示成矿物质硫主要来自于深部岩浆。综合研究认为,高家店岩体的多期次岩浆侵入活动为金成矿提供了充足的热源及成矿流体,因而高家店金矿床成因类型为岩浆热液型。     

西天山塔乌尔别克金矿成矿作用:Re-Os年龄和S-Pb同位素示踪

塔乌尔别克金矿床位于哈萨克斯坦—伊犁板块东北部边缘吐拉苏盆地中部,金矿化赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩和花岗斑岩中,属于冰长石-绢云母型浅成低温热液金矿床。金矿体呈不连续脉状-透镜状,受NNW或近SN向断裂或它们交汇部位控制。金成矿经历了早期的面型热液蚀变和后期石英-方解石-黄铁矿脉叠加。自然金常包裹于黄铁矿晶体内,与黄铁矿为同期形成产物。载金黄铁矿Re-Os法测年获得等时线年龄为(323±11)Ma(MSWD=4.2),187 Os/188 Os(i)初始值为0.17±0.19,金矿石δ34 SV-CDT=2.0‰~4.2‰,206Pb/204Pb=17.931~18.229,207Pb/204Pb=15.599~15.670,208Pb/204Pb=37.980~38.980,显示成矿金属物质为壳幔混合来源且以幔源岛弧岩浆(即大哈拉军山组火山岩)为主,金成矿晚于赋矿围岩约40Ma,浅成低温热液型金矿化与北天山洋关闭向陆-陆碰撞转换的动力学过程有关。     

新疆伊犁阿希—塔吾尔别克—阿庇因迪成矿区金-铅锌成矿系列和成矿模型研究

通过对新疆伊犁阿希—塔吾尔别克—阿庇因迪成矿区成矿地质背景和不同矿床类型地质特征的野外地质调查和研究,认为阿希—塔吾尔别克—阿庇因迪地区的火山活动存在早期中心式喷发和晚期裂隙式喷发两种形式,形成了一系列与火山期后热液有关的矿床类型.通过对不同矿床类型地质特征的总结,利用成矿系列的结构分析方法,初步阐述了成矿系列的物质结构和时空结构特征,并建立了与火山岩系有关的金-铅锌热液矿床成矿系列和成矿模型.     

新疆西天山吐拉苏铅锌矿床的成因——年代学、流体包裹体和硫铅同位素的约束

吐拉苏铅锌矿床是新疆西天山吐拉苏盆地中的代表性贱金属矿床之一。矿体赋存于晚古生代大哈拉军山组凝灰岩中,受南北向张性断裂控制。矿石中主要矿物有方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、石英和方解石,发育晶洞状、晶簇状、梳状、角砾状等代表开放空间的充填构造。赋矿凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为372.5±4.3 Ma,形成于北天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲的背景。含矿石英中发育大量富液相水两相包裹体[均一温度和盐度w(NaCl_eq)分别集中于130～210℃和8.1%～16.9%之间],偶见富气相水两相包裹体、纯气相水包裹体和含固相子晶三相包裹体。流体包裹体和矿石组构特征综合表明,流体沸腾及其伴随的温度降低是Pb、Zn沉淀的重要机制。方铅矿δ³⁴S范围为-2.2‰～-0.5‰,显示出岩浆硫的特征。方铅矿的²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值分别为18.208～18.264、15....     

西天山阿希、京希-伊尔曼得金矿床成矿流体包裹体研究及矿化类型探讨

阿希、京希-伊尔曼得金矿床3个主成矿阶段形成的石英中的原生流体包裹体数量少、个体小,包裹体以单液相为主,气液两相者气液比小,一般为5%～10%。激光拉曼光谱成分分析显示液相成分以H2O为主,普遍含有一定量的CO2、CH4;气相中以CO2和CH4为主,含有较高的SO2和N2;一些样品中还出现了C2H4、C6H6、C4H6等有机化合物。其均一温度为90～275℃,成矿流体盐度为0～3.7wB(NaCleq)%,估算的成矿深度为0.40～0.80km左右,属于典型的浅成低温热液型金矿床。其成矿作用与强烈的次生石英岩化关系极为密切,发生了次生石英岩化矿化,形成含金次生石英岩型矿石。     

