2000—2020年纳木错的时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

基于2000—2020年Landsat TM、ETM + 以及OLI遥感影像,采用目视解译的方法提取纳木错的湖泊边界并计算其面积和湖岸线长度,分析20年间纳木错湖泊面积和湖岸线的时空变化特征,同时,利用同时段的气温和降水数据对湖泊变化原因进行探讨,为研究纳木错水资源的时空变化特征提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）2000—2020年纳木错湖面面积增长38. 58 km^{22相似文献}   

西藏色林错12ka以来的湖泊退缩过程——基于古湖岸线的OSL测年

青藏高原内陆封闭湖泊的水体演化是古气候变化的良好地质载体,其中湖泊古湖岸线变迁蕴含了丰富的地质信息,对其识别和研究是认识导致湖泊退缩的气候或构造变化的关键。色林错是青藏高原第二大内陆湖泊,保存了一系列古湖岸线。我们对色林错东北岸保存完好的古湖岸线进行了研究。对这些古湖岸线样品中的石英颗粒使用单片再生法(Singlealiquot regeneration)进行OSL测年,测定年龄分别为12.2±0.8 ka、6.3±0.4 ka和2.3±0.2 ka。表明色林错在约12.2 ka、6.3 ka和2.3 ka±至少出现了3次阶段性湖泊收缩过程。     

青藏高原纳木错异常高湖面重建工作研究进展与展望北大核心CSCD

青藏高原的许多湖泊发育有湖岸线、侵蚀阶地和高湖面沉积物,这些地貌和沉积单元是反映地质历史时期湖面变化的直接地貌和岩性证据。它们不仅反映了湖泊水文变化历史,还可作为揭示区域乃至全球环境变化的重要载体。在青藏高原众多湖泊中,纳木错最具典型性和代表性。纳木错湖岸最高古湖相沉积物位于现代湖面之上约150 m,高出当今溢流垭口约123 m。至今,有关纳木错异常高湖面的发育时代、湖侵-湖退过程、异常高湖面的形成机制、与其他湖泊之间的水文联系等科学问题仍不清楚或存在很大争议。本文以纳木错异常高湖面的特征、时代、期次和成因问题为主题,综述了一个多世纪以来国内外学者对纳木错湖面变化重建的研究成果,尤其对目前纳木错古湖面重建研究中存在的问题进行了总结,并对未来的工作重点进行了展望。此外,基于初步的调查结果,认为纳木错高湖面沉积可能形成于全新世中晚期,并指示了一次湖侵-湖退过程。南支槽的异常振荡及其导致的冬半年降水增加可能是引起湖面变化的主要驱动因素。     

湖芯沉积物揭示的末次冰消开始时期 普莫雍错湖区环境变化*

文章讨论了末次冰消开始时期青藏高原南部普莫雍错湖芯沉积反映的环境暖湿化以及原因。通过对现代湖泊和周边河流水文状况调查,发现流域内发育众多冰川,冰川融水构成维持湖面稳定的重要来源;湖面以及湖泊沉积环境的变化与冰川融水以及相应的温度改变具有密切的联系。利用湖泊沉积岩芯PM-1孔,通过加速器¹⁴ C测年和粒度、元素、碳酸盐含量、总有机碳以及有机碳同位素、总氮、分子标志化合物、孢粉等环境指标的分析,发现在16.4~15.4cal.kaB.P.有大量流水进入湖泊,使湖面扩大,湖水加深;流域地表产生大量有机碎屑,并被流水带入湖泊进行沉积;流域内的喜湿植被得以发展。该时段湖泊扩张、陆源植被发展的原因一方面得益于冰期过后气候向温暖湿润方向转化,另一方面温度上升带来大量冰川融水则可能具有更加重要的影响,对于深入理解当前青藏高原冰川普遍退缩和一些湖泊的水面上涨具有重要的参考价值。     

