Hydrocarbon Generation Characteristics of Source Rocks from Different Saline Environments in the Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane, including the saltwater environment(SE) in the north, the freshwater environment(FE) in the south and the brackish water environment(BE) in the middle. The result of oil and gas exploration in the Dongpu Depression shows that more than 90% of the proven oil reserves are distributed in the northern saltwater environment. Previous studies indicate that the organic geochemistry characteristics and the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks are very clearly diverse under different environments, which results in the significant differences in the proved reserves between the north and the south. In order to further explore the differences in the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks under distinct depositional environments and the mechanism of their occurrence, three samples from different depositional environments(W18-5 for SE, H7-18 for BE, CH9 for FE) were used for confined gold tube pyrolysis experiments. The results show that the CH4 yields of W18-5, H7-18 and CH9 increase with increasing temperature, the maximum yields being 405.62 mg/g TOC, 388.56 mg/g TOC and 367.89 mg/g TOC, respectively. The liquid hydrocarbon yields of W18-5, H7-18 and CH9 firstly increase with increasing temperature and then decrease after the critical temperatures. The maximum yields of C6-14 are 149.54 mg/g TOC, 140.18 mg/g TOC and 116.94 mg/g TOC, the maximum yields of C14+ being 852.4 mg/g TOC, 652.6 mg/g TOC and 596.41 mg/g TOC, respectively for W18-5, H7-18 and CH9. To summarize, the order of hydrocarbon potential from high to low is W18-5, H7-18 and CH9. On this basis, through analyzing the influencing factors of hydrocarbon differences, this paper reveals that the saltwater environment is characterized by 4 factors: higher salinity, halophilic algae, high paleo-productivity and a strongly reducing environment, which are beneficial to the enrichment of organic matter and lead to the formation of high levels of sapropelite and exinite. According to the variation of oil and gas components in the pyrolysis experiments, the hydrocarbon generation process is divided into three stages: kerogen cracking, oil cracking and C2-5 cracking. Combined with hydrocarbon generation characteristics and stages, the evolutionary model of hydrocarbon generation for source rocks under different environments is established.     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷热历史及构造—热演化特征

根据镜质组反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹古温标方法模拟的济阳坳陷地温演化情况表明,地温梯度在坳陷的演化过程中是逐渐降低的。在孔店组-沙河街组沉积期间地温梯度是较高的,最高可达5.5～6.0℃/100m,但在此期间地温梯度下降较快,在东营组沉积时期降为3.5～4.5℃/100m;在馆陶组沉积时期地温梯度变化很小,至第三纪末地温梯度已降至目前的3.5℃/100m左右。济阳坳陷的构造沉降特征表现为孔店组至沙四段沉积期间(65～43Ma)的快速构造沉降阶段和沙三段沉积(43Ma)以后的热沉降阶段,盆地的地热史模拟结果和构造沉降所揭示的坳陷演化阶段具有很好的对应关系。坳陷热历史研究为渤海湾盆地的构造-热演化提供了重要的认识。     

Hydrocarbon Generation Evolution of Permo-Carboniferous Rocks of the Bohai Bay Basin in China

<正>The Bohai Bay Basin is a Mesozoic subsidence and Cenozoic rift basin in the North China Craton.Since the deposition of the Permo-Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rock,the basin has undergone many tectonic events.The source rocks have undergone non-uniform uplift,twisting,deep burying,and magmatism and that led to an interrupted or stepwise during the evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks.We have investigated the Permo-Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rocks history of burying,heating,and hydrocarbon generation,not only on the basis of tectonic disturbance and deeply buried but also with new studies on apatite fission track analysis,fluid inclusion measurements,and the application of the numerical simulation of EASY%R_o.The heating temperature of the source rocks continued to rise from the Indosinian to Himalayan stage and reached a maximum at the Late Himalayan.This led to the stepwise increases during organic maturation and multiple stages of hydrocarbon generation.The study delineated the tectonic stages, the intensity of hydrocarbon generation and spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbon generations.The hydrocarbon generation occurred during the Indosinian,Yanshanian,and particularly Late Himalayan.The hydrocarbon generation during the late Himalayan stage is the most important one for the Permo-Carboniferous source rocks of the Bohai Bay Basin in China.     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷油气运移路径模拟及示踪