新疆西天山阿希金矿床流体包裹体地球化学特征

本文在系统总结前人关于矿床地质特征和流体成矿作用研究成果的基础上,补充开展了热液成矿期石英-碳酸盐阶段石英、方解石和重晶石中流体包裹体的均一法和冷冻法测温,并对石英样品进行了气相色谱测量,对石英流体包裹体中的稀土和微量元素进行了测试.结果表明,矿床具有典型的浅成低温热液金矿的特点,成矿流体总体上盐度很低,多数都集中于0.53～1.57wt%NaCl.成矿流体的主要成分为H2O、CO2和CH4.流体包裹体微量元素与容矿围岩具有继承性,流体中Cu、Ni、Co、Mo、Zn、Pb、V、Sb和Li等的含量较高,可能说明了Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Bi和Ba等元素在水岩反应过程中更容易进入流体当中.石英流体包裹体中∑REE为13825×10-12～149935×10-12,LREE/HREE为2.63～50.83,δEu为0.70～0.91,表现为Eu的弱亏损.成矿流体的REE配分型式与火山岩具有相同的Eu亏损和右倾配分曲线,表明成矿流体在演化过程中可能继承了早期火山岩的REE特征;但成矿流体的LREE/HREE值比火山岩大,前者的REE配分曲线比后者更加右陡倾斜.这可能与后期变质水和大气降水的混入引起的成矿流体物质组分发生有关.     

辽宁丹东五龙与四道沟金矿床成因对比—流体包裹体证据

对产于辽宁丹东三股流花岗闪长岩体外围的五龙与四道沟大型金矿床地质、流体包裹体岩相学及测温特征进行对比研究表明,五龙与四道沟金矿床成因存在一定差异。五龙金矿床含金石英脉与四道沟金矿床早期石英脉成矿流体主要来自于三股流岩浆活动,而四道沟矿区主矿化阶段成矿流体来源可能与矿区燕山晚期中酸性脉岩活动有关。     

Ore-forming process of the Huijiabao gold district,southwestern Guizhou Province,China: Evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Huijiabao gold district is one of the major producers for Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China, including Taipingdong, Zimudang, Shuiyindong, Bojitian and other gold deposits/occurrences. Petrographic observation, microthermometric study and Laser Raman spectroscopy were carried out on the fluid inclusions within representative minerals in various mineralization stages from these four gold deposits. Five types of fluid inclusions have been recognized in hydrothermal minerals of different ore-forming stages: aqueous inclusions, CO₂ inclusions, CO₂–H₂O inclusions, hydrocarbon inclusions, and hydrocarbon–H₂O inclusions. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by a H₂O + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ system with medium to low temperature and low salinity. From early mineralization stage to later ones, the compositions of the ore-forming fluids experienced an evolution of H₂O + NaCl → H₂O + NaCl + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ → H₂O + NaCl ± CH₄ ± CO₂ with a slight decrease in homogenization temperature and salinity. The δ¹⁸O values of the main-stage quartz vary from 15.2‰ to 24.1‰, while the δD_H2O and calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O values of the ore-forming fluids range from −56.9 to −116.3‰ and from 2.12‰ to 12.7‰, respectively. The δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of hydrothermal calcite change in the range of −9.1‰ to −0.5‰ and 11.1–23.2‰, respectively. Stable isotopic characteristics indicate that the ore-forming fluid was mainly composed of ore- and hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluid. The dynamic fractionation of the sulfur in the diagenetic pyrite is controlled by bacterial reduction of marine sulfates. The hydrothermal sulfides and the diagenetic pyrite from the host rocks are very similar in their sulfur isotopic composition, suggesting that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from dissolution of diagenetic pyrite. The study of fluid inclusions indicates that immiscibility of H₂O–NaCl–CO₂ fluids took place during the main mineralization stage and caused the precipitation and enrichment of gold.     

Trace Elements in Fluid Inclusions in the Carlin—Type Gold Deposits,Southwestern Guizhou Province

Fluid inclusions in quartz from the Lannigou and Yata Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for their trace elements(Co,Ni,Cu,Pb,Zn,Pt,etc.).The results show that quartz fluid inclusions entrapped at different ore-forming stages contain higher Co,Ni,Cu,Pb and Zn.It has been found for the first time that the ore-forming fluids responsible for the Carlin-type gold deposits are rich in Pt.From this it can be concluded that basic volcanic rocks seem to be one of the important sources of ore-forming materials for the Carlin-type gold deposits.     