纳木错湖相沉积与藏北高原古大湖

藏北高原古湖岸线分布广泛，湖相沉积与湖成地貌发育，目前，在纳木错沿岸可清晰地划分出4-6级湖岸阶地，最高湖相沉积高出现代湖面150m，沿岸堤可多达50条，雄曲-那曲谷地是连接纳木错盆地与其以西的仁错-久如错盆地的分水谷地，也是构成纳木错2湖岸阶地顶部的第四纪湖相沉积，构成宽谷的谷底，从最高湖岸线的分布与湖相沉积物、湖成地貌等标志综合判定，古大湖泊的面积要比现代湖泊面积大数十倍，末次古大湖的时代发生于末次冰期间冰段。     

西藏纳木错末次间冰期以来的气候变迁与湖面变化

在西藏纳木错沿岸,发育了6级湖岸阶地及拔湖48～139.2m的高位湖相沉积.根据湖相沉积的U系法测年和孢粉分析结果,本文探讨了纳木错及邻区末次间冰期(MIS5)以来的古植被、古气候与湖面变化.研究表明,纳木错与邻区的湖面变化可以划分为116～37kaB.P.间的古大湖--"羌塘东湖"期、37～30kaB.P.间的"古纳木错"外流湖-残余古大湖期和30kaB.P.以来的纳木错-藏北湖群期等3大阶段.在MIS5的古大湖阶段,包括纳木错、色林错等藏北高原东南部的众多大、中型湖泊,是互相连通的一个大湖,其范围可能超过了现代的藏北内、外流(怒江)水系的分水岭.在MIS5e末的最高湖面时期,湖面面积可达78800km²,它或许还与藏北高原西南部和中南部的其他古大湖相连,成为面积巨大的网格状深水大湖--"羌塘湖".通过纳木错湖面变化曲线与西昆仑古里雅、格陵兰、南极等冰芯和深海岩芯的氧同位素变化曲线的对比可以发现,全球MIS5的气温要高于末次冰期间冰阶(MIS3),此时藏北高原为气候温和轻爽与湖面最高的大湖期;在末次冰期的两个冰阶(MIS4和MIS2)中,湖面明显下降,邻近的念青唐古拉山发育了小型山谷冰川;而在间冰阶MIS3中,其气候波动的幅度,要比世界其他地区更加明显,湖面波动也较大,特别是36～35kaB.P.间,气温和湿度都较今略高或较高,但不及MIS1中的全新世气候最宜时期的暖湿程度.总之,MIS5和MIS3是亚洲夏季风强烈时期,但前者的强烈程度应大于后者.     

柴达木察尔汗盐湖贝壳堤剖面介形类组合及其环境意义

柴达木盆地察尔汗贝壳堤剖面记录了约39.7～17.514CkaB.P.期间古湖泊高湖面扩张、收缩的演化历史。剖面中丰富的介形类,皆为我国东部山间盆地～平原区系与西部高原区系常见种。依据青海地区现代介形类分布调查,可知研究剖面高湖面发育期为淡水湖,其中高分异度介形类组合代表近静水的浅湖环境,单种或近单种土星介大量出现层位指示缓流水环境,大量原生双壳类共生可能指示静水、较深水环境。据地层中介形类分布,自下而上划分为7个组合-沉积环境带,分别为:①少量湖沼种出现（积水洼地形成带）——湖泊前期,②单种缓流水种连续出现（湖泊初始形成带）——高湖面初始形成期,③高分异度组合、介形类富集（浅水大湖带）——高湖面水深加大期,④中分异度组合、介形类少量出现（深湖带）——高湖面最盛期,⑤中分异度组合、介形类少量出现、双壳类连续富集（湖泊变浅带）——高湖面略下降期,⑥缓流水介形类繁盛、双壳类多少不等（湖泊水位下降带）——古湖泊退缩期和⑦介形类稀少带——古湖泊快速消亡期。贝壳堤剖面所见双壳类在现代介形类调查区域没有发现,它们在地层中的出现,进一步指示大体相当MIS3阶段时期柴达木盆地比现代更温暖的气候背景,降水条件好于现代。     