在油气成藏期分析的基础上, 采用盆地流线模拟技术对渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷成藏关键时刻油气运移过程进行了恢复, 根据原油含氮化合物和成熟度指标对典型油气富集区的油气运移路径进行了示踪.油气运移路径模拟结果表明, 研究区南部凹槽源内和源下油气藏在东营末期(距今24.6 Ma)有一期较小规模运移, 油气大规模运移时期为明化镇中期(距今9 Ma).南部凹槽源上油气藏和北部凹槽源内油气藏在明化镇中期有少量油气运移, 大规模运移时期为明化镇末期(距今2 Ma).目前南部凹槽勘探程度较低, 模拟结果表明其具有较大的勘探潜力.原油地球化学指标揭示在源上油气藏富集区, 对于伸入洼陷中心的油源断层, 油气主要沿断层走向, 向构造高部位及断层面两侧砂体运移; 对于平行洼陷中心的油源断层, 油气主要沿断层倾向向构造高部位运移.在源内油气藏富集区, 油气主要通过有效烃源岩层系内发育的砂体向构造高部位运移.      

渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷储层超压特征与成因机制

对储层超压的分析, 有助于理解渤中坳陷油气晚期快速成藏机理.利用RFT实测储层压力资料分析了渤中坳陷储层超压的特征和成因.渤中坳陷存在3套储层超压系统: 浅层明化镇组-馆陶组储层超压系统、中层东营组-沙河街组-孔店组储层超压系统、基底(中生界及以下地层) 储层超压系统.渤中坳陷的储层超压可能主要是由3种机制综合引起的, 即不均衡压实作用、超压传递作用和裂解气的生成作用.少量保存的传递超压是深部超压流体注入的“化石”, 它是超压背景下油气快速充注成藏的结果.      

渤海海域黄河口凹陷油气成藏条件及其分布特征

利用最新高分辨率三维地震资料、测井录井等资料,结合岩心观察信息,从烃源岩、储集层、生储盖组合、圈闭类型和输导体系5个方面对黄河口凹陷油气成藏条件进行了系统分析。研究表明,黄河口凹陷烃源岩在整个凹陷普遍发育,共有3套烃源岩,其中沙河街组三段和东营组三段是主力烃源岩;主要的储集层是新生界碎屑岩储层和基岩储层;生储盖层组合模式有下生中储上盖式、上生下储上盖式和自生自储式;圈闭类型以断块圈闭为主;输导系统以断裂的垂向疏导为主;新构造运动对黄河口凹陷的影响是新近系油气聚集的优越条件,晚期断裂活动对已形成油气藏起到保存和二次分配的作用。油气藏分布在平面上主要环绕生油洼陷呈环带状分布于洼陷周边的构造带中,古近系油气主要围绕东部次洼呈环带状分布,新近系主要呈"T"字形分布,从古近系到新近系油气有由周边向中间、由南向北聚集的特征。     

Late-stage Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Bozhong Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin as Controlled by Neotectonism

Neotectonism occurred intensively in the Bozhong depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, which was reflected vertically by dramatic subsidence and a number of uplifts and laterally by notable fault movements. This particularity has resulted in the special petroleum geological conditions of the Bozhong depression which are different from those of adjacent lands. For example, the source rocks of the Shahejie Formation were overpressured and hydrocarbon generation occurred in the late stage; the Dongying Formation was deeply buried below the hydrocarbon-generating     

Present Geothermal Fields of the Dongpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin

The Dongpu sag is located in the south of the Bohai Bay basin, China, and has abundant oil and gas reserves. To date, there has been no systematic documentation of its geothermal fields. This study measured the rock thermal conductivity of 324 cores from 47 wells, and calculated rock thermal conductivity for different formations. The geothermal gradient and terrestrial heat flow were calculated for 192 wells on basis of 892 formation-testing data from 523 wells. The results show that the Dongpu sag is characterized by a medium-temperature geothermal field between stable and active tectonic areas, with an average geothermal gradient of 32.0°C/km and terrestrial heat flow of 65.6 mW/m2. The geothermal fields in the Dongpu sag is significantly controlled by the Changyuan, Yellow River, and Lanliao basement faults. They developed in the Paleogene and the Dongying movement occurred at the Dongying Formation depositional period. The geothermal fields distribution has a similar characteristic to the tectonic framework of the Dongpu sag, namely two subsags, one uplift, one steep slope and one gentle slope. The oil and gas distribution is closely associated with the present geothermal fields. The work may provide constraints for reconstructing the thermal history and modeling source rock maturation evolution in the Dongpu sag.     

