Provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Laiyang Group on Lingshan Island (western Yellow Sea,China) and its tectono-sedimentary implications

Abstract

Longstanding debates on the tectonic setting and provenance of the Lower Cretaceous Lingshandao Formation have hindered basin analysis and tectonic studies of the collision of the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton, and thus the evolution of the Sulu Orogen. Thin-section analysis, identification of rock particles, cathodoluminescence, heavy minerals and trace-element analysis have, in addition to field investigations, been applied to reconstruct the source area and transport pathways of the sediments that build the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group on the Lingshan Island, western Yellow Sea. These analyses indicate that the Laiyang Group consists mainly of material derived from a recycled orogen and from transitional continental sediments. The Laiyang Group on Lingshan Island has been sourced from igneous and metamorphic rocks. Comparing analyses of detrital minerals with rocks from surrounding areas leads to the conclusion that the main source area is the Sulu Orogen that supplied sediment to rift basin rather than a residual basin between the Yangtze Craton and the North China Craton.

1. A recycled orogenic belt is the source area for the Laiyang Group on Linshan Island.

2. Felsic metamorphic and igneous rocks form the most probable sources.

3. The rift basin was filled by sediments supplied from the Sulu Orogen on both sides.

     

山东青岛地区灵山岛早白垩世碎屑岩锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素特征及其大地构造意义

苏鲁造山带东缘的灵山岛上发育有早白垩世碎屑岩,目前人们对其沉积的精确时代、成因机制和大地构造环境仍然存在着广泛的争议.利用LA-ICP-MS的方法对灵山岛上两套碎屑岩进行了锆石U-Pb测年,并对特征年龄谱中的代表性碎屑锆石进行了Lu-Hf同位素分析.结果表明:（1）碎屑锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,莱阳群法家茔组和青山群八亩地组下部的碎屑岩沉积时代分别为127±3 Ma和128±4 Ma,表明两套碎屑岩都是早白垩世中晚期的沉积产物;（2）灵山岛上两套碎屑岩具有完全相似的年龄谱以及锆石Hf同位素组成,表明发育软沉积变形的粉砂岩、泥岩和上覆的含砾粗砂岩具有相似的物源,并且源区组成较为单一,主要以亲华北的胶北地体为主,其次的物源区为苏鲁造山带;（3）胶莱盆地下白垩统莱阳群和灵山岛下白垩统莱阳群的碎屑锆石年龄谱对比表明,灵山岛上的莱阳群碎屑岩明显不同于胶莱盆地的莱阳群,暗示在早白垩世时,灵山岛上的两套碎屑岩可能受到区域断裂的控制,沉积于一个相对独立的盆地.综合结果表明,灵山岛地区莱阳群法家茔组可能沉积于断陷湖盆的萎缩期,早期的沉积以湖相为主,晚期主要以河流相为主,在此期间遭受到了强烈的火山地震作用,诱发了下部的湖相的砂泥岩发生大规模的滑塌和软沉积变形.      

Timing and implications for the late Mesozoic geodynamic settings of eastern North China Craton: Evidences from K–Ar dating age and sedimentary–structural characteristics records of Lingshan Island,Shandong Province

