一次冷涡发展阶段大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统研究

利用2009年东北暴雨试验资料、常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、FY-2C卫星资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2009年6月19日东北地区一次短时强降水过程的天气尺度环流特征、中尺度对流系统(MCS)环境场及其触发机制进行了分析,概括了此次冷涡发展阶段暴雨过程的三维概念模型.结果表明,此次强降水系统主要发生在东北冷涡的发展阶段,造成强对流天气的系统尺度较小、突发性强,具有明显的β-γ中尺度对流系统的特点.高温高湿及位势不稳定层结、低层的湿舌北伸及中层干冷空气的侵入,为MCS的发生、发展提供了非常有利的环境条件.位于高空西风急流出口区北侧和偏东北大风中心入口区南侧的暴雨区上层有强的高空辐散,与辐合区南侧的低空急流前部相互耦合,使得暴雨区上升气流增强;高空急流出口区南侧的偏南风低空急流加强了风暴的人流强度,为风暴提供了有利的风场环境和水汽条件.暴雨区西南侧中低层存在干空气侵入,使中低层干冷空气迅速向对流风暴发生区输送,形成逆温层.在强对流爆发前,中低层的逆温层与上层的干层分开,使风暴发展所需的不稳定能量得以累积,冷涡系统东移引导低层偏西北气流南下,增强了地面流场的辐合,是触发初始对流的关键因素.     

黑龙江省一次伴有龙卷的暖区暴雨成因分析

2014年7月19日夜间黑龙江克山出现雨强超过90 mm的短时强降水,利用常规观测资料、区域站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等对此次冷锋前部的暖区强降水成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次强降水出现在580 dagpm线附近,副高诱发的超低空急流为强降水提供了充沛的水汽和不稳定能量。(2)地面辐合线和地形抬升触发对流。高空急流东移,高空急流出口区左侧和辐散区与低层辐合相耦合促使对流快速发展增强。耦合消失,强降水则快速减弱。(3)低层暖平流明显,尤其地面具有暖锋锋生特征。强降水出现在不稳定层结和上升运动快速增强的阶段。(4)地面～200 hPa辐合层形成深厚的上升运动区,促使对流快速发展。(5)中尺度对流雨带沿地面辐合线生消。降水先出现在暖湿舌前部。随后,强降水产生的冷空气抬升暖湿空气形成冷锋特征的降水,由于强降水和冷空气的正反馈作用,降水持续时间长。冷空气势力最强时,伴随中尺度气旋性环流及0～1 km强垂直风切变有利于龙卷产生。(6)开口状地形的辐合作用、抬升及局地地形导致的中尺度环流风场对暖区降水的形成和维持作用显著。     

“8.19”华北区域暴雨的数值模拟与诊断分析

利用中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.2和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2010年8月18—19日发生在华北地区的暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,基于模拟结果,着重分析产生此次暴雨的动力、热力条件以及中尺度天气系统之间的相互作用。结果表明,此次暴雨过程是在有利的高、中、低层系统配置下,由高空冷涡带动干冷空气南下,与副热带高压外围的暖湿气流在华北地区上空交汇而形成;高低空急流的适宜配置,产生了动力场的耦合作用,形成深厚、强烈的上升运动,是大暴雨发生发展的主要动力条件;低空急流是主要的水汽输送通道,水汽主要来自南海和孟加拉湾;暴雨强盛时期,650h Pa以下大气表现为对流不稳定,此时华北地区上空的K指数35℃,强降水时段出现在K指数梯度明显增大的过程中;对流层高层的干冷空气不断侵入触发对流层低层不稳定能量释放,强降水发生在低层暖平流向上抬升、高空冷平流向下侵入的时段。     

一次长三角地区飑线过程的数值预报分析

2019年4月9日,长三角地区发生了一次罕见的长历时强飑线天气过程。在分析其天气形势背景和发展演变基础上,利用新一代华东区域数值模式对此次过程进行了预报分析,初步分析了其演变过程中的中尺度结构特征。结果表明,此次飑线发生在高空槽前、低层强烈辐合抬升天气背景下,强的垂直风切变、冷空气向南侵入与低层暖湿气流叠加建立了强的对流不稳定层结,是飑线发生发展和长时间维持的重要原因。数值模式成功模拟了飑线前部低层暖湿空气上升和后部中层干冷空气下沉这两支入流,以及飑线过境时边界层高度和大气可降水量迅速下降,地面中尺度冷池向东南方向的传播过程,冷池与对流风暴的移动速度基本一致,导致对流前部低层一直有风场的切变辐合抬升,有助于对流维持并发展。     

冷涡背景下苏北地区连续两次强对流天气过程对比分析

利用地面观测资料、天气雷达资料和ECMWF-ERA5逐小时0.25°×0.25°再分析资料,主要从环境条件和触发机制两个方面,对2019年6月8日（简称过程A）、9日（简称过程B）影响江苏省北部的两次冷涡型强对流天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明： 过程A是由暖湿气流引起的短时强降水伴随雷暴大风的湿对流天气;过程B则是在高层西北气流下由干冷平流强迫引起的大风冰雹伴随短时强降水的混合对流天气。过程A,由暖湿气流形成强对流不稳定层结,垂直风切变强度一般,湿层深厚,有利于短时强降水的发生;过程B,中高层的较强干冷平流叠加在低层暖湿平流上而形成强对流不稳定层结,强的垂直风切变位于中低层,配合较强的动力抬升条件,有利于冰雹的发生。两次天气过程的触发机制都是地面辐合线。过程A的预报重点为水汽条件和来自上游的对流系统与当地地面辐合线的耦合;过程B的预报重点为大气的不稳定度和冷涡后部冷空气的干侵入与地面辐合线的耦合。     

2011年“7·25”山东乳山特大暴雨成因分析

利用常规资料、地面加密资料、多普勒雷达资料和ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料等,对2011年7月25日发生在山东省乳山市一次超历史极值的特大暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：本次特大暴雨是由高空西风槽、低层切变线与副热带高压边缘的低空急流共同影响所致;由低层前期强盛的低空偏南暖湿气流输送使半岛上空低层高温高湿,形成上干冷下暖湿的对流性不稳定层结;近地面向岸风的侧向辐合产生气旋式切变线,是本次暴雨的启动机制,大暴雨的分布与地面辐合线的走向基本一致。此外,半岛上空超低空偏南急流的加强,使中尺度切变线北抬,进而受乳山倒喇叭口地形影响,发展成了中气旋,产生了强降水超级单体风暴。而强降水超级单体风暴造成的短时强降水,是本次暴雨致灾的重要原因。     

闽北一次初春强降水的成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、新一代天气雷达资料,对2012年3月6日-7日福建省北部地区暴雨成因进行诊断分析。结果表明:此次降水过程在高空西风槽南下带来的冷空气与西南暖湿气流交汇的背景下产生,暴雨区位于低空西南急流北侧、低层切变南侧、地面冷锋附近;强降水落区位于层结不稳定的湿区中,低层辐合、高层辐散有利于对流发展;干冷空气的侵入时高层高值位涡库向北向下伸展,促使中低层气旋涡度发展,从而导致强降水的发生;雷达回波分析表明,低层暖平流、高层冷平流、区域上空辐合形势都有利于对流性降水的产生。     

双流机场“7.21”暴雨微物理特征及触发维持机制分析

利用天气雷达、地面自动站和微波辐射仪等多种气象探测资料,对2017年7月发生在成都双流机场的一次暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在弱天气系统强迫条件下,大气层结呈现弱对流抑制、低抬升凝结高度、中等对流有效位能,湿层深厚,低层较暖且低层无急流影响。短时强降水由中尺度系统直接产生,午夜前的初始对流由高压西北部偏南暖湿气流与山体下滑冷气流相互作用,结合山前强水平温度梯度产生,之后在冷池和边界层暖湿气流作用下生成新的对流。产生强降水的回波结构密实,暖云特征突出,属于热带低质心降水系统。对抬升凝结高度、自由对流高度、湿层厚度等的分析表明,水汽条件较为极端,但由于系统整体属于前向传播,无明显的"列车效应",限制了实际降水效率。     

一次远距离台风暴雨中尺度对流系统的分析

利用多普勒雷达、气象卫星、自动气象站等监测数据以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对安徽省一次远距离台风暴雨中尺度对流系统的环流背景、内部结构及其演变进行了系统分析。结果表明:1)低层台风外围偏东气流的输送使得暴雨区增温增湿,进而增强中纬度大气的不稳定度;西风槽前的上升运动有利于暴雨区低层辐合的加强和垂直运动的发展维持。2)强降水过程主要由两个β中尺度对流系统造成,在暴雨区上空β中尺度对流系统的新生维持是强降水维持较长时间的重要原因。3)雷达回波和地面要素场上,强降水表现为两个β中尺度的对流系统的生成发展,中尺度对流系统锋生的原因虽各有不同,但对流的发展与地面中尺度辐合线和加强的中尺度低压有关。γ中尺度的强对流单体是造成局地降水峰值的直接原因。4)两段强降水的出现都表现出中纬度系统和台风外围气流的相互作用,低层冷空气的触发以及西风槽前暖湿气流的加强都会使降水有明显的增幅。5)雷达速度场上,β中尺度对流系统的加强和低层暖湿气流的加强紧密相关。γ中尺度对流系统的生成则是由速度场上小尺度的风速辐合造成。     

2016年河南省一次大范围强对流天气成因分析

基于Himawari-8卫星资料、雷达监测资料、区域自动站和常规观测资料及ERA-Interim再分析资料,对2016年6月5日河南省大范围强对流天气的环流背景、触发条件及对流系统演变特征进行了研究。结果表明:华北冷涡背景下,高空冷平流配合低层暖脊发展、对流有效位能值激增,为中尺度对流系统发展提供了不稳定条件,地面辐合线、冷池是触发机制。河南省西南部位于高能区、不同温湿性质气团交绥区,中高层干冷空气侵入、中层以下干绝热递减率为风雹天气提供了可能;河南省中部、河南省南部位于大气可降水量大值区,深厚的湿层、较低的抬升凝结高度有利于产生强降水。高层辐散、低层辐合的抽吸作用导致豫西南上升运动强盛,雷暴高压产生的变压风增强了动力抬升,中小尺度动力辐合促使强对流回波发展。风雹天气产生于中尺度对流系统前侧云顶亮温梯度大值区,强降水出现在云顶亮温低值中心附近。雷达产品分析表明,强回波悬垂、三体散射与快速移动的弓形回波、阵风锋和后侧入流急流对提前预警冰雹、雷暴大风有很好的指示意义。925 hPa 12 h显著增温区、对流有效位能高值区和冷池出流与暖空气交绥区是强对流发展的潜势区,湿球温度0℃层高度与冰雹关系密切。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.