东濮凹陷新生代构造-热历史研究

东濮凹陷位于渤海湾盆地南缘,是中国典型的既富石油又富天然气的凹陷之一。文中通过镜质体反射率恢复了9个构造单元31口典型井的新生代热历史。研究结果表明:东濮凹陷各构造单元的新生代热历史总的趋势是一致的,并表现为"马鞍型"特征,分别在沙三段沉积时期和东营组沉积中晚期达到地温梯度高峰,其地温梯度分别为45~48℃/km和39~40℃/km,两期地温梯度高峰揭示了东濮凹陷经历了沙三段沉积时期和东营组沉积中晚期强烈的裂陷运动;新近纪开始,凹陷进入热沉降阶段,地温梯度逐渐下降至现今的31~34℃/km。此外,研究成果还揭示了东濮凹陷烃源岩热演化受东营组沉积时期的古地温场控制。文中的研究成果可以为东濮凹陷深层油气资源评价提供地热基础。     

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷潜山油气成藏模式及充注能力定量评价

渤海湾盆地潜山油气资源量丰富,深化潜山油气成藏研究,定量评价潜山油气充注能力,对该盆地潜山油气勘探具有重要意义.以大量统计资料为基础,对渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷潜山油气成藏模式及充注能力开展了系统研究.研究表明:潜山油气成藏受烃源岩及供烃方式、储集特征、储盖组合等多种因素的控制,与烃源岩大面积直接接触的、长期风化淋滤的潜山储集体,最有利于油气成藏.研究区潜山油气藏分为高位潜山型、中位潜山型和低位潜山型大类;以任丘、苏桥、牛东1这3个典型潜山油气藏为代表,建立了高位、中位、低位3类潜山油气成藏模式.高位模式多分布于中央隆起带,具有“双向油源、源储对接”的特点;中位模式多分布于斜坡带,具有“侧向油源、复合输导”的特点;低位模式多分布于洼陷带,具有“顶部油源、不整合输导”的特点.综合考虑烃源岩生烃强度、潜山储层物性、供烃方式、储盖组合类型以及供烃窗口等多种潜山成藏主控因素,建立了潜山油气充注能力定量评价公式并对9个典型潜山油气藏进行了评价,3类潜山油气藏的油气充注能力明显不同,其中高位潜山油气充注能力最强,低位潜山次之,中位潜山最弱.      

渤海湾盆地青东凹陷古近纪烃源岩热演化史研究

以地震、测井、录井及地球化学资料为基础,本文采用Easy-R o 方法对渤海湾盆地青东凹陷进行了古地温反演,计算 了该地区的古地温梯度,并进一步利用人工取井和盆地模拟方法,确定了沙四上亚段和沙三下亚段烃源岩的成熟度和展布 特征,预测了有利生烃区带的分布。结果表明,青东地区的古地温梯度为3.8℃ /100 m;沙四上亚段烃源岩的成熟度较高, 进入成熟- 高成熟阶段;沙三下亚段的烃源岩成熟度相对较小,为成熟- 低成熟阶段;纵向上,沙四上亚段较沙三上亚段生 烃范围大、烃源岩成熟度高;横向上,主要的生烃区带集中在青东凹陷主体洼陷地区（北部断阶带、北次洼、南次洼、中 次洼）以及青南洼陷,青东凹陷西斜坡地区未进入生烃门限。     

苏北盆地金湖凹陷热史与成藏期判识

在镜质体反射率和磷灰石裂变径迹系统测试分析的基础上,对金湖凹陷西斜坡和卞闵杨构造带进行古地温梯度计算和热史恢复.根据镜质体反射率计算出西斜坡的古地温范围介于45.6～128.4℃,古地温梯度为45.5℃/km;卞闵杨构造带古地温为26.4～120.3℃,古地温梯度为42.7℃/km.根据磷灰石裂变径迹计算出西斜坡古地温...     

渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷膏盐岩与油气的关系

从东濮凹陷蒸发岩系的地质特征出发,系统分析了膏盐岩对油气成藏诸要素的影响及其对油气分布的控制作用。研究结果表明,东濮凹陷烃源岩与膏盐岩共生,膏盐岩-砂泥岩过渡带烃源岩有机质丰度最高;膏盐岩发育区烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ₁型和Ⅰ型为主;膏盐岩的高热导作用使盐上烃源岩生烃门限深度降低和盐下烃源岩过成熟门限深度增加,有效地扩大了生烃窗范围。膏盐层下部砂岩储层孔隙度相对正常压实地层而言整体偏大,且具有随深度增加表现为先增加后减小,孔隙度最大值出现在膏盐层下部一定距离内。膏盐层不仅对油气具有很强的封堵能力,而且易于形成盐下、盐间、盐上及盐岩边缘等多种圈闭类型。膏盐层厚值区形成的异常压力明显大于膏盐层边缘区,油气更易于在膏盐层的遮挡下向膏盐层边缘区运移。综合分析认为,东濮凹陷膏盐层边缘区不仅具有良好的供烃和圈闭条件,而且具备油气充注的通道和动力条件,是最有利的油气聚集区。     

渤海湾地区X型正断层及油气意义

本文主要利用地震资料解释成果,对渤海湾地区广泛发育的X型正断层的剖面变形特征、形成演化过程和机理及其油气意义进行分析。渤海湾地区X型正断层可分为新生型和继承型两类,在剖面上组合形成对称或非对称的X型形态。新生型和继承型X型正断层具有不同的形成演化过程与控制机理。新生型X型正断层与断裂带的右行走滑作用有关,是在断层的同步滑动过程中形成的。而继承型X型正断层的形成与基底先存断裂的继承性活动密切相关,是基底断裂优先活动的结果。渤海湾地区X型正断层对油气聚集成藏的有利作用主要表现在：有利于构造和地层圈闭的形成,有利于油气发生运移;有利于改善储层物性。与X型正断层相关的构造和地层圈闭是渤海湾地区值得关注的重要油气勘探领域。     

Differential Hydrocarbon Enrichment and its Main Controlling Factors in Depressions of the Bohai Bay Basin Differential Hydrocarbon Enrichment and its Main Controlling Factors in Depressions of the Bohai Bay Basin

Significant differential hydrocarbon enrichment occurs in depressions in a petroliferous basin.There are multiple depressions in the Bohai Bay Basin, and each depression as a relatively independent unit of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, contains significantly different hydrocarbon generation conditions and enrichment degree. On the basis of previous documents and a large number of statistical data, this work comparatively analyzed the differential hydrocarbon enrichment and its major controlling factors in depressions of the Bohai Bay Basin. The results show that depressions in the Bohai Bay Basin have various hydrocarbon enrichment degrees, and can be categorized into four types, namely enormously oil-rich, oil-rich, oily and oil-poor depressions. In general, the enormously oil-rich and oil-rich depressions are distributed in the eastern part of the basin along the Tan-Lu and Lan-Liao faults, whereas depressions in the western part of the basin are poor in hydrocarbons. Moreover, the vertical distribution of hydrocarbons is also highly heterogeneous, with Pre-Paleogene strata rich in hydrocarbons in the northern and western depressions, Paleogene strata rich in hydrocarbons in the entire basin, and Neogene strata rich in hydrocarbons in the off-shore areas of the Bohai Bay Basin. From early depressions in onshore areas to the late depressions in offshore areas of the Bohai Bay Basin, the source rocks and source-reservoir-cap rock assemblages gradually become younger and shallower, and the hydrocarbon resource abundance gradually increases. Hydrocarbon supplying condition is the key factor constraining the hydrocarbon enrichment for different depressions,while the main source-reservoir-cap rock assemblage, sufficient hydrocarbons and the transportation capacity of faults control the vertical distribution of hydrocarbons. The main factors controlling hydrocarbon enrichment are different for different layers. The hydrocarbon supplying condition of source rocks is the key controlling factor, whereas the source-reservoir configuration, the main sourcereservoir-cap rock assemblages, and the fault transportation are the main factors of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Paleogene, Paleogene and Neogene, respectively.     