藏西北结则茶卡湖晚更新世以来演化及气候环境

结则茶卡位于藏北高原湖盆区西北部,喀喇昆仑山与昆仑山交汇部位的西南侧,处于班公湖—怒江结合带与红其拉甫—双湖结合带之间,湖面海拔高度4525m.在其拔湖325m附近明显存在一条高位湖岸线,从该湖岸线到湖面,发育了各级较为连续的湖积阶地和众多保存较好的湖岸堤、湖蚀槽、湖蚀柱和湖蚀台地.沿湖岸不同高度上的湖积物U系年龄分别为(14.2±1.2)kaB.P.(T2)、(38.0±3.5)kaB.P.(T4)和(41.6±3.2)kaB.P.(T5),根据湖面下降幅度推算出结则茶卡高位湖积层形成年龄大致在120~90kaB.P..晚更新世以来结则茶卡处于封闭演化体系中,湖泊的萎缩主要与气候干旱、少雨有关,湖面平均退却速度3.31mm/a.大约晚更新世初期,青藏高原存在着一个高湖面,大致在100kaB.P.开始,青藏高原泛湖期从西向东逐渐结束,其气候也从西向东可能逐渐变为干旱、少雨.     

末次冰期间冰阶(40～22kaBP)内蒙古黄旗海古降水量研究

末次冰期间冰阶(40～22kaBP),黄旗海最高古湖面稳定在1310～1318m之间,比现代湖面约高50m,湖泊面积达到450～515km2(平均为466km2),是现代湖面101km2(1950～1961年平均值)的4.4～5.1倍,湖泊补给系数7.8～9.1。利用逐次逼近法寻找古流域的现代气候相似区域,从而确定相关参数定量重建古降水量;在此基础上,附加另外两个过程,检验了重建结果的可靠性。重建结果认为:40～22kaBP古湖面稳定存在时,黄旗海流域的古降水量可达479～497mm/a,比现在年平均值(353mm/a)高约126～144mm/a。     

晚第四纪柴达木盆地东部古湖泊高湖面光释光年代学

高湖面是湖泊演化的鼎盛期,指示区域的温暖湿润气候。关于青藏高原湖泊高湖面的年代有不同的观点。一种观点(主要是基于14C测年)认为在氧同位素三阶段晚期青藏高原普遍存在"大湖期"或"泛湖期",并且其温度和降水可能比全新世还高。另一种观点(主要基于释光、铀系测年等)认为青藏高原湖泊的最高古湖面出现在氧同位素五阶段,之后湖面逐渐下降。柴达木盆地位于青藏高原的东北部,其高湖面年代的研究可为认识青藏高原环境演化提供基础资料。本文选择柴达木盆地东部的托素湖和尕海湖高出现代湖面的湖相沉积和湖岸砂堤为研究对象,利用石英光释光测年方法建立其年代序列。根据沉积物沉积特征和光释光年代结果认为,尕海湖和托素湖古高湖面出现在82～73ka、63～55ka、34.4ka和全新世早期。通过与青藏高原及周边湖泊高湖面年代记录对比,认为尕海湖和托素湖的最高湖面主体出现在氧同位素五阶段,之后湖面逐渐下降。     

西昆仑山南麓湖泊和水系的近期变化

西昆仑山南麓湖泊50 000年来曾经过多次扩张和收缩,其中高湖面出现在46 000 a B.P.前后和39 000—24 000、22 000—18 500、16 000—13 000、11 000—9 000 a B.P.。本区曾经是一个统一大湖,因气候变干、水面下降而分割成目前的湖泊。高湖面出现的时间与间冰段相当,但10 000年来由于气候不断变干而未出现全新世南湖面。据沿岸多级砂砾堤推算,9 000年来的气候变化具有400a和800a的周期。本区河流原属喀拉喀什河上游,因地壳上升和气候变干而分割成目前郭扎错、阿克赛钦湖和苦水湖三个封闭水系。     

西昆仑山甜水海北湖砂楔的形成与环境演变

青藏高原是世界上中低纬度地区冰缘最发育的区域,其中西昆仑山甜水海地区广泛分布着砂楔群等冰缘现象.砂楔是寒冷气候条件的产物,对古气候和古环境的重建具有重要意义.文章通过分析甜水海北湖砂楔矿物特征发现,砂楔填充物基本属于近源堆积;14C测年结果以及粒度再结合砂楔形态分析得出,该砂楔的形成经历了13.9kaB.P.,11.9...     

中国盐湖的基本特征

盐湖中蕴藏着富饶的非金属和稀土矿产资源,盐湖沉积序列对研究干旱-半干旱区的古气候古环境演变,也占有重要的地位。本文综合现有资料,论述了中国盐湖的分布、水化学特征和盐湖类型、盐类矿物、盐类物质来源以及成盐期的基本特征。     

布卡拉曼加拉贝氏牙形石动物群在西藏日土地区的发现及其意义

布卡拉曼加拉贝氏牙形石动物群首次在西藏阿里日土县多玛区脱塔拉剖面的吞龙共巴组底部发现,主要由Rabeignathusbucaramangus,Sweetognathuswhitei,Sweetognathusironatus和Mesogondolellacf.bissilli组成,指示的地层时代为Artinskian中晚期—Kungurian早期。此前,该动物群仅发现于美国犹他州、堪萨斯州、哥伦比亚的布卡拉曼加、帕米尔东南部和中国滇西保山地区。该牙形石动物群的产出地点位于班公湖以北、龙木错以南的喀喇昆仑地层分区,跨越了班公湖-怒江断裂带北界,而这一动物群被认为是冈瓦纳北缘浅海区特有的浅水相类型,因此推测班公湖-怒江缝合带可能不是冈瓦纳大陆的北界。     

Cosmogenic Be inferred lake-level changes in Sumxi Co basin, Western Tibet

Most Tibetan lakes are surrounded by conspicuous regressive shorelines attesting to high-water levels in the past. Concentrations of the in situ produced cosmogenic radionuclide ¹⁰Be in bedrock from the three highest terraces surrounding Sumxi Co, situated in Western Kunlun, indicate that the highest lake-level appeared before 10,000–11,500 yr, and most likely between 11,000 and 12,800 yr. Younger ages for the two lower terraces imply regression of Sumxi Co during the early-mid Holocene. The concurrency of the highest lake-level with orbitally induced maximum northern hemisphere summer insolation suggests that the increase in water supply to Sumxi Co was most likely associated with increased recharge from melting glaciers. We conclude that the enhanced Indian monsoon during the early Holocene did not penetrate the Tibetan plateau and affect the northwestern part of Tibet significantly.     

Evolution of an Ancient Large Lake in the Southeast of the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Nam Co is the largest (1920 km2 in area) and highest (4718 m above sea level) lake in Tibet. According to the discovery of lake terraces and highstand lacustrine deposits at several places in Nam Co and its adjacent areas, the authors confirm the existence of an ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau. On the basis of the U-series, 14C and ESR dating, coupled with the levelling survey of lake deposits and geomorphology, the evolutionary process of the ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau may fall into three stages: (1) the ancient large lake stage at 115-40 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was 140-26 m above the level of present Nam Co; (2) the outflow lake stage at 40-30 ka BP, when the ancient level was 26-19 m above the present lake level; and (3) the Nam Co stage since 30 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was < 19 m above the present lake level. During the ancient large lake stage, a large number of modern large, medium-siz     

布卡拉曼加拉贝氏牙形石动物群在西藏日土地区的发现及其意义

布卡拉曼加拉贝氏牙形石动物群首次在西藏阿里日土县多玛区脱塔拉剖面的吞龙共巴组底部发现,主要由Rabeignathus bucaramangus,Sweetognathus whitei,Sweetognathus ironatus和Mesogondolella cf.bissilli组成,指示的地层时代为Artinskian中晚期-Kungurian早期.此前,该动物群仅发现于美国犹他州、堪萨斯州、哥伦比亚的布卡拉曼加、帕米尔东南部和中国滇西保山地区.该牙形石动物群的产出地点位于班公湖以北、龙木错以南的喀喇昆仑地层分区,跨越了班公湖-怒江断裂带北界,而这一动物群被认为是冈瓦纳北缘浅海区特有的浅水相类型,因此推测班公湖-怒江缝合带可能不是冈瓦纳大陆的北界.     

