基于WebGIS的实况网格产品应用分析平台及关键技术

实况网格产品是智能网格预报业务重要数据源。为满足气象业务及气象服务对实况网格产品的服务需求,在实时收集和处理各种实况网格产品基础上,采用JavaScript、HTML、CSS等web技术,构建了基于WebGIS的实况网格产品应用分析平台。采用Leaflet、Canvas等技术搭建了基于HTML5的WebGIS框架,实现了各种实况网格产品叠加地理信息统一展示。通过格点与站点观测数据的对比分析,提供产品的实时数据质量评估分析。基于网格格点,实现任意区域、不同要素等级的格点面积及面积比例等定量指标的统计分析。平台自投入业务应用以来,为各级业务应用和精细化气象服务提供了数据支撑。平台基于全国统一的数据环境和参数配置方式,具有很强的应用推广价值。     

塔什干低涡天气过程的计算机识别

根据塔什干低涡的定义,利用NCEP／NCAR日平均再分析高度场、温度场资料,运用计算机编程自动识别、追踪塔什干低涡的中心位置、中心强度和持续时间,进而获取塔什干低涡天气过程的数据集。此计算机识别程序中有两个关键判断条件：一是某格点i的高度值小于其外围格点高度值,二是低涡范围内任意格点的纬向温度二阶导数大于零。实践证明该方法对塔什干低涡系统的识别准确且省时省力,同时避免了人工挑选的主观性误差。     

气象网格数据的快速渲染研究与应用

随着更高精度的气象网格数据在气象业务中的广泛应用,使用高精度网格数据为社会公众提供精细化气象服务的需求越来越旺盛。针对气象网格数据文件大,网页前端动态渲染效率低等问题,提出基于瓦片金字塔模型的网格数据快速传输和渲染技术的研究及应用。采用服务器端的金字塔模型的瓦片动态切割、压缩传输以及浏览器终端的插值和渲染等技术,实现基于B/S框架下HTML5的气象网格数据快速展示的流程。同时,利用中国区域1 km分辨率多源融合实况分析产品,基于微信小程序终端进行检验发布,试验结果表明,百兆级气象网格数据可视化更新时间达毫秒量级,可以广泛应用于各类空间网格数据高效可视化的页面渲染。     

高低压中心、槽线识别的初步试验

利用经过截取处理的欧亚范围的欧洲格点数据，通过运算转化为屏幕网格资料，采用逐点追踪方法绘制等压线，运用统计识别法和模糊识别技术，结合实测风场订正，对高低压中心和槽线进行分析识别。试验结果表明，计算机能基本准确的识别出高低压中心及槽线，且速度比人工快得多，从而可做为人工智能工作站的一相接口，并为天气图的客观化和自动化分析作了初步尝试。     

陆面网格尺度变换时植被类型处理方法的探讨

针对陆面模式与大气模式耦合, 对比分析了模式网格点上多种植被并存和单一植被两种情况下的计算结果, 同时给出了网格元上地表有效温度、地表有效感热和潜热通量等的计算方案。试验使用SSiB陆面模式并以HAPEX-MOBILHY资料作为气象强迫场。试验结果表明:如果将网格元上多种植被类型归类成同一种植被类型, 模式对有效地表温度、感热和潜热通量等的计算结果与考虑多种植被类型的结果有很大差异。根据实际情况, HAPEX-MOBILHY试验区40%为森林, 60%为混合农业区, 如果根据一般的植被类型归类法, 将该试验区全部看作草地, 其积分结果与将该试验区看作40%为落叶针叶林和60%为草地的积分结果也存在一定的差别; 虽然有些植被类型在网格元上所占的覆盖面积较小, 但它却对网格元上地表通量的计算有较大的贡献。该研究对今后陆面模式耦合工作有一定的指导意义。     

