旋转调制器用于成象并兼测能谱的研究

本文描述了用旋转调制器对天空X、γ射线源成象并兼测能谱的方法。它可以对大视场内的天空源测定位置、大小和强度。与常规准直器相比,它显示出多种优点。在硬X、γ射线波段,它不仅能对天空源成象,而且能测量其能谱和较强的谱线。     

硬X射线成像望远镜系统初步研究

介绍了基于傅立叶变换成像技术的硬X射线成像望远镜,利用双层平行光栅对天体X射线源发出的光进行调制编码,调制后的光由闪烁晶体探测器捕捉并进行光电转换,最后由电子学系统读出.调制准直器型望远镜分为空间调制和时间调制两种类型,时间调制系统要求探测器系统的扫描运动,而空间调制系统不需要运动.对光栅制作工艺进行了研究,给出了准直器的基本结构设计,成功制作了空间调制方式硬X射线成像望远镜原型机所需的关键部件,包括8个碘化铯晶体的探测器模块(含光电倍增管PMT)、8通道成型放大器(其中两套为实验备份)和数据获取系统.对这些部件的设计作了介绍,并给出了电子学系统的测试结果.     

X射线脉冲星导航可用目标源研究

脉冲星具有自转非常稳定的特性,在空间自主导航中有重要的应用前景.选择和研究一组适合于脉冲星导航使用的候选目标源非常重要,决定脉冲星导航精度的主要因素有:导航目标源X射线流量强度、目标源的位置精度和旋转参数精度.对可用于导航的一些X射线源进行了讨论研究,并对最适合做导航研究的转动能驱动的X射线脉冲星进行统计分析.     

X射线双星的形成与演化

<正>X射线双星是包含一颗吸积致密星(黑洞、中子星或者白矮星)的双星系统,是宇宙中的重要天体.对它们的研究不仅可以帮助人们理解双星演化、吸积盘和致密星物理,而且也有助于对星系的形成和演化历史甚至宇宙学模型的认识.本文的目的是讨论X射线双星的形成和演化过程,涉及到Be/X射线双星、低质量X射线双星、极亮X射线源和激变变星.第1章我们简要介绍了双星演化的相关知识.     

Be/X射线双星包层性质的研究

Be单星和Be/X射线双星作为一类特殊早型天体和特殊的大质量X射线双星 ,在各个波段都有与其它相同光谱型的B型天体显著不同的特征 ,因此长期以来引起中外天文学者的关注。首先在可见光波段发射线的存在 ,就是对仅产生吸收线的经典大气的挑战 ;其次Be星作为一类早型带有包层天体 ,研究Be星包层的性质 ,对研究原恒星包层性质和进一步了解早型星其它光谱型的性质是非常重要的 ;再者可以研究Be星的存在与星际磁场或湍流的星际介质是否有关 ;最后研究Be/X射线双星 ,对双星的演化模型也有很重要的作用。随着天文观测手段的不断完善和理论模型的发展 ,我们对Be星的现象有了更深的了解 ,并且产生了一些模型。研究内容包括Be星包层和星风的性质 ,以及包层形成机制 ,Be/X射线双星物质相互作用等。本文共分五章 ,第一章主要概要介绍Be和Be/X射线双星历史和目前已经取得的成就 ;第二章介绍Be单星多波段观测结果 ;第三章介绍Be/X射线双星的观测结果 ;第四章介绍目前主要的Be单星和Be/X射线双星模型 ;第五章给出Be/X射线双星XPer/ 4U0 352 30的分光观测结果 ,并结合单臂振动盘模型给出定性解释。     

一颗与众不同的脉冲星Geminga

最近，一个困扰人们达十几年之久的γ射线源Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ被证认为Ｘ、γ射线脉冲星，其光学对应体也被确定为一颗光谱偏蓝的２５等星。对Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ脉冲星的确证说明存在着一类没有射电辐射的脉冲单星。     

Be星的星周盘模型与Be/X射线双星系统(英)