歧深地区双超压系统发育特征及油气成藏效应

在钻井实测储层压力(DST)、计算泥岩压力及地震资料解释的基础上,对歧深地区超压体系发育特征、分布规律和成藏效应进行了深入分析,认为歧深地区具有"三层压力结构,两个超压系统"特征。压力结构在纵向上可以划分为常压系统、上部弱超压系统和下部超压系统。超压从东营组开始出现,歧口凹陷中心超压最强,北大港东翼、歧口凹陷及板桥凹陷超压次之。双超压结构对歧深地区油气聚集有明显的控制作用,从而形成了"上油下气"分布格局,由此建立了"双压控藏"模式。     

渤海湾盆地中、新生代岩石圈热结构研究

本文以浅部沉积盆地热历史恢复结果为基础,结合地热学的有关理论计算得到渤海湾盆地中生代以来不同地质时期壳幔热流配分及莫霍面温度。结果显示,渤海湾盆地在早白垩世晚期和古近纪中晚期达到两次地幔热流与地表热流之比高峰,其两期地幔热流占地表热流比例都超过65%。莫霍面温度在早白垩世晚期、古近纪中晚期及新近纪早期(仅在临清坳陷、沧县隆起和冀中坳陷)出现3次高峰,其温度分别为900～1100℃、820～900℃和770～810℃。本文的研究不仅揭示出白垩纪是渤海湾盆地岩石圈热结构的重要转型期,即由三叠纪和侏罗纪的"冷幔热壳"型转变为白垩纪以来的"热幔冷壳"型的岩石圈热结构,还揭示出渤海湾盆地在早白垩世晚期和古近纪中晚期发生两期强烈的构造裂陷作用。因此,本文的研究可以为中国东部大陆岩石圈地球动力学的研究提供地热学参数。     

Fluid Dynamic Field in Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The physical accumulation process of oil and gas, as thenatural nuids buried in the underground, follows the mechanism of fluid flow dynamics (Tao, 19831 Hubbert, 1953,1940). More and more lines of evidence show that the underground fluid dynamics not only controls hydrocarbon expulsionand accumulation directly, but also influences hydrocarbongeneration and preservation. Therefore, this research has beenpursued with great interests by worldwide petroleum geologists(GOng and Yang, 19993 Ye et…     

渤海湾盆地垦东凸起构造特征与油气聚集

渤海湾盆地中南部地区垦东凸起是一个新的油气勘探领域。为了深入研究垦东凸起的构造特征与油气聚集规律,寻找有利的油气圈闭,就下列问题进行探讨:渤海湾盆地中、南部的区域构造特征,垦东凸起的构造演化和构造样式和油气圈闭类型和油气富集特征。通过对本区地质、地球物理和地球化学的综合研究认为,渤海湾盆地中南部区域由于成带状的伸展断陷-断凸和连接它们的横向调节带的存在,构造上呈现出南北分带、东西分段的断块构造格局。构造发展史表明,垦东凸起及北部斜坡带经历了裂谷期前、裂谷期和裂谷期后3大发育阶段,纵向上呈3层结构分布。垦东凸起可分为西段高凸起、东段低凸起,分别与北部斜坡带西段和东段相连。其中北部斜坡带的构造样式主要为同向的阶梯状正断层。凸起内部主要为背向正断层组合形成的地垒和面向正断层组合形成的地堑。垦东凸起圈闭可分为5种类型,其中构造圈闭主要有牵引背斜、逆牵引背斜、屋脊断块以及披覆背斜等。油气主要来自古近纪黄河口伸展断陷生油中心,自北向南沿砂体、不整合面和正断层呈阶梯状侧向和垂向运移至北部斜坡带和凸起,在新近纪和古近纪地层组成的有利圈闭处聚集。     

渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷不同区带油气成藏期差异性及主控因素

东濮凹陷是渤海湾盆地典型富油气凹陷,利用烃源岩生排烃史模拟和储层流体包裹体分析,对凹陷内不同区带、不同层系油气藏的形成时期及差异性进行了系统研究。结果表明,研究区存在两期成藏:第一期为古近纪东营组沉积后期至抬升初期,第二期为新近纪明化镇组沉积末期,其中第一期为主成藏期。不同区带、不同层系油气充注成藏时期存在明显差异:第一期成藏范围广泛,在全区均有分布,第二期成藏则主要分布于近生烃凹陷区;中浅部层系多为第一期单期成藏,深部层系多为两期成藏,第二成藏期主要分布于深部主力生烃层系中。不同区带及不同层系成藏的差异性主要受控于烃源岩主生排烃期断层活动性和高成熟烃源岩的分布。