自适应网格在大气海洋问题中的初步应用

自适应网格法是80年代兴起的通过求解椭圆型方程的边值问题来数值生成网格的一种新方法。它是在任意形状的区域上求偏微分方程的数值解的一种非常有效的工具。该方法抛弃了等距均匀的差分网格，代之以能够自动地适应所研究问题中解的特征的疏密程度不均的曲线网格。如在边界上计算网格与实际边界相重合，在区域内部可任意调节网格点的疏密程度等。本文扼要地介绍了自适应网格的原理及其构造方法。并将其应用于生成南海区域的计算网格以及数值预报台风路径的自适应网格。     

The effect of spatial resolution on archives of land cover type

It is apparent that the surface types and percentage covers recorded in any land use data archive will be a function of both the scale of the source maps and the resolution of the archive itself. This paper illustrates this fundamental cartographic fact in the context of climate modelling with a simple investigation in which the percentage cover of seven basic land use classes was calculated using national survey maps with a scale of 150000. The results were compared with similar computations using maps of other scales and with the information contained in two recently published global archives of land surface type. The assessed extent of urban areas is a function of the base map type used. The existence of open water and swamp/marsh areas is not recorded in coarse resolution data archives even when these areas cover 15% of a 1° × 1° grid element. Both these results are features of the data aggregation problem fundamental to geographical representation. This problem cannot be removed simply by producing global data sets at alternative resolutions. A more careful assessment of the sensitivity of models to aspects of the information archive is required.Now at U.K. Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire, U.K.     

智能移动端等值线实时绘制技术及其应用

利用C#开发语言结合WebService,提供了一套智能移动端的等值线实时绘制技术方案。方案采用了等值线算法实时分析气象网格数据,通过二进制编码压缩技术对等值线分析结果进行编码压缩,生成二进制等值线数据。移动端通过调用WebService接口实时下载解析二进制等值线数据,结合WebGIS的API函数实时绘制等值线色斑图。应用结果表明,所讨论的方案避免了传统图片显示方式带来的图片模糊不清、失真等问题,更加精细的展示气象要素数值。     

散射计海面非气旋风场块状模糊去除方法

利用最大似然法 (MLE) 对散射计数据反演得出的风矢量,一般存在多个模糊解,故需采用圆中数滤波法进行模糊去除。但传统圆中数滤波法难以解决风场反演中块状模糊问题。该文根据散射计非气旋性第1风场的空间分布特性,归纳出一套适合散射计的加强型圆中数滤波块状模糊去除方法,并探讨了其适应性。该方法定义简单,计算量小,且易收敛。利用欧洲EUMETSAT提供的部分ASCAT (Advanced SCATterometer) L2原始数据对该方法进行验证结果表明,对于非气旋风场分布情况,该方法在利用其他工具去除台风气旋覆盖区域后,能有效解决非气旋区域风场块状模糊问题。     

一种适用于有限差分模式的负载平衡区域分解方法

分布式内存并行处理在数值天气预报等超大规模科学计算中已经得到了广泛的应用。中尺度模式由于分辨率高 ,计算量大 ,需使用更多的处理机进行并行运算。另一方面 ,由于复杂的物理过程的采用 ,增加了不同天气的计算量的不平衡。但是 ,目前所广泛使用的并行处理方法在处理机数量较多时不能很好地均衡计算负载 ,引起并行计算效率的降低。本文提出了一种新的非规则区域分解负载分配方法。并与已有的负载分配方法进行了分析试验对比 ,该方法能更有效地平衡负载 ,取得更好的加速效果     

上海区域降水集合预报系统的建立与运行结果的检验

以MM5模式为基础, 从预报模式的不确定性出发形成8个集合成员, 建立了上海区域降水集合预报系统。该系统实现从资料收集、资料处理、模式预报到预报结果处理与产品输出的全自动化, 于2005年8月1日开始业务运行, 运行稳定可靠。对系统8—10月的运行结果进行检验, 结果表明:集合预报系统对降水的总体预报效果尚可, 其中对量级小的降水的总体预报效果更好, 集合预报产品尤其是概率预报产品具有一定的参考价值, 但系统还存在发散度偏小的问题, 有待进一步改进。     

