Impact of lake‐level changes on the formation of thermogene travertine in continental rifts: Evidence from Lake Bogoria,Kenya Rift Valley

Travertine is present at 20% of the ca 60 hot springs that discharge on Loburu delta plain on the western margin of saline, alkaline Lake Bogoria in the Kenya Rift. Much of the travertine, which forms mounds, low terraces and pool‐rim dams, is sub‐fossil (relict) and undergoing erosion, but calcite‐encrusted artefacts show that carbonate is actively precipitating at several springs. Most of the springs discharge alkaline (pH: 8·3 to 8·9), Na‐HCO₃ waters containing little Ca (<2 mg l^?1) at temperatures of 94 to 97·5°C. These travertines are unusual because most probably precipitated at temperatures of >80°C. The travertines are composed mainly of dendritic and platy calcite, with minor Mg‐silicates, aragonite, fluorite and opaline silica. Calcite precipitation is attributed mainly to rapid CO₂ degassing, which led to high‐disequilibrium crystal morphologies. Stratigraphic evidence shows that the travertine formed during several stages separated by intervals of non‐deposition. Radiometric ages imply that the main phase of travertine formation occurred during the late Pleistocene (ca 32 to 35 ka). Periods of precipitation were influenced strongly by fluctuations in lake level, mostly under climate control, and by related changes in the depth of boiling. During relatively arid phases, meteoric recharge of ground water declines, the lake is low and becomes hypersaline, and the reduced hydrostatic pressure lowers the level of boiling in the plumbing system of the hot springs. Any carbonate precipitation then occurs below the land surface. During humid phases, the dilute meteoric recharge increases, enhancing geothermal circulation, but the rising lake waters, which become relatively dilute, flood most spring vents. Much of the aqueous Ca²⁺ then precipitates as lacustrine stromatolites on shallow firm substrates, including submerged older travertines. Optimal conditions for subaerial travertine precipitation at Loburu occur when the lake is at intermediate levels, and may be favoured during transitions from humid to drier conditions.     

云南泸水登埂与玛布温泉形成特征及成因研究

登埂温泉与玛布温泉位于云南泸水市,出露于怒江深切峡谷西岸。研究区分布的主要地层为第四系（Q₄²）砂土、砾土,石炭系上统卧牛寺组（C₃w）玄武岩和三叠系河湾街组下段（T₂h¹）灰岩。温泉水温为48.9~69.6℃,矿化度为0.493~0.782 g/L,水化学类型分别为HCO₃·Ca-Mg型和HCO₃·Ca-Na型,为中低温、弱酸性温泉。热水中F-含量为0.78~2.13 mg/L,H₂SO₃为41.0~70.2 mg/L,含有锂、锶、铷、铯、钡等微量元素。氢氧稳定同位素组成表明研究区温泉补给来源为大气降水,用同位素方法估算温泉的补给区高程为1260~1435 m,补给区温度为6.18~9.02℃,计算的热储温度为100~127.5℃。研究区温泉Ca²⁺与HCO₃^-含量较高,占阴、阳离子的毫克当量浓度百分比分别达到60%、82%以上,水中方解石、文石矿物都处于饱和状态,水中CO₂含量较高且pCO₂远高于大气中pCO₂,具有有利于CaCO₃沉积的水化学和水动力条件,导致登埂温泉YLS3-1、YLS3-3及YLS3-4和玛布温泉YLS4-1的沉积钙华。登埂温泉与玛布温泉是地下水在怒江西部山区补给区获得大气降水入渗补给,在经历深循环过程中获得深部热流加热后上升在怒江河谷西岸流出地面形成的温泉,是渗入深循环型上升的的中低温温泉。热水在上升过程中与浅部冷水相遇,冷水混入比例为60%~73%,热水循环深度为2375.2~3161.7 m。     

山东即墨温泉资源开发利用与可开采水量评价

山东即墨温泉是胶东三大氯化物温泉之一,为中氡地热水,具有较高的医用价值。目前温泉可采资源量占总量的56%,开采潜力较高,但由于旅游业的大力发展,大规模开发地热水造成地下水水位从1992年至今水位下降近20 m,矿化度及氯、钠离子变化不大,说明监测井位置海水入侵程度较低。同时,通过计算得出,即墨温泉可利用热能资源量1. 28×1015 J,相当于8. 79×104 t标准煤的热量,地下热水储量为0. 68×108 m3,地下水可采资源量为1075. 31 m3/d。并通过modflow软件模拟开发条件进行评价,提出了月开采量的合理化建议：即每年12月~次年3月开采量为1450 m3/d,4月~6月开采量为450 m3/d,7月~11月开采量为100 m3/d。     

济南平阴氡温泉水化学成分与同位素特征研究

在系统的分析济南平阴氡温泉水化学成分和同位素特征的基础上,结合当地地形和水文条件,研究了氡温泉水的起源和形成年龄,结果显示:济南平阴氡温泉水温为28.3℃,pH值为中性,水化学类型为Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型,富含氡、锶、氟、锂、溴、偏硅酸、偏硼酸等微量元素,且含量均符合理(医)疗热矿泉水水质标准,其中氡含量特别高是该温泉的一个显著特点。氡温泉水的同位素测定资料显示,平阴氡温泉热水起源于大气降水,用氚及14C法估算出的氡温泉水的表观年龄在15.81±2.17 ka。     

云南省元江县某热泉群成因及地热水特征研究

云南省元江县地热群位于清水河西岸山麓地带,通过分析该县某热泉群地质构造、地层岩性及富水性,对边界条件、热储层及盖层进行划分研究,建立该热泉群的热储模型,利用石英二氧化硅温标计算热储温度和热水循环深度,并采用镭氡法计算热泉群的年龄,结果可知:该热泉群热储呈带状,主要受哀牢山断裂控制,大气降雨及地表水体沿哀牢山断裂破碎带渗入地下后,经过深部复杂的循环,使地下水具有较高的温度和压力条件,不断溶解出围岩中可溶性组分,沿断裂影响带输向地表,形成带状的自冒热泉群,热储温度129℃,热水循环深度2 348 m,地热水年龄70 a。该类地热资源极为珍贵,应做好保护与开发利用工作。     

聊城市东部岩溶地热田地下热水水化学特征及成因分析

通过对聊城市东部岩溶地热田的地下热水的化学成分、同位素及其水文地质特征的分析,对这一地区的地下热水的形成和演化过程进行了研究。结果显示地下热水的形成受区内深大断裂和基底构造的控制。本区地下热水的形成是在漫长的地质历史发展过程中各种自然因素综合作用的结果。δD和δ18O的关系及氚（T）值和水化学特征系数说明地下热水为近代大气降水入渗起源的中度或高度变质水,以40年前的古水占优势,新近入渗水的补给量较小。水化学成分的形成以溶滤、溶解作用为主,微量元素成分丰富,反映了地下水经过了漫长和复杂的径流及深循环过程。      

长春市雁鸣湖热矿泉水形成机制及开发利用初步探讨

本文简要介绍了长春市雁鸣湖热矿泉水的地质背景条件。热矿泉水形成机制。对水量、水质进行了评价,同时对热矿泉水的医疗保健功能进行了简述。并根据长春市所处的得天独厚地理位置。为长春市地热资源寻找和开发指明了重要的思路和方向。