江苏仑山金矿床流体包裹体、稳定同位素和成矿年代学研究

仑山金矿床位于宁镇矿集区东端。成矿期分为沉积成矿期和热液成矿期,后者可进一步划分为热液Ⅰ阶段和热液Ⅱ阶段。流体包裹体研究表明,热液Ⅰ阶段石英中的气液两相流体包裹体均一温度多集中在330~366℃之间,盐度w(Na Cl_(eq))变化于4.96%~6.74%之间,热液Ⅰ阶段方解石中气液两相流体包裹体均一温度多集中在150~240℃之间,w(Na Cl_(eq))变化于0.71%~9.80%之间,成矿流体为中高温低盐度流体;热液Ⅱ阶段石英、方解石和萤石的流体包裹体均一温度变化于124~260℃,盐度w(Na Cl_(eq))变化于1%~8%之间,成矿流体为中温低盐度流体。氢、氧同位素研究表明,热液Ⅰ阶段成矿流体为岩浆流体,热液Ⅱ阶段成矿流体以大气降水占主导,但仍有少量岩浆流体。硫同位素研究表明,仑山金矿床沉积成矿期硫除来源于三叠系青龙群膏盐层外,有机质也参与了沉积成矿期中金矿的形成。热液Ⅰ阶段硫来源于沉积成岩阶段黄铁矿的活化迁移和富集,岩浆硫也提供了成矿物质。萤石Sm-Nd测年分析表明,仑山金矿床热液Ⅱ阶段成矿年龄为(93.7±3.1)Ma,推断主成矿阶段形成于晚白垩世。仑山金矿床的形成代表着长江中下游成矿带最晚期的成矿作用。     

Genesis of the Sb-W-Au deposits at Ixtahuacan,Guatemala: evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Ixtahuacan Sb-W deposits are hosted by upper Pennsylvanian to Permian metasedimentary rocks of the central Cordillera of Guatemala. The deposits consist of gold-bearing arsenopyrite, stibnite and scheelite. Arsenopyrite and scheelite are early in the paragenesis, occurring as disseminations in pyritiferous black shale/sandstone and in argillaceous limestone, respectively. Some stibnite is disseminated, but the bulk of the stibnite occurs as massive stratabound lenses in black shales and in quartz-ankerite veins and breccias, locally containing scheelite.Microthermometric measurements on fluid inclusions in quartz and scheelite point to a low temperature (160–190°C) and low to moderate salinity (5–15 wt% NaCl eq.) aqueous ore fluid. Abundant vapour-rich inclusions suggest that the fluid boiled. Carbon dioxide was produced locally as a result of interaction of the aqueous fluid with the argillaceous limestone. Bulk leaching experiments and SEM-EDS analyses of decrepitated fluid inclusion residues indicate that the ore-bearing solution was NaCl-dominated. The ¹⁸O values of quartz, ankerite and scheelite from mineralized veins range from 19.7 to 20.5, 18.1 to 20.0 and 7.0 to 8.4 respectively. The average temperature calculated from quartz-scheelite oxygen isotopic fractionation is 170°C. The oxygen isotopic composition of the fluid, interpreted to have been in equilibrium with these minerals, ranged from 5.7 to 7.6, and is considered to represent an evolved meteoric water. Diagenetic or syngenetic pyrite has a sulphur isotopic composition of 0.5±0.3 which is consistent with bacterial reduction of sulphate. The ³⁴S values of arsenopyrite and stibnite range from –2.8 to 2.0 and –2.7 to –2.3 respectively, and are though to reflect sulphur derived from pyrite.The Ixtahuacan deposits are interpreted to have formed at low temperature (<200°C) and a depth of a few hundred metres from a low fO₂ (10^–49–10^–57), high pH (7–8) fluid. Arsenic was probably transported as arsenious acid, antimony and gold as thio-complexes and tungsten as the complex HWO ₄ ^– .A model is proposed in which a meteoric fluid, heated by a felsic intrusion at depth, was focused to shallow levels along faults. The interaction of the fluid with pyritiferous beds caused the deposition of arsenopyrite as a result of sulphidation and/or decreasing fO₂; gold probably co-precipitated with As or was adsorbed onto the arsenopyrite. The precipitation of stibnite was caused by boiling. Scheelite deposited in response to the increase in Ca²⁺ activity which accompanied interaction of the ore fluid with the argillaceous limestones.