Comparative Experiments on the Effect of Radar Data Assimilation and Increasing Horizontal Resolution on Short-term Numerical Weather Prediction

To examine the effect of radar data assimilation and increasing horizontal resolution on the short-term numerical weather prediction, comparative numerical experiments are conducted for a Huabei (North China) torrential rainfall event by using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and ARPS Data Analysis System (ADAS). The experiments use five different horizontal grid spacings, i.e., 18, 15, 9, 6, and 3 km,respectively, under the two different types of analyses: one with radar data, the other without. Results show that, when radar data are not used in the analysis (i.e., only using the conventional observation data), increasing horizontal resolution can improve the short-term prediction of 6 h with better representation of the frontal structure and higher scores of the rainfall prediction, particularly for heavy rain situations. When radar data are assimilated, it significantly improves the rainfall prediction for the first 6 h, especially the locality and intensity of precipitation. Moreover, using radar data in the analysis is more effective in improving the short-term prediction than increasing horizontal resolution of the model alone, which is demonstrated by the fact that by using radar data in the analysis and a coarser resolution of the 18-km grid spacing, the predicted results are as good as that by using a higher resolution of the 3-km grid spacing without radar data. Further study of the results under the radar data assimilation with grid spacing of 18-3 km reveals that the rainfall prediction is more sensitive to the grid spacing in heavy rain situations (more than 40 mm) than in ordinary rain situations (less than 40 mm). When the horizontal grid spacing reduces from 6 to 3 km, there is no obvious improvement to the prediction results. This suggests that there is a limit to how far increasing horizontal resolution can do for the improvement of the prediction. Therefore, an effective approach to improve the short-term numerical prediction is to combine the radar data assimilation with an optimal horizontal resolution.     

Fuzzy logic circulation types based on the Osuchowska-Klein classification system created for Poland

Fuzzy logic was applied as a methodology to create an objective calendar of daily atmospheric circulation based on an existing atmospheric circulation classification system for Poland called the Osuchowska-Klein method, which includes 13 circulation patterns. In this study, circulation patterns given by Osuchowska-Klein were expressed as normalized values of sea level pressure in a regular 5°?×?5° grid over the area of interest. Cases of daily atmospheric circulation (i.e., normalized values for the same domain) observed from January 1948 to December 2007 were defined in the same manner. The pattern-matching procedure employed in the study was made objective with the application of fuzzy logic sets in a few steps as follows: (1) discrimination and grouping of grid points as well as their classification in order to clearly define each Osuchowska-Klein circulation pattern, (2) calculation of the similarity between observed normalized pressure and that of the pattern at each selected grid point using a membership function, (3) determination of the degree of fulfillment for every class of grid points, (4) determination of the degree of a case and pattern, (5) selection of the circulation type for a particular day based on the degree of fulfillment for each pattern. The largest value of the degree of fulfillment indicates the type of circulation pattern on any given day. Finally, a validation of the obtained results is discussed. This was accomplished using the chi-square test and a comparison of consistency between the traditional and objective approach types. The results do show some differences between the subjective and objective methods, however, they are not major differences, especially when taking into account the fact that the two methods are quite different, as well as the complex nature of pressure systems.     

Validation of climate model output using Bayesian statistical methods

The growing interest in and emphasis on high spatial resolution estimates of future climate has demonstrated the need to apply regional climate models (RCMs) to that problem. As a consequence, the need for validation of these models, an assessment of how well an RCM reproduces a known climate, has also grown. Validation is often performed by comparing RCM output to gridded climate datasets and/or station data. The primary disadvantage of using gridded climate datasets is that the spatial resolution is almost always different and generally coarser than climate model output. We have used a Bayesian statistical model derived from observational data to validate RCM output. We used surface air temperature (SAT) data from 109 observational stations in California, all with records of approximately 50 years in length, and created a statistical model based on this data. The statistical model takes into account the elevation of the station, distance from coastline, and the NOAA climate region in which the station resides. Analysis indicates that the statistical model provides reliable estimates of the mean monthly SAT at any given station. In our method, the uncertainty in the estimