新的台风风场计算方法

本文分析了Je氏风场模式与Rankine涡风场模式之间的联系,提出两种计算台风风场的新方法。新的台风风场计算方法改进了Je氏和Ran氏两个风场模式,克服了Je氏风场模式计算风速偏大,Ran氏计算风速偏小的缺点。新的风场模式的后一种模式的风速分布曲线以一种比较合理的同时优于Je氏和Kan氏的风速衰减速率向远方逐渐衰减。此外,文中提出的移动台风风场计算方法也在一定程度上改进了宫崎正卫和Je氏两个人的方法。     

中国东南沿海区域台风数值模拟与危险性分析

通过网格定点法对我国东南沿海区域性台风危险性进行了分析。利用对各网格点有影响的历史台风数据,建立了各网格点的台风关键参数的最优概率模型。利用Monte-Carlo方法产生每个网格点1 000年间的虚拟台风事件。采用YanMeng(YM)风场模型模拟了100个历史台风的最大风速,通过使这些最大风速与观测的最大风速误差和最小,建立了一组新的计算最大风半径Rmax和Holland气压参数B的公式,结果表明新的台风参数计算方案效果良好。利用新的参数计算方案、YM风场模型、特定地点的台风衰减模型以及合适的极值分布模型,预测了各个网格点不同重现期的极值风速,进而绘制了台风多发区域的设计风速图。最后研究了不同B模型、Rmax模型和极值分布模型对预测的极值风速的影响。可以为结构抗风设计和台风防灾减灾提供新的参考。     

一种计算台风风场的方法

揭示Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ涡风场模式和Ｊｅｌｅｓｎｉａｎｓｋｉ风场模式之间的联系，并设计了一种台风风场分布模式，它的风速分布曲线落在Ｊｅｌｅｓｎｉａｎｓｋｉ和Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ涡两个风场模式的风速分布曲线之间，具有一个既优于Ｊｅｌｅｓｎｉａｎｓｋｉ又优于Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ涡的风速衰减速率，因此它同时克服了Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ涡模式计算风速偏小和Ｊｅｌｅｓｎｉａｎｓｋｉ模式计算风速偏大的缺点，以一种比较合理的变化趋势向远方衰减，成为一个比较切合实际的台风风场分布模式。同时，文中提出的移行台风风场计算方法对宫崎正卫、上野武夫和Ｊｅｌｅｓｎｉａｎｓｋｉ模式都有一定的改进。     

QuikSCAT风场在台风风暴潮计算中的应用

业务化风暴潮计算中多采用模型风场的算法来给出风暴潮强迫场。最大风速半径是模型风场最难确定的参数之一。利用QuikSCAT卫星风场数据拟合台风最大风速半径是确定该参数的有效方法。将拟合得到的最大风速半径代入模型风场计算风暴潮的驱动场,模拟的沿岸风暴增水与实况更为接近。     

台风气压场与风场研究进展

回顾了台风气压场、风场研究的发展过程.从台风气压场与风场的理论研究、台风的不对称性结构、最大风速与变分调整方法、台风气压场与风场的数值模拟和台风作用下水汽热交换等方面的研究进展进行了综合分析与述评,并根据学科发展趋势和工程实际的需要,指出今后在台风气压场与风场的研究中应着重解决的问题和发展趋势.     

海上台风风场计算的简易方法

目前国内外计算海上台风风埸比较流行的方法可以说是宫崎正卫等人求台风合成风的方法和利用Wilson移动台风梯度风方程的方法。这两种计算海面风的方法都比较冗繁,计算工作量比较大。本文基于Rankine涡模式导出一种简易的台风风场分布式,其风速只是气压的     

不同台风合成风场方案在南海的适用性研究

我国南海地区常受台风侵扰,台风场是研究台风浪灾害以及风暴增水灾害的必要条件之一。因遥感风场存在台风大风圈附近风速明显偏小的问题,所以在台风场相关研究中,多采用台风模型风场和背景风场相结合的方式——即合成风场。本文选取南海相关研究中常用的3种台风场模型,对比其特点,并采用NECP CFSR作为背景风场,将合成风场和实际观测风速进行对比,结果显示在南海地区采用Jelesnianski模型得出的风场和实际风场吻合度最好,建议在该风场基础上考虑南海的地理特殊性,进行台风场模型的改进。     

一种普适性的加权热带气旋风场重构方法

台风浪模拟是海洋和海岸工程中开展重现期波浪推算的关键环节。本文在系统分析历史热带气旋近中心最大风速、大风风圈以及CCMP风场特征的基础上,提出了一种热带气旋影响范围计算方案,改进了加权热带气旋风场重构方法。以该方法重构的热带气旋风场为驱动,采用WAVEWATCH Ⅲ模型模拟了南海28次台风浪过程,并用南海北部88个站次的风、浪观测资料对重构后的风场及模拟浪高进行检验。检验结果显示:风速(台风浪高)的重构值(模拟值)与观测值吻合良好,改进后的加权热带气旋风场重构方法有较强的普适性。     

8509号台风浪的推算与分析

1985年第九号台风在青岛地区登陆,给青岛市的工农业生产及海岸工程等各方面均造成了重大破坏。本文以现有的推算台风浪的方法,对该次台风在青岛海区产生的波浪作了推算,同时对外海波浪向胶州湾内折射进行了计算和分析,并且和实测值作了比较。由于选取了比较适当的计算方法,因而获得了比较满意的结果。文中还对台风浪推算中的一些有关问题,如台风的气压场模式,最大风速的计算及风场分布等进行了阐述。     

东海台风域内的风速分布

本文从实测气压资料入手,对东海几个典型台风进行数值计算,求得台风域内的风速分布。按不同方向确定气压公式忖数r_0,把过去的一维对称模式推广为二维非对称模式。考虑了台风移动发摩擦影响,摩擦系数取变系数,使计算风场与实测更加符合。为验证模式的可靠性,将气压场、风场分别与相应的实测值进行了比较。讨论了台风风场与中心气压,台风移速,台风多数r_0的关系。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.