The Lingshan Island in Shandong Province in the eastern North China Craton, well known for the Late Mesozoic multi-scale slide-slump structures is related to paleo-earthquake. Terrigenous clastic rocks, volcanic clastic rocks and volcanic lavas are extensively exposed in the Lingshan Island and its adjacent regions of the Shandong Province, which led to fierce debates on their ages, sedimentary characteristics and tectono-sedimentary evolution. In this contribution, we present the characteristics of the Late Mesozoic stratigraphy in the Lingshan Island. Whole-rock K–Ar dating of dyke at Beilaishi and rhyolites at Laohuzui of the Lingshan Island yielded ages of 159 Ma and \(106\hbox {–}92\hbox { Ma}\) which coincides with the Laiyang Period rifting and the Qingshan Period rifting in the Jiaolai Basin, respectively. On the basis of the analysis to the Late Mesozoic sedimentary environment of ‘flysch’ and ‘molasse’-like formations as well as tectonic stress fields reconstruction, four episodes of the tectono-sedimentary evolution were established in the Lingshan Island and its adjacent regions in the eastern North China Craton. They consist of two episodes of extensional events for the syn-rift, and two episodes of compression events for the inversion of the post-rift. The entire episodes can be summarized as follows: (1) the first syn-rift NW–SE extension in Laiyang Period can be identified by the ‘flysch’ formation (Unit 1) and by emplacement of the NE-trending dyke in the Laiyang Group. This syn-rift episode can be related to the NW–SE post-orogenic extension resulted from the gravity collapse of the thickened lithosphere along the Sulu Orogen. (2) The first post-rift NW–SE inversion, which was caused by the NW-directed subduction of Izanaqi Plate, can be well documented by the ‘X’ type conjugate joints as well as slide slump folds in Unit 1. (3) The second syn-rift NW–SE extension in Qingshan Period is characterized by rhyolite rocks (Unit 2). This syn-rift episode can be considered to be associated with lithospheric delamination of the thickened lithosphere in the eastern North China Craton. And finally, (4) the second post-rift NW–SE inversion which resulted from the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the eastern North China Craton in the NW direction at the end of the Qingshan Period is recorded by ‘molasse’-like formation (Unit 3).     

山东灵山岛莱阳群粉砂岩地球化学特征及意义

灵山岛下部莱阳群重力流沉积地层以其巨厚的沉积规模,独特的沉积特征受到国内外地质学界越来越多的重视.但目前,该套地层的源区风化程度、物源性质、物源区构造背景及沉积环境尚不明确,通过对灵山岛下部莱阳群粉砂岩进行岩相学分析、主量元素XRF测试、稀土及微量元素ICP-MS测试,结果显示:粉砂岩SiO₂含量较低 (平均51.78%),Fe₂O₃T含量较高 (平均5.73%),Na₂O平均含量为2.74%,K₂O平均含量为2.79%;通过主量元素投图分析,样品归类为杂砂岩及岩屑砂岩;样品ΣREE为153.00×10-6~254.38×10-6,平均为201.65×10-6,高于PAAS及UCC,富集轻稀土元素,贫重稀土元素,具有中等程度Eu负异常,弱Ce负异常;相对于UCC,样品富集大离子亲石元素,弱富集高场强元素,亏损过渡组元素.样品ICV值高 (＞0.84)、为初次循环沉积,CIA值低 (＜65) 表明源区风化强度低,物源为长英质物质及少量古地壳再旋回物质,物源区大地构造背景为大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘,沉积环境为海相还原环境且莱阳期为干热气候.此外,应用对REE元素进行归类统计的方法来推测物源区,分析表明样品物源区最有可能为胶南群与蓬莱群地层.      

山东省灵山岛下白垩统青山群火山地震软沉积物变形构造特征及成因机制*

近年来,针对山东省灵山岛地区软沉积物变形构造的研究呈现热潮,但研究层位主要集中于下白垩统莱阳群的浊积岩,对下白垩统青山群未见详述。利用野外露头与镜下薄片资料,详细描述了灵山岛地区下白垩统青山群的岩性特征、岩相组合、软沉积物变形构造类型与特征,指出研究区青山群软沉积物变形构造主要宿主岩层为陆相扇三角洲沉积,其沉积水体逐渐变浅,并伴随多次火山爆发。软沉积物变形构造类型主要有负载构造、球—枕构造、泄水构造、挤入构造、水塑性褶皱、塑性砂岩团块包卷构造、火山地震落石构造和“V”型地裂缝等,形成原因主要为火山爆发引起的古火山地震作用,成因机制主要分为地震波、火山碎屑物重力及惯性作用与瞬时差异气压效应3种,这与莱阳群浊积岩层位的软沉积物变形构造主要为滑塌与构造古地震机制不同。通过分析火山碎屑流堆积层位与软沉积物变形构造发育层位的关系,建立了青山群软沉积物变形构造的分布模式,即随着与火山口距离的变化,近源易见的脆性变形逐渐消失,中源以液化软沉积物变形与塑性变形为主体,远源呈现弱的液化软沉积物变形,且软沉积物变形构造的规模与距离呈负相关。     