Tectonic evolution of the West Kunlun Orogenic Belt along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:Implications for the assembly of the Tarim terrane to Gondwana

The West Kunlun orogenic belt(WKOB) along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the evolution of the Proto-and Paleo-Tethys oceans. Previous investigations have focused on the igneous rocks and ophiolites distributed mostly along the Xinjiang-Tibet road and the China-Pakistan road, and have constructed a preliminary tectonic model for this orogenic belt. However, few studies have focused on the so-called Precambrian basement in this area. As a result, the tectonic affinity of the individual terranes of the WKOB and their detailed evolution process are uncertain. Here we report new field observations, zircon and monazite U-Pb ages of the "Precambrian basement" of the South Kunlun terrane(SKT) and the Tianshuihai terrane(TSHT), two major terranes in the WKOB. Based on new zircon U-Pb age data, the amphibolite-facies metamorphosed volcanosedimentary sequence within SKT was deposited during the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian(600-500 Ma), and the flysch-affinity Tianshuihai Group, as the basement of the TSHT, was deposited during the late Neoproterozoic rather than Mesoproterozoic. The rock association of the volcano-sedimentary sequence within SKT suggests a large early Paleozoic accretionary wedge formed by the long-term lowangle southward subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean between Tarim and TSHT. The amphibolitefacies metamorphism in SKT occurred at ca. 440 Ma. This ca. 440 Ma metamorphism is genetically related to the closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean between Tarim and the Tianshuihai terrane, which led to the assembly of Tarim to Eastern Gondwana and the final formation of the Gondwana. Since the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic, the northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean along the HongshihuQiaoertianshan belt produced the voluminous early Mesozoic arc-signature granites along the southern part of NKT-TSHT. The Paleo-Tethys ocean between TSHT and Karakorum closed at ca. 200 Ma, as demonstrated by the monazite age of the paragneiss in the Kangxiwa Group. Our study does not favor the existence of a Precambrian basement in SKT.     

长江三角洲地层中的冷杉和云杉花粉的来源推测

孢粉通常被用作古气候的代用指标,长江三角洲地区已经进行了许多相关的孢粉-古气候的研究工作。通过对长江三角洲地区7个晚更新世钻孔的孢粉资料进行提取对比,发现冷杉和云杉两种花粉在地层中分布有一定的规律性。现代长江流域这两种耐寒植物集中分布在青藏高原区,长江中下游地区极少分布,但其花粉确出现在近河口区的晚更新世以来的暖期地层中（MIS1,3和5期）,并且达到了一定数量,这很可能是长江从其上游地区搬运至此沉积下来的。同时,我们也发现西部内陆平原区由于受长江物源影响较少,其晚更新世以来地层中的冷杉和云杉花粉分布与河口区差别很大,这也为河流携带冷杉和云杉花粉至河口地区提供了证据。这一发现如果成立,冷杉和云杉花粉即可作为长江物源的一个判别指标。     

Paleohydrological Changes in the Western Tibetan Plateau over the Past 16,000 years Based on Sedimentary Records of n‐Alkanes and Grain Size

Both monsoons and westerlies have exerted influence on climate dynamics over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) since the last deglaciation, producing complex patterns of paleohydroclimatic conditions. Diverse proxy records are essential to forge a robust understanding of the climate system on the TP. Currently, there is a general lack of understanding of the response of inland lakes over the TP to climate change, especially glacier‐fed lakes. Paleohydrological reconstructions of such lakes could deepen our understanding of the history of lake systems and their relationship to regional climate variability. Here we use records of n‐alkanes and grain size from the sediments of Bangong Co in the western TP to reconstruct paleohydrological changes over the past 16,000 years. The Paq record (the ratio of non‐emergent aquatic macrophytes versus emergent aquatic macrophytes and terrestrial plants) is generally consistent with the variations in summer temperature and precipitation isotopes. The changes in grain‐size distributions show a similar trend to Paq but with less pronounced fluctuations in the early‐middle Holocene. The new data combined with previous results from the site demonstrate that: 1) Bangong Co experienced relatively large water‐level fluctuations during the last deglaciation, with a steadily high lake‐level during the early‐middle Holocene and a decreasing lake‐level in the late Holocene; 2) The lake level fluctuations were driven by both high summer temperatures via the melting water and monsoon precipitation. However, the dominant factor controlling lake level changed over time. The lake‐level history at Bangong Co deduced from the n‐alkanes and grain‐size records reveals the past hydrological changes in the catchment area, and stimulates more discussion about the future of glacier‐fed lakes under the conditions of unprecedented warming in the region.