高山上新一代天气雷达的探测分析与效能发挥

以泰山新一代天气雷达CINRAD/CD为例,结合泰山原713天气雷达多年的使用经验,计算并分析了天气雷达的最佳探测仰角和最低探测高度,根据泰山新一代天气雷达(简称泰山CD雷达)与济南新一代天气雷达(简称济南SA雷达)回波的DBZM、C-VIL对比分析,揭示不同海拔高度雷达在相同仰角下观测的回波的差异,指出泰山CD雷达由于使用了与平原雷达统一的0.5°以上仰角的观测模式,造成了对降水回波的探测能力不足,并指出泰山CD雷达要发挥最大效能应如何改进的建议。     

新一代双偏振天气雷达(CINRAD/SAD)精细化探测技术

新一代双偏振天气雷达在暴雨、台风等灾害性天气监测和预警中发挥了重要的作用。随着气象现代化发展以及预报时效性、精细化度的要求不断提高,S波段新一代双偏振天气雷达已不能充分满足发展过程迅速的中小尺度天气系统的研究、预警。气象雷达的时空分辨率对探测强对流过程中小尺度结构有重要作用,提高天气雷达时空分辨率是精细化探测技术的关键,本文着重从新一代天气雷达的时空分辨率、体扫方式等方面,通过对天气雷达脉冲重复频率、信号处理方法及扫描方式等进行改进,提高新一代双偏振天气雷达对中小尺度气旋和龙卷风等灾害性天气的探测能力,以获取快速变化的天气过程精细化特征,获得更新更快、分辨率更高的观测资料。     

新一代天气雷达晴空回波反射率因子特征分析

本文基于新一代天气雷达、地面自动站、探空资料和卫星资料,综合利用天气雷达反射率因子和气象要素等资料分析了晴空回波的特征。结果表明:我国不同地域（华北、华中、华东和华南）晴空回波具有明显的日变化和年变化特征,具体表现为每年的春秋两季天气雷达可探测到明显的晴空回波,而且晴空回波主要出现在傍晚到第2天清晨之间。进一步的分析表明雷达探测的晴空回波和折射指数的涨落关系密切,此外逆温层和高湿区的存在也与雷达是否能够探测到晴空回波存在较高的相关性。     

新一代天气雷达负仰角探测能力分析

由于地球曲率的影响,当CINRAD.SA新一代天气雷达使用目前最低仰角同定为0.5°的模式探测时,探测肓区较大,对低层降水回波的探测能力严重不足.在实地展开试验的基础上,推导了负仰角探测时雷达最低探测高度计算公式,计算出仰角为0.5°、0°、-0.3°、-0.5°时不同探测距离上的雷达最低探测高度,对比分析不同仰角观测模式的主要雷达产品特点,探讨新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测模式的局限性,提出了新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测的建议.     

新一代天气雷达在临近预报和灾害性天气警报中的应用

利用新一代天气雷达制作临近天气预报和灾害性天气警报,必须从天气雷达观测入手.需根据临近预报和灾害性天气警报需求制定观测方法.不同预报对象,要采取不同的雷达资料的数据处理方法,以便突出预报对象的回波特征.制作临近预报和灾害性天气警报的主要依据是雷达回波分析,掌握回波演变的全过程是雷达回波分析的基础,根据回波特征判断识别影响本地区的天气系统,通过回波分析判断回波的未来发展趋势.为了从回波上识别灾害性天气,需要建立各种灾害性天气的识别判据和方法.预报的主要方法是外推法,但预报结果还需要预报员根据预报经验最后作出预报结论.为了做好临近预报和灾害性天气警报,建立预报流程是非常重要的.     

基于模板匹配法的长乐雷达强超折射回波识别

我国有许多新一代天气雷达架设在高山上,由于海拔高度较高,加上地球曲率的影响,在使用VCP11/VCP21模式探测时,造成较大的探测盲区,对低层降水回波的探测能力严重不足。长乐新一代天气雷达经过调整观测模式后,采用负仰角扫描有利于中小尺度灾害性天气系统的监测和预警,但同时会带来地物回波增强、海浪回波及超折射等负面效应。基于此,通过大量个例统计并分析长乐雷达在特定大气条件下的强超折射回波特征,借助模式识别理论提出了一个新方法"模板匹配法"识别强超折射回波。利用大量强超折射回波数据的检验和分析,结果表明该方法能够在不影响负仰角扫描模式下有效滤除长乐雷达的强超折射回波。目前该方法正在试运行,即将应用到中国新一代天气雷达建设业务软件系统开发ROSE项目中。     

新一代天气雷达灾害性天气警报和短时预报系统

由中国气象科学研究院主持，北京、湖北、广东、安徽和厦门等省市气象局科研人员参与的以多普勒天气雷达实时观测资料为基础的新一代天气雷达灾害性天气警报和短时预报系统于2006年底完成，建立了一整套回波特征参数定量提取技术、风场反演技术、灾害性天气自动识别技术以及自动和人机交互的0～2h暴雨、大风、冰雹的预报和0～2h降水预报技术。     

CAMS多普勒天气雷达探测能力的估算

本文根据CAMS多普勒天气雷达实测参数对雷达的探测能力进行了估算。CAMS 多普勒天气雷达对降水强度的探测能力将比国内目前应用的713、714天气雷达更强,在200公里处能探测到的最小降水强度为0.08毫米/小时。它还具有较强的晴空探测能力,在低仰角探测时,有可能探测到50公里范围内的晴空回波,从而进行风暴前的流场研究。采用 VAD 方式可获取3公里以下晴空大气的风剖面廓线,与美国强风暴实验室(NSSL)的 NRO 多普勒天气雷达的晴空探测能力相近。由系统的相位噪声估算出测速精度为0.1米/秒左右。潜在的地物对消能力达—41db。     

改进新一代天气雷达低层探测能力研究

为进一步改进新一代天气雷达低层探测性能和提高风暴顶高的准确性,利用SRTM(Shuttle Radar TopographyMission)地理信息数据,研究和设计新一代天气雷达的体扫模式,主要是增加中低层仰角数和负仰角,以提高我国新一代天气雷达的低层探测能力。选取福州、龙岩两部雷达为例来计算降水模式的仰角,得出两部雷达新的观测模式VCP12。通过观测试验表明,增加低仰角或负仰角后,能够提高雷达的低层探测性能。     

我国新一代天气雷达网监测系统

简要介绍了我国正在布网的雷达的特点和功能以及雷达气象产品及其气象应用软件，给出了冰雹云识别和跟踪、中尺度气旋、暴雨等产品的个例。新一代天气雷达系统具有较强的对灾害性天气监测、预警能力，对较大范围内降水(台风)进行定量估测的能力，以及获取回波信号中风场信息的能力，是综合探测、分析、预测、预警功能为一体的智能型系统。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.