羌塘地块西南缘上侏罗统-下白垩统海相地层的发现

通过1∶5万区域地质调查,在青藏高原羌塘地块西南缘鸡夯地区原划上三叠统日干配错群中新识别出一套上侏罗统—下白垩统地层。本文根据该套地层的岩石组合以及古生物面貌特征,初步探讨了该套地层的沉积环境和沉积相特征,对其中发育的玄武岩夹层采用锆石U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)同位素测年方法,获得其年龄为118.3±2.1Ma。在发育的生物碎屑灰岩夹层中采集了珊瑚、双壳类、腕足、腹足类化石,化石资料显示该套地层形成于晚侏罗世—早白垩世。这是首次在南羌塘地块发现该时期海相地层,这一发现证明南羌塘地块在晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期海水并未完全退出,而是局部发育海相三角洲。     

浙闽赣地区侏罗系——白垩系界线再认识

我国陆相侏罗系—白垩系界线长期存在争议。最近黑龙江东部海相化石的检验使这一问题有所突破;根据与海相层交互的陆相层中各门类化石的对比,又使其它地区(包括浙闽赣地区)的问题也开始解决。众所周知,浙闽赣地区侏罗系—白垩系界线就在建德群(或其相当地层)之中或其顶、底。本文依据与黑龙江东部的对比,并据本区近年来采用多种方法测得的,一批可靠性大的同位素年龄资料,提出了侏罗系—白垩系界线的新认识。     

山东灵山岛北背来石剖面下白垩统顺层砂脉的特征及其成因动力学分析*

山东灵山岛北背来石剖面下白垩统莱阳组发育大量砂脉。根据砂脉与层面的关系,将其分为顺层砂脉和非顺层砂脉。前者主要发育在三角洲前缘黑色泥岩中,顶、底界面普遍参差不齐,常与软沉积变形构造共生。在分析砂脉特征的基础上,建立了非地震条件下顺层砂脉侵入的物理模型和公式,推导出液化砂层的深度与侵位深度和上覆沉积层厚度之间的关系,认为形成大型砂脉的液化砂层深度都很大。该实例对研究砂脉的成因、湖泊相关沉积及盆地构造运动具有重要意义。     

Characteristics and dynamics origin of the Lower Cretaceous sill in northern Beilaishi section of Lingshan Island,Shandong Province

A lot of sand dikes are found in the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Formation in northern Beilaishi section located in the Lingshan Island of Shandong Province. There are two types including bedding sand dikes and unbedding sand dikes based on their relationship with the bedding plane. The bedding sand dikes, which are often associated with soft sedimentary deformation, are mainly developed in the black mudstone of delta front, and their top and bottom interfaces are generally uneven. Based on the characteristics of sand dikes, the physical model and formula of bedding sand dikes under non-seismic condition are established. The relationship between the depth of liquefied sand layer, the emplacement depth and thickness of overlying sediment layer is deduced. It is considered that the depth of liquefied sand layer which forms large sand veins is very deep. This paper is of great significance in studying the origin of sand veins, lake related deposition and basin tectonic movement.     