介绍了Be星的基本特性．评述了近年来对Be星星周物质结构研究的成果．重点介绍了最新的关于Be星星周盘产生和变化的动力学模型．另外，对Be／X射线双星系统的研究也做了简要评述，重点论述了致密星与Be星延伸大气的相互作用．     

Be／X射线双星的理论模型

为解释Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星波段联合观测结果，已发展了许多理论模型。在本文中简述这些Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星理论模型的研究现状，包括枞两个正常的Ｂ型星组成的密近双星演化成为Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星的演化模型，描述Ｂｅ星气壳的物理模型，Ｂｅ星和中子星的性质所决定的中子星吸积方式的吸积量及Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星Ｘ射线源光变曲线的理论解释。     

致密星的X射线辐射时延现象

能谱仅反映了高能天体辐射的部分性质，而高能X射线辐射的时变可以反映致密天体的动态性质。因此，在构造高能辐射的理论模型时，既要考虑X辐射的能谱性质，也要考虑其时变性质。特别对高能天体X辐射的快速光变，一般认为其发生在致密天体附近，致密天体快速光变的研究可以揭示出致密天体附近的物理性质，因此，时变可以对X辐射模型给以很强的限制。X射线源不同能量光子到达观测者的时间差称为X射线辐射的时延。介绍了高能X辐射时变中的时延分析方法及其最新发展，综述了致密双星系统中黑洞侯选林和中子星的时延现象，并简单介绍了为解释这些现象所发展的模型，以及时延对模型的限制。     

X射线天文学的实测方法与理论工具

本文评述X射线天文学探测技术与产生X射线的物理依据。文中首先介绍了X射线与物质相互作用的性质以及X射线探测仪器,然后讨论了气球、火箭和卫星在X射线天文观测中的作用,列举了已发射和近几年中将要发射的X射线天文卫星的情况,其中较详细地介绍了乌呼鲁卫星和爱因斯坦天文台的概况。文中还阐述了X射线源的位置及其光度的测定与陈述的方式,介绍了一些重要的X射线源表。最后,简短讨论了天体X射线辐射的机制与产生的条件。     

Plasma motions in the flare of 1982 June 6 (X12)

This paper analyzes soft X-ray spectra obtained from the Hinotori spacecraft for the investigation of plasma motions during the initial phase of the great flare, 1982 June 6. The wavelength calibration of the scanning spectrometers is determined from information on the spacecraft attitude and from the position of the Fexxv resonance line during the decay phase. Hard X-ray bursts, nonthermal line broadenings and blueshifted components in X-ray lines are temporally correlated with time differences of 0–30 s. The possible contribution of the blueshifted component to the line width decreases more rapidly than the nonthermal broadening, which suggests dominant plasma motions are taking place at higher and higher altitude in the corona, because of the increase of electron density in flaring loops. The evolution of the input kinetic energy content to the thermal plasma inferred from line broadenings in the impulsive phase resembles that of the thermal energy content in the source of the Fexxvi emission, which is different from that deduced for Fexxv source. This suggests that the origins of the nonthermal line broadening and Fexxvi source are closely coupled.     

Recent results from the gamma-ray burst studies in the KONUS experiment

Observations of 85 gamma bursts by the KONUS instruments on the Venera 11 and Venera 12 spacecraft in the period September 1978 to May 1979 inclusive have provided proof of a galactic localization of the gamma-burst sources based on an analysis of the logN-logS plot and the revealed anisotropy in the angular distribution of sources over the celestial sphere. Evaluation of the energy released in the sources yields 10⁴⁰–10⁴¹ erg. There apparently exist several types of gamma bursts differing in time profile, duration and shape of their energy spectrum. In some cases, extensive evolution of the energy spectrum is observed during a burst. The discovery of a flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado has provided the first observational evidence for a connection of gamma bursts with neutron stars. Repeated short bursts from this source have revealed for the first time the recurrent features of this phenomenon. Repeated bursts have been detected from one more source in the short burst class. The data obtained thus far impose a number of restrictions on the applicability of many theoretical suggestions concerning the nature of the gamma bursts. The most plausible model for the gamma-burst source appears to be a binary with a neutron star with strongly non-stationary accretion involving, possibly, non-stationary thermonuclear fusion of matter falling onto the surface of a degenerate star.Paper presented at the Symposium on Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts, held at Toulouse, France, 26–29 November, 1979.     

