含气介质临界点、流体和骨架弹性参数的线性数值计算方法(英文)

临界孔隙度及其孔隙介质的研究均为测试分析的实验方法,如何运用数值计算方法求取孔隙流体介质临界点、流体和骨架的弹性参数是备受关注的课题。本文提出了求取临界点、流体和骨架弹性参数的数值计算公式及方法,并结合含气样品测试数据实现了这种数值计算。首先,基于孔隙度≯为白变量,而密度ρ,密度与横波速度平方的乘积ρVs^2和密度与纵波速度平方的乘积ρVp^2均为函数的三个线性方程,从每个线性方程中的两个系数的有机组合得到求取有关弹性参的线性数值计算公式。然后,详细阐述了数值计算的步骤和方法以及需要注意的问题,把室内含气砂岩数的线性数值计算公式。然后,详细阐述了数值计算的步骤和方法以及需要注意的问题,把室内含气砂岩样品测试的整体介质密度、纵波速度和横波速度作为数值计算的输入数据,求取了临界点和流体及骨架共计11个弹性参数的具体数值。通过数学方法的计算数据与实验方法的测试数据的比较分析,表明了本文数值计算公式的正确性和实现方法的有效性。本文提出的求取含气介质临界点、流体和骨架弹性参数的“数值计算公式及方法”含义清晰且形式简洁,为孔隙流体介质的数值计算分析和流体属性研究提供了可能的新方法。     

CLYJ饱水石灰岩骨架和流体弹性参数估算

文章结合CLYJ饱水石灰岩数据案例,开展以反演为主的数值计算分析研究.运用样品测试的整体密度和纵横波速度数据,采用合理有效的反演方法,求取骨架和流体组分弹性参数的估计数据.在完成样品数据准备和模型方程选定后,进行组分弹性参数估计.方法包含样品分组、回归分析、统计分析和结果对比评估.首先是样品分组,分组方式可分为整体和个...     

地下固体介质弹性模量反演

地下固体介质弹性模量是固体地球定量表征的重要参数,是探测地球内部结构、地下流体分布、设计合理工程方案的关键之一.本文首先简要分析常用的流体饱和孔隙介质岩石物理模型,在此基础上通过数值计算,详细讨论了流体饱和多孔介质等效弹性模量对固体基质、孔隙度、孔隙结构和孔隙流体的敏感性,探讨了利用等效介质弹性模量反演固体基质弹性模量的可行性,建立了固体基质弹性模量的非线性方程系统,提出了该方程系统的数值迭代求解方法,并通过对三类岩石样本实验室测量数据的反演和结果分析,验证了方法的有效性.文中同时通过不同条件下对实验数据的反演,探讨了孔隙结构、孔隙流体和等效介质弹性模量对反演效果的影响,为方法的合理有效应用提供依据.     

基于临界孔隙度模型的地震波传播

基于岩石物里学中临界孔隙度模型,建立一种简洁的均匀弹性流体饱和孔隙介质模型,进行地震波传播研究.首先定义了构建目标模型的基本力学模型:介绍了全孔隙度区间内基本力学模型和目标孔隙介质的含义,其中基本力学模型除了完全弹性固体模型S和完全弹性流体模型F还包括临界孔隙模型C.然后通过等效力学模型推出了目标力学模型介质本构关系的组分表达形式.文中分别通过直接求取弹性参数的表达形式和运用应力应变关系两种方法得到介质模型的本构关系,进而得到该模型波动方程的组分表达形式.最后对这种介质模型进行了地震波传播的数值模拟,结合模拟结果分析孔隙对地震波传播的影响.     

基于Kelvin-Voigt黏弹性骨架的含非饱和流体孔隙介质BISQ模型(英文)

本文综合考虑了在波传播过程中孔隙介质的三种重要力学机制——"Biot流动机制一squirt流动机制-固体骨架黏弹性机制",借鉴等效介质思想,将含水饱和度引入波动力学控制方程,并考虑了不同波频率下孔隙流体分布模式对其等效体积模量的影响,给出了能处理含粘滞性非饱和流体孔隙介质中波传播问题的黏弹性Biot/squirt(BISQ)模型。推导了时间-空间域的波动力学方程组,由一组平面谐波解假设,给出频率-波数域黏弹性BISQ模型的相速度和衰减系数表达式。基于数值算例分析了含水饱和度、渗透率与频率对纵波速度和衰减的影响,并结合致密砂岩和碳酸盐岩的实测数据,对非饱和情况下的储层纵波速度进行了外推,碳酸盐岩储层中纵波速度对含气饱和度的敏感性明显低于砂岩储层。     

复杂孔隙储层三维岩石物理模版

复杂孔隙储层往往同时发育孔缝洞等多种孔隙类型,这种孔隙结构的复杂性使得岩石的速度与孔隙度之间的相关性很差.经典的二维岩石物理模版只研究弹性参数与孔隙度和饱和度之间的定量关系,而不考虑孔隙结构的影响,用这样的模版来预测复杂孔隙储层的物性参数时带来很大偏差.本文首先证明多重孔隙岩石的干骨架弹性参数可以用一个等效孔隙纵横比的单重孔隙岩石物理模型来模拟;进而基于等效介质岩石物理理论和Gassmann方程,建立一个全新的三维岩石物理模版,用它来建立复杂孔隙岩石的弹性性质与孔隙扁度及孔隙度和饱和度之间的定量关系;在此基础上,预测复杂储层的孔隙扁度、孔隙度以及孔隙中所包含的流体饱和度.实际测井和地震反演数据试验表明,三维岩石物理模版可有效提高复杂孔隙储层参数的预测精度.     

砾岩储层地震波传播方程:三重孔隙结构模型

针对砾岩储层的砂、砾、泥三重孔隙结构特征,本文分析砾岩孔隙区域、砂岩孔隙区域以及泥岩孔隙区域相互之间的孔隙流体流动机制,将静态的砾岩骨架本构方程与动态的孔隙流体运动方程联立,提出了复杂砾岩储层的弹性波传播理论方程.采用实测砾岩储层参数,在算例中与双重孔隙介质理论进行对比分析,验证了本文理论方程的合理性;基于三重孔隙介质模型,分析不同储层环境下纵波的传播特征,结果显示:随流体黏滞系数增大,在衰减-频率轴坐标系中,砾与砂、砂与泥孔隙区域间局域流导致的两个衰减峰向低频端移动,而Biot全局流导致的衰减峰向高频端移动;嵌入体尺寸及背景相介质渗透率的变化,主要影响纵波速度频散曲线沿频率轴左、右平移,不影响波速低频、高频极限幅值;嵌入体含量及孔隙度的变化改变了岩石干骨架的弹性、密度参数,不仅影响速度频散曲线沿频率轴平移,而且影响其上、下限幅值;砾包砂包泥三重孔隙介质模型所预测的衰减曲线中,低频段"第一个衰减峰"主要由砾岩孔隙区域与砂岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,中间频段"第二个衰减峰"主要由砂岩孔隙区域与泥岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,超声频段"第三个衰减峰"由Biot全局流导致.对慢纵波传播特征的分析显示,砂岩骨架(局部孔隙度较大)内部的宏观孔隙流体流动造成的耗散明显强于砾岩与泥岩骨架.     

碳酸盐岩储层各向异性岩石物理建模与孔隙结构分析（英文）

针对非均质性较强的碳酸盐岩储层,综合各向异性自相容近似理论与差分等效介质理论建立了一种各向异性岩石物理弹性参数计算模型。通过对碳酸盐岩孔隙结构实验结果分析,提出了碳酸盐岩弹性参数计算的孔隙结构模型。综合使用各向异性等效介质理论与碳酸盐岩孔隙结构模型,给出了碳酸盐岩非均质储层弹性参数计算的实现方法。通过对比灰岩样品测试数据与理论模型计算结果,表明本文提出的等效弹性理论模型能够描述碳酸岩盐储层速度与孔隙度变化关系,可作为碳酸盐岩储层地震数据解释的基本依据。     

饱和多相流体岩石电性的格子气模拟

利用计算机建立具有不同骨架颗粒形状和不同孔隙度的孔隙介质模型,采用格子气自动机方法模拟孔隙介质在油水饱和度不同的情况下电的传输特性,揭示了流体饱和度与介质电阻率之间呈现非阿尔奇现象的本质原因. 本文发现饱和度指数是饱和度和孔隙度的函数,反映了孔隙介质导电路径的复杂程度随饱和度变化而变化的情况,而不是传统地认为饱和度指数是流体分布状态的反映. 并得到新的饱和度计算公式. 以某油田为例,将计算的饱和度结果与实际岩芯实验的结果作对比,说明新公式的有效性.     

煤层中流体地震可探测性的模拟分析

作为一种典型的强阻抗差低阻抗薄层,煤层中孔隙含流体时是否会引起地震反射产生明显的异常是回答地震检测流体是否可行的根本.为此,本文针对强阻抗差薄层模型,基于Biot双相介质理论,通过弹性波有限差分法数值模拟,与各向同性单相介质假设的煤层反射对比,探讨了反射复合波受煤层孔隙度及流体性质变化的影响程度.模拟分析发现：由于薄层孔隙度和孔隙流体属性的变化在Biot理论中表现为纵波速度的变化,PP波反射AVO（Amplitude Versus Offset,振幅随偏移距变化）特征对薄层是否含流体相对敏感;综合使用PP与PS波对比有利于薄层中流体的预测;孔隙度一定时,PP波反射振幅随着含气饱和度的增加而增大;受薄层调谐作用的影响,孔隙和流体变化对煤层反射的频谱特征影响不大,近似于单相介质时的情况.     

Onset voltages of atmospheric corona discharges on coniferous trees

In this article, the phenomenon of generation of corona discharges on the tops of trees and plants is described. In the first part of the text, the conditions for generation of this electric field which leads to formation of corona discharge and transfer of electric charge between atmosphere and Earth, are discussed. Experimental results of the onset voltage and its dependence on the discharge parameters are presented. The coincidence between released species from corona burning point and surrounding atmosphere is also discussed. Equation for the calculation of critical intensity of the electric field and onset voltage in dependence on radius of the tip are also discussed and compared with experimental data and equations for current–voltage characteristics are described. The attempt to explain differences between theory and measured data is proposed.     

岩石的临界孔隙度反演及横波预测(英文)

临界孔隙度模型是利用岩石的临界孔隙度来计算岩石骨架的弹性模量,岩石的临界孔隙度值受到很多因素的影响,而实际应用中通常无法获得准确的临界孔隙度值,只能选取经验临界孔隙度值,就会给岩石物理建模带来误差。本文提出了一种利用纵波速度反演岩石的临界孔隙度的方法,并且把它应用于横波预测中。实验室和测井数据应用结果表明本文提出的方法可以降低以往选取经验值带来的不确定性,并且能够为横波预测提供准确的临界孔隙度值,提高了横波预测的精度。     

基于小波变换图像分割技术的电成像测井资料裂缝、孔洞面孔率提取方法

对于裂缝、溶蚀孔洞发育的碳酸盐岩缝洞储层,如何从测井资料中提取裂缝、溶蚀孔洞信息是评价储层有效性的关键问题.为了从电成像测井静态图像上准确地分割出清晰的裂缝、溶蚀孔洞子图像进而提取其参数信息,本文提出了一种基于小波变换模极大值图像分割技术的电成像测井资料缝洞面孔率提取方法.以钮扣电极电导率曲线为对象,先消除井壁凹凸不平导致的地层背景噪声的影响,利用小波变换模极大值图像分割方法得到包含裂缝和溶蚀孔洞目标的子图像,根据子图像提取裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率等信息.本文利用塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层的电成像测井数据提取了缝洞面孔率参数,还利用同井岩心CT扫描图像计算的平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、常规测井资料三孔隙度模型计算的相对连通缝洞孔隙度进行了对比,并进行了试油验证.对比表明,电成像测井裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率与岩心CT扫描图像平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、相对连通缝洞孔隙度、试油结果均有较好的一致性.这一方面验证了采用本文方法提取的裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率的合理性,另一方面表明所提取参数可用于指示缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的渗透性和有效性.     

Estimation of Dry Fracture Weakness,Porosity, and Fluid Modulus Using Observable Seismic Reflection Data in a Gas-Bearing Reservoir

Fracture detection and fluid identification are important tasks for a fractured reservoir characterization. Our goal is to demonstrate a direct approach to utilize azimuthal seismic data to estimate fluid bulk modulus, porosity, and dry fracture weaknesses, which decreases the uncertainty of fluid identification. Combining Gassmann’s (Vier. der Natur. Gesellschaft Zürich 96:1–23, 1951) equations and linear-slip model, we first establish new simplified expressions of stiffness parameters for a gas-bearing saturated fractured rock with low porosity and small fracture density, and then we derive a novel PP-wave reflection coefficient in terms of dry background rock properties (P-wave and S-wave moduli, and density), fracture (dry fracture weaknesses), porosity, and fluid (fluid bulk modulus). A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo nonlinear inversion method is proposed to estimate fluid bulk modulus, porosity, and fracture weaknesses directly from azimuthal seismic data. The inversion method yields reasonable estimates in the case of synthetic data containing a moderate noise and stable results on real data.     

核磁共振测井时域分析法数值模拟及影响因素分析

核磁共振测井时域分析法已广泛用于评价油气层,并获得了很多成功应用实例.然而,由于储层结构的复杂性以及孔隙流体性质的多变,也常常见到应用失败的实例,影响了时域分析法的应用效果.本文通过数值模拟研究时域分析法在不同储层条件下识别流体的效果,并分别从孔隙流体类型、地层孔径变化、信噪比以及采集参数等方面,分析影响时域分析法应用...     

Rock skeleton models and seismic porosity inversion

By substituting rock skeleton modulus expressions into Gassmann approximate fluid equation, we obtain a seismic porosity inversion equation. However, conventional rock skeleton models and their expressions are quite different from each other, resuling in different seismic porosity inversion equations, potentially leading to difficulties in correctly applying them and evaluating their results. In response to this, a uniform relation with two adjusting parameters suitable for all rock skeleton models is established from an analysis and comparison of various conventional rock skeleton models and their expressions including the Eshelby-Walsh, Pride, Geertsma, Nur, Keys-Xu, and Krief models. By giving the two adjusting parameters specific values, different rock skeleton models with specific physical characteristics can be generated. This allows us to select the most appropriate rock skeleton model based on geological and geophysical conditions, and to develop more wise seismic porosity inversion. As an example of using this method for hydrocarbon prediction and fluid identification, we apply this improved porosity inversion, associated with rock physical data and well log data, to the ZJ basin. Research shows that the existence of an abundant hydrocarbon reservoir is dependent on a moderate porosity range, which means we can use the results of seismic porosity inversion to identify oil reservoirs and dry or water-saturated reservoirs. The seismic inversion results are closely correspond to well log porosity curves in the ZJ area, indicating that the uniform relations and inversion methods proposed in this paper are reliable and effective.     

Geoelectrical and seismic prospections in hydrogeology: Model and master curves for the evaluation of porosity and water saturation

The prevailing purpose of geoelectrical exploration is the location of acquifers, as resistivity is strongly sensitive to the presence of water. Through this method valuable information on the structure and volume of storage rocks may be acquired. However, the evaluation of saturation and porosity, which plays a strong role in the estimation of hydraulic parameters, is hitherto affected by a large uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out expensive and often numerous drillings, in addition to the calibration ones. In this paper we argue how the uncertainty can be substantially reduced by carrying out a joint seismic and geoelectrical prospection.to profitably utilize the results of a joint seismic and geoelectrical survey, a model is proposed in which the geophysical characteristics of all the phases possibly present in underground rocks, i.e., matrix, clay, water and air (whose percentages give porosity and saturation degree of an acquifer) are taken into account. The four phases are considered contiguous, in parallel as regards the electrical conductivity and in series as regards the propagation of elastic waves. On the basis of the formulas related to the model, theoretical curves for porosity, degree of saturation and percentage of clay have been obtained, which enable us to calculate these parameters.As a test of the suggested methodology, porosity and saturation have been evaluated in an area of the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Napoli) of which porosity data were available after core drillings. The test was performed by practising a joint electrical and seismic prospection using the more customary and less expensive techniques of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Seismic Refraction. Our data permit us to produce porosity and saturation maps for two depths; the comparison between the porosity, derived from the maps in the points where core drillings have been made, and the porosity values found on the cores, shows a good agreement for the more superficial layer; for the greater depth, we derived lower values of porosity, probably due to difficulties of laboratory reproduction of thein situ condition of the cores. These results suggest that our model has value in water research.     

Single Well Tracer Tests in Aquifer Characterization

When the purpose of aquifer testing is to yield data for modeling aqueous mass transport, pumping tests and gradient measurement can only partially satisfy characterization requirements. Effective porosity, ground water flow velocity, and the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity within the aquifer are left as unknowns. Single well tracer methods, when added to the testing program, can be used to estimate these parameters. A drift, and pumpback test yields porosity and velocity, and point-dilution testing yields depth-discrete hydraulic information, A single emplacement of tracer into a test well is sufficient to conduct both tests. The tracer tests are facilitated by a simple method for injecting and evenly distributing the tracer solution into a wellbore, and by new ion-selective electrode instrumentation, specifically designed for submersible service, for monitoring the concentration of tracers such as bromide.