新疆库车坳陷晚白垩世沉积的地球化学特征及意义

库车坳陷广泛发育的晚白垩世巴什基奇克组是新疆塔里木盆地北部地区克拉苏大型气田的主要储层,其沉积环境一直存在争议。本文依据塔里木盆地北部地区库车坳陷巴什基奇克组地球化学资料,对塔北地区晚白垩世时期发育海侵沉积进行了分析。结合野外露头剖面和钻井剖面巴什基奇克组上段新发现的大量海相钙质超微化石和沉积相特点,认为塔北地区晚白垩世时期曾发生明显的海侵作用,海水分布范围向东可达库车河地区,但沉积环境比较闭塞,古盐度指数反映水介质为咸水,古气候以干旱高温为特点。这一研究为塔西南地区和塔北地区晚白垩世地层对比奠定了基础,对本区的油气勘探和远景分析具有重要意义。     

The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of eastern Heilongjiang, northeast China: stratigraphy and regional basin history

In eastern Heilongjiang, the Upper Jurassic is marine and restricted to the Suibin and Dong’an areas, where it is characterized faunally by Callovian–Volgian (Tithonian) bivalves and florally by dinoflagellates. The Lower Cretaceous is widely distributed in eastern Heilongjiang, and characterized faunally by Berriasian–Valanginian bivalves, Barremian–Albian ammonites and Aucellina, and florally by dinoflagellates. To the west, the marine facies grade into non-marine beds. Thus, in the east, for example in the Dong’an and Dajiashan areas, near the northwestern Palaeo-Pacific, the Lower Cretaceous is marine; westward, in the Yunshan, Longzhaogou, Peide, and Zhushan areas, marine and non-marine deposits alternate, whereas further west still, e.g. in the Jixi Basin, non-marine facies are intercalated with marine beds. This regional distribution is indicative of a large, shallow embayment opening eastwards to the Palaeo-Pacific; during the Early Cretaceous successive transgressive-regressive events influenced the climate and biota of eastern Heilongjiang and northeastern China. Many of the Lower Cretaceous sections contain abundant coals, demonstrating that in this region the Early Cretaceous was an important coal-forming period. Some non-marine bivalve species are common to the Lower Cretaceous Jixi Group of eastern Heilongjiang, the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the Transbaikalian Group of Siberia, suggesting that these groups are of comparable Early Cretaceous age.     

福建晚中生代兜岭群时代与区域地层对比

中国东部晚中生代广布的陆相火山盆地沉积,由于海相生物化石的匮乏造成与层型地区对比的困难,长期以来该地层时代仅笼统被认为属于晚侏罗世-早白垩世。通过岩石组合、构造层和沉积构造环境的综合对比,确立闽西地区的兜岭群与闽东地区南园群、浙西建德群可以对比,构造不整合面代表区域上由挤压向拉张构造背景转化的相对等时界面。兜岭群的植物群Cupressinocladus --Brachyphyllum 组合可能与北方的Ruffordia --Onychiopsis 植物组合大体相当,叶肢介、介形类、腹足类和双壳类等化石与浙江早白垩世建德生物群、北方的热河生物群均可以对比,时代应为早白垩世欧特里夫期-阿普特期。     

Amber‐bearing Bed in a Shallow Marine Setting,an Example from the Lower Cretaceous Miyako Group,Northeastern Japan

A previously unknown amber‐bearing bed in the Lower Cretaceous Miyako Group, northeastern Japan, was deposited within a sequence that contains abundant marine macrofossils and wave‐generated sedimentary structures that suggest deposition in an open shallow marine environment. How the amber was transported from its terrestrial origin to the marine environment is unclear, but sedimentary gravity flow is a strong candidate. Our observations suggest that the occurrence of amber clasts in sediments deposited in open and closed shallow marine environments is not uncommon. Thus, in addition to terrestrial sediments, sediments of marine origin have potential as targets for amber exploration.     

东海陆架盆地南部油气资源前景与选区

通过开展二维地震资料调查和重处理,结合钻井、重磁、海陆对比等新老资料开展联合解释认为:东海陆架盆地南部中生界具有分布广、厚度大、沉积中心位于东部,新生界则呈现东西厚中间薄,新生代构造单元中的台北凸起、观音凸起和雁荡凸起上均有中生界分布;白垩系较侏罗系分布更为广泛,侏罗系西部边界为雁荡凸起东侧,白垩系西部边界以瓯江凹陷西侧为界;中生界三口钻井分析结果发现了确凿的海相标志,证实了中生界东海陆架盆地发生多次海侵,结合围区沉积特征认为侏罗纪存在南北向和东西向的海侵,白垩纪主要体现为东西向的海侵;研究区中生界发育中下侏罗统、下白垩统两套烃源岩,新生界发育古新统、始新统、渐新统和中新统四套烃源岩,具有较好的油气资源前景。     

Aspects of the marine Cretaceous of China

The marine Cretaceous of China is distributed mainly in southwestern Xinjiang, the West Kunlun Mountains, the Karakorum Mountains and most parts of Xizang (Tibet), with findings even from Taiwan.The marine Cretaceous of China may be divided into three sedimentary belts according to the lithologic and tectonic characters, biological provinces and the different modes of deposition.On the basis of recent research on the Cretaceous marine strata and faunas in China, the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic sequences have been preliminarily established and the division and correlation of strata and boundaries between the Jurassic and Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous, as well as Cretaceous and Tertiary outlined; the position of the beach line of the Laurasian landmass in China and the events of the tectonic movement and the transgression and regression during the Cretaceous period are discussed.     

青岛灵山岛下白垩统湖泊风暴沉积与风暴作用

灵山岛背来石剖面发育了非常典型的湖泊风暴岩和风暴作用。非常典型的丘、洼状构造发育在火山岩底部的砂页岩中。丘状构造呈典型的丘状,规模不一,小者高数厘米,宽数十厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽12. 48m;具有典型的二元结构：底部为灰色或浅灰色的砂砾岩或砂岩;顶部为深灰色 黑色泥岩、页岩或薄层砂岩互层。砂砾岩分选磨圆均很差,砾石主要为片麻岩,直径多在数毫米到3~4cm,呈悬浮式胶结。砾岩底部为凹凸不平的侵蚀面,砾岩向丘状构造两翼变薄甚至尖灭,与下部侵蚀面呈典型的角度交切。丘状构造的上部的细粒层有四个要素：①上凸形态;②丘状交错层理;③下细上粗的二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。洼状构造也具有典型的洼状,规模也不一,小者高数厘米,宽十余厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽18. 70m,具有下细上粗的（反)二元结构,但底部多为深灰 灰黑色、甚至黑色的泥岩、页岩或夹薄层砂岩,上部多为砂岩、砂砾岩或砾岩。完整的洼状构造也有四个要素：①下凹形态;②或有洼状交错层理;③下细上粗的（反)二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。丘状构造与洼状构造在空间上相邻共生,但不是同时形成的,一个连续的完整序列是丘状构造形成在先,洼状构造形成在后,其间由一个粒度较细的薄层分隔开（风暴最高水位时的“静”水沉积)。基于实验和丘洼构造参数计算了风暴浪的相关参数。     

塔里木盆地西南部下白垩统克孜勒苏群沉积特征与成矿成藏作用*

通过对塔里木盆地西南部(塔西南)江格结尔地区下白垩统克孜勒苏群地层剖面测量,该地区的克孜勒苏群分为5个岩性段,岩性主要为泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩、含砾砂岩、砾岩等,沉积相主要为辫状河三角洲相;其上覆的上白垩统库克拜组为介壳灰岩、膏质泥岩,沉积相为浅海相、滨海潟湖相; 下伏的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组岩性主要为杂砾岩、含砂杂砾岩和石英砂岩等,沉积相为冲积扇相;三者呈整合接触。从该区下白垩统克孜勒苏群的沉积特征来看,早白垩世为陆源碎屑沉积环境,在晚白垩世转入海相沉积环境。对比该区北侧陆内造山带中的拉分断陷盆地(萨热克巴依盆地)中下白垩统克孜勒苏群的地层层序,该区仅沉积了下白垩统克孜勒苏群下部3个岩性段而缺失上部岩性段,表明在早白垩世后期塔里木盆地北侧西南天山发生过一次抬升作用。下白垩统克孜勒苏群是铜铅锌铀矿等金属矿产的赋矿层位,同时也是塔里木盆地石油和天然气的重要储集层位,在铜铅锌等矿石中常可见大量的沥青等有机质,这些有机质主要源于下伏侏罗系的煤系烃源岩,并通过成矿流体参与了金属矿产的成矿作用,因而这种多矿种“同盆共存”的现象,在沉积盆地的研究中作为整体的成矿系统来研究将更有意义。     

塔里木盆地西南部下白垩统克孜勒苏群沉积特征与成矿成藏作用*

通过对塔里木盆地西南部(塔西南)江格结尔地区下白垩统克孜勒苏群地层剖面测量,该地区的克孜勒苏群分为5个岩性段,岩性主要为泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩、含砾砂岩、砾岩等,沉积相主要为辫状河三角洲相;其上覆的上白垩统库克拜组为介壳灰岩、膏质泥岩,沉积相为浅海相、滨海潟湖相; 下伏的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组岩性主要为杂砾岩、含砂杂砾岩和石英砂岩等,沉积相为冲积扇相;三者呈整合接触。从该区下白垩统克孜勒苏群的沉积特征来看,早白垩世为陆源碎屑沉积环境,在晚白垩世转入海相沉积环境。对比该区北侧陆内造山带中的拉分断陷盆地(萨热克巴依盆地)中下白垩统克孜勒苏群的地层层序,该区仅沉积了下白垩统克孜勒苏群下部3个岩性段而缺失上部岩性段,表明在早白垩世后期塔里木盆地北侧西南天山发生过一次抬升作用。下白垩统克孜勒苏群是铜铅锌铀矿等金属矿产的赋矿层位,同时也是塔里木盆地石油和天然气的重要储集层位,在铜铅锌等矿石中常可见大量的沥青等有机质,这些有机质主要源于下伏侏罗系的煤系烃源岩,并通过成矿流体参与了金属矿产的成矿作用,因而这种多矿种“同盆共存”的现象,在沉积盆地的研究中作为整体的成矿系统来研究将更有意义。     

新疆塔里木盆地白垩—第三纪沉积相及储集体分析

根据沉积特征、岩石矿物特征、生物特征及地球化学特征的综合分析，将塔里木盆地白垩-第三系划分为3个沉积相组、12个沉积相、20个沉积亚相和若干个沉积微相，并首次在塔北发现海相沉积，塔里木盆地白垩-第三纪储集体包括碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两种，东北坳陷区储层主要为碎屑岩，特别是下白垩统卡普沙良群亚格列木组是沙雅隆起上的重要储层，上白垩统巴什基奇克组是库车前陆盆地的重要储层，西南坳陷区储层包括碎屑岩储层和碳酸盐岩储层两种岩性，如下白垩统上部乌鲁克恰特组滨岸海滩硝砾岩及上白垩统依格孜牙组生物丘灰岩等也构成较好的储集层。     

山东省灵山岛负载构造和球-枕构造研究

本文运用野外露头考察、沉积岩石学、地质统计等方法,对灵山岛的负载构造和球-枕构造进行研究。这些负载构造和球-枕构造侧向延伸好,在整个剖面上连续分布,具有多尺度、多形态、多组合等特点。形成负载构造和球-枕构造的前提条件是地层密度的倒置(上大下小),变形的根本驱动力是沉积物自身的重力。球-枕构造和负载构造的形成机制相同,只是变形程度和阶段不同。根据不对称负载构造受横向剪切力分析,证明早白垩世时该盆地存在古斜坡,并且SE高、NW低。综合考虑地震触发形成震积岩的标志特征和灵山岛的构造地质背景,认为本研究区的负载构造和球-枕构造系古地震触发形成。