泰山酸雨特征及影响因素分析

利用2006—2015年泰山气象站的降水pH、电导率、降水量和风向风速资料,统计分析了泰山酸雨特征和变化趋势,探讨了降水量和风向风速对酸雨的影响。结果表明,泰山降水年均pH变化范围为4.31～4.99,酸雨发生频率达到69.3%;pH随降水量的增加而趋于5.60（中性）;5月至次年1月的月均pH与月平均过程降水量的变化趋势一致;月均电导率与月平均过程降水量的变化趋势相反。泰山降水期间盛行西南风,在南风和东北风条件下,酸雨出现频率最高且酸性最强,这主要是风速风向因素和人为排放源分布共同导致的。近10 a泰山降水酸性程度有所减弱,酸雨频率明显下降,表明近年来酸雨污染情况有所改善,有利于保护泰山生态环境。     

近20年天津市酸雨变化特征及趋势分析

根据1992—2012年的酸雨观测记录,对天津市近20年的酸雨变化特征及长期趋势进行了统计分析。结果显示:天津市的降水pH值范围变化较大,1992 2012年的降水pH值在3.30 ～8.80变化,pH值低于5.6的酸性降水出现182次,出现频率21.2%。近20年来天津市降水pH值变化分两个阶段,1992-2002年降水pH年均值呈缓慢升高的趋势,pH值平均年增长率约为0.13 a ～(-1);2003—2012年为降水pH值波动阶段,增长趋势放缓,pH值平均年增长率约为0.11 a ～(-1)。近20年春季降水pH值变化趋势不明显,夏、秋两季降水pH值呈明显增加趋势,夏、秋季是主要影响天津的降水pH值长期变化趋势的季节。大气中SO_2和NO_2的浓度与降水pH值呈负相关,本地源和周边源都对天津市的降水酸度有影响。     

1992-2006年河南省酸雨分布特征分析

利用南阳、商丘和郑州3个观测站1992-2006年酸雨观测数据进行统计,分析其15 a来年际、季节变化特征.结果表明:1992-1995年间,3站酸雨发生频率、降水年均pH值和酸雨雨量与全年雨量比值均呈现减弱趋势,1998-2006年间均出现加强趋势,且在期末明显变强;酸雨频率1、9和12月出现高值,pH值在9-12月份出现低值;1992-2000年由南到北酸雨区域逐渐变小,2000年后由南到北、由西到东酸雨区域迅速扩大.     

京津地区酸雨变化特征及趋势分析

利用京津地区三个国家级酸雨观测站(北京昌平、上甸子和天津站)1993-2006年的酸雨资料,研究了京津地区酸雨空间分布及其季节特征,并利用M-K统计分析方法研究了其变化趋势.结果表明:京津地区的大气降水pH值有明显的季节变化特征,三个站点在冬季、春季和初夏基本一致,酸雨频率秋冬高,而春季和初夏低.但三个站点的大气降水、pH值和酸雨频率变化趋势差异显著.其中天津站在1990年代初较为严重,但14年间天津站酸雨状况有改善的趋势.昌平站降水pH值的M-K统计量为-3.17,说明1993-2006年昌平站降水酸化趋势显著,并通过了95%的置信度显著性检验.上甸子站代表了京津的郊区,2002年以前酸雨状况有所改善,2002年以后酸雨状况日趋严重.     

1992-2006年河南省酸雨分布特征分析

利用南阳、商丘和郑州3个观测站1992-2006年酸雨观测数据进行统计,分析其15 a来年际、季节变化特征。结果表明：1992-1995年间,3站酸雨发生频率、降水年均pH值和酸雨雨量与全年雨量比值均呈现减弱趋势,1998-2006年间均出现加强趋势,且在期末明显变强;酸雨频率1、9和12月出现高值,pH值在9-12月份出现低值;1992-2000年由南到北酸雨区域逐渐变小,2000年后由南到北、由西到东酸雨区域迅速扩大。     

2003-2015年北京市观象台酸雨特征以及长期趋势分析

本文利用2003年-2015年观象台的酸雨观测资料,统计分析了北京市观象台酸雨分布特征及长期变化趋势。结论如下,北京市观象台降水年均pH值的变化范围为4.34～5.87,北京市观象台酸雨变化分为三个阶段：2003～2005年年均pH值较高,2006年是转折点,年均pH值比2005年下降0.42, 2007～2010年的年均pH值均低于4.5,在此期间北京地区已成为重酸雨污染区,2011～2015年pH值呈现较稳定的上升趋势。由于北京地区夏、秋季节温度及湿度均较高,加快了酸雨前体物的转换速率,而冬、春季节干旱少雨,大气中沙尘和颗粒较多,对酸性降水有缓冲作用,所以酸雨发生频率在夏季、秋季明显高于春季、冬季。降水的年均电导率的变化范围为48.8～99.5μs/cm,年际变化规律不明显,但电导率与降水量存在相关性,总降水量较小的年份,年均电导率偏高;总降水量较大的年份,年均电导率偏低。     

2006—2013年四川酸雨变化特征分析

根据四川省气象部门所属6个酸雨观测站2006—2013年的资料,研究了四川省酸雨的时空变化特征。结果表明:6个酸雨观测站多年降水p H均值除成都属较强酸性外,其余5站多年p H均值都属弱酸性。成都多年酸雨出现频率最高,达到61.5%;安岳多年酸雨出现频率最低,仅为26.6%。安岳K值(电导率)多年平均值最高,达到82.9μs/cm;峨眉山K值多年平均值最低,仅为21.9μs/cm。四川近8 a降水p H平均值为4.74,2008—2010年为第一阶段,2011—2013年为第二阶段,总体看两个阶段年均p H值呈阶梯式上升,到2013年四川省酸雨p H值已上升至5.30,酸性降水出现频率已下降至35.2%,K值降至44.9μs/cm。由于四川春季平均风速较秋季偏高,更利于污染物扩散,故月均p H值变化呈现夏季的春季的秋季的冬季的季节变化特征。月均K值则为冬季的春季的秋季的夏季的,这是因为冬季、春季空气中排放的SO2、NOx和可溶性离子型化合物较多,在降雨较少的情况下增加了雨水的酸度,增强了可溶性离子型化合物的离子化,导致了电导率的增加。酸雨酸性强度呈两头小中间大,降水主要呈弱酸性,强酸性降水无明显季节性特征,累计降水量与强酸性降水也无明显联系。     

江苏省宿迁市酸雨发生规律的分析与研究

该文利用宿迁市沭阳县和泗洪县观测站2007—2010年的酸雨观测数据和气象资料,统计分析了宿迁市酸雨的变化特征,并对比了酸雨pH值与降水量、降水电导率(K值)、酸雨频率变化规律的关系。结果表明:宿迁市5 a来酸雨单次降水pH值最低达3.26 mol·L-1,属强酸雨。5 a来,沭阳县降水平均pH值均达酸雨标准;泗洪县降水平均pH值未达酸雨标准。春秋季降水酸性最强,酸雨频率出现也最多,冬季则降水酸性和酸雨频率最低;地面风向对宿迁酸雨污染也有一定的影响,形成宿迁酸雨的主要是东南风和东北风;宿迁市雨量的大小对酸雨出现百分率影响不大,但对降水酸度有影响,暴雨的酸性最强,其次是大雨。     

南宫市近年酸雨特征分析及其气象影响因子

利用南宫酸雨观测站2006-2009年的酸雨观测资料,统计分析了4年来酸雨时间分布特征,探讨了酸雨的变化规律,并对酸雨与气象要素的关系进行了初步分析.结果显示:酸雨发生频率63％,强酸雨频率28％;降水平均pH值为5.22,降水最小pH值为3.08;酸性降水量比例80％;降水平均K值为94.1 μS/cm,最大K值为529.0 μS/cm.酸雨存在着季节性变化,秋季是酸雨出现频率最多、酸性较强的季节;春季则是酸雨出现频率低的季节.酸雨的形成与风向风速、降水量、降水性质及大雾有关.     

柳州市酸雨现状及其与气象条件关系的分析

通过对柳州市2008～2016年酸雨观测资料的统计分析表明,2008～2016年柳州市酸雨呈缓慢减弱趋势,9a的酸雨年pH值范围4.17-5.24,平均值为4.70;2008～2016年的酸雨年均发生频率范围为49.2%-87%,平均值为68.4%;降水酸性的季节变化较明显,酸雨春、冬季较夏、秋季要强,酸性最强出现在3月,酸性最弱出现在7月;雨量对降水酸度、酸雨出现率有着显著影响。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;