Sun,earth and sky

The Sun is enveloped by a hot, tenuous million-degree corona that expands to create a continuous solar wind that sweeps past all the planets and fills the heliosphere. The solar wind is modulated by strong gusts that are initiated by powerful explosions on the Sun, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections. This dynamic, invisible outer atmosphere of the Sun is currently under observation with the soft X-ray telescope aboard the Yohkoh spacecraft, whose results are presented. We also show observations from the Ulysses spacecraft that is now passing over the solar pole, sampling the solar wind in this region for the first time. Two other spacecraft, Voyager 1 and 2, have recently detected the outer edge of the invisible heliosphere, roughly halfway to the nearest star. Magnetic solar activity, the total radiative output from the Sun, and the Earth's mean global surface temperature all vary with the 11-year sunspot cycle in which the total number of sunspots varies from a maximum to a minimum and back to a maximum again in about 11 years. The terrestrial magnetic field hollows out a protective magnetic cavity, called the magnetosphere, within the solar wind. This protection is incomplete, however, so the Sun feeds an unseen world of high-speed particles and magnetic fields that encircle the Earth in space. These particles endanger spacecraft and astronauts, and also produce terrestrial aurorae. An international flotilla of spacecraft is now sampling the weak points in this magnetic defense. Similar spacecraft have also discovered a new radiation belt, in addition to the familiar Van Allen belts, except fed by interstellar ions instead of electrons and protons from the Sun.     

Spectral measurements of Cyg X-3: A thermal source embedded in hot plasma within a cold shell

The attempts at unified model fitting to explain the spectral variations in Cyg X-3 suggest equally probable fits with a combination of an absorbed blackbody and a separately absorbed power law with an exponential cut-off or a composite of absorbed free-free emission with a power law hard X-ray component apart from the iron emission line. These seemingly ordinary but ad hoc mixtures of simple X-ray emission mechanisms have a profound implication about the geometry of the X-ray source. While the first set suggests a black-hole nature of the compact object, the second combination is consistent with a neutron star binary picture. The spectral variability at hard X-ray energies above 30 keV can provide crucial input for the unified picture. In this paper, we present spectral observations of Cyg X-3, made in our on-going survey of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources in the 20–200 keV energy region, using Large Area Scintillation counter Experiment. The data show a clear power-law photon spectrum of the form dN/dE ∼ E^−2.8 in the 20 to 130 keV energy range. A comparison with earlier data suggests that the total number of X-ray photons in the entire 2–500 keV energy band is conserved at all time for a given luminosity level irrespective of the state. We propose that this behaviour can be explained by a simple geometry in which a thermal X-ray source is embedded in a hot plasma formed by winds from the accretion disk within a cold shell. The high/soft and low/hard X-ray states of the source are simply the manifestation of the extent of the surrounding scattering medium in which the seed photons are Comptonized and hot plasma can be maintained by either the X-ray driven winds or the magneto-centrifugal winds.     

High-mass X-ray binaries and the spiral structure of the host galaxy

We investigate the manifestation of the spiral structure in the distribution of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) over the host galaxy. We construct the simplest kinematic model. It shows that the HMXBs should be displaced relative to the spiral structure observed in such traditional star formation rate indicators as the Hα and far-infrared emissions because of their finite lifetimes. Using Chandra observations of M51, we have studied the distribution of X-ray sources relative to the spiral arms of this galaxy observed in Hα. Based on K-band data and background source number counts, we have separated the contributions from high-mass and low-mass X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei. In agreement with model predictions, the distribution of HMXBs is wider than that of bright H II regions concentrated in the region of ongoing star formation. However, the statistical significance of this result is low, as is the significance of the concentration of the total population of X-ray sources to the spiral arms. We also predict the distribution of HMXBs in our Galaxy in Galactic longitude. The distribution depends on the mean HMXB age and can differ significantly from the distributions of such young objects as ultracompact H II regions.     

Observations of the transient X-ray pulsar KS 1947+300 by the INTEGRAL and RXTE observatories

We analyze the observations of the X-ray pulsar KS 1947+300 performed by the INTEGRAL and RXTE observatories over a wide (3–100 keV) X-ray energy range. The shape of the pulse profile was found to depend on the luminosity of the source. Based on the model of a magnetized neutron star, we study the characteristics of the pulsar using the change in its spin-up rate. We estimated the magnetic field strength of the pulsar and the distance to the binary.     

用脉冲星钟作航天器时间标准

在介绍参考坐标系和时间标准的基础上,讨论了用脉冲星为航天器导航的时间标准问题。利用X射线脉冲星实现航天器自主导航,星载钟的任何误差都会直接影响航天器位置测量。脉冲星钟具有较高的长期频率稳定度,适合用作各类航天器的时间标准。重点讨论了时间标准误差对航天器定位的影响;给出了用脉冲星钟作航天器时间标准的物理实现方法。     

Be/X-ray binaries

The interest in X/γ-ray Astronomy has grown enormously in the last decades thanks to the ability to send X-ray space missions above the Earth’s atmosphere. There are more than half a million X-ray sources detected and over a hundred missions (past and currently operational) devoted to the study of cosmic X/γ rays. With the improved sensibilities of the currently active missions new detections occur almost on a daily basis. Among these, neutron-star X-ray binaries form an important group because they are among the brightest extra-solar objects in the sky and are characterized by dramatic variability in brightness on timescales ranging from milliseconds to months and years. Their main source of power is the gravitational energy released by matter accreted from a companion star and falling onto the neutron star in a relatively close binary system.     

The optical counterparts to Be/X-ray binaries in the Magellanic Clouds

The fields of eight X-ray sources in the Magellanic Clouds believed to be Be/X-ray binaries have been searched for possible Be-star counterparts. BVR _c and H α CCD imaging was employed to identify early-type emission stars through colour indices and H α fluxes. Spectroscopy of five sources confirms the presence of H α emission in each case. Based on the positional coincidence of emission-line objects with the X-ray sources, we identify Be-star counterparts to the ROSAT sources RX J0032.9-7348, RX J0049.1-7250, RX J0054.9-7226 and RX J0101.0-7206, and to the recently discovered ASCA source AX J0051-722. We confirm the Be star nature of the counterpart to the HEAO1 source H0544-66. In the field of the ROSAT source RX J0051.8-7231 we find that there are three possible counterparts, each showing evidence for H α emission. We find a close double in the error circle of the EXOSAT source EXO 0531.1-6609, each component of which could be a Be star associated with the X-ray source.     

Wide field monitoring of the X-ray sky using Rotation Modulation Collimators

Wide field monitoring is of particular interest in X-ray astronomy due to the strong time-variability of most X-ray sources. Not only does the time-profiles of the persistent sources contain characteristic signatures of the underlying physical systems, but, additionally, some of the most intriguing sources have long periods of quiesense in which they are almost undetectable as X-ray sources, interspersed with relatively brief periods of intense outbursts, where we have unique opportunities of studying dynamical effects, in, for instance, the evolution of accretion discs. Another question for which wide field monitors may provide key information, is the origin and nature of the cosmic gamma ray bursts.Rotation Modulation Collimators (RMC's) were originally introduced in X-ray astronomy to provide accurate source localizations over extended fields. This role has since been taken over by the grazing incidence telescope systems. The potential of the RMC's as wide field monitors have recently been demonstrated by the WATCH instruments on GRANAT and EURECA. It now appears likely, that for use on large, 3-axis stabilized spacecraft, a pinhole camera system may provide better sensitivity than an RMC-system of corresponding physical dimensions. But due to its simplicity, low data rate, and ability to work on spin stabilized (micro)satellites, the RMC wide field monitor may still have a role to play in the X-ray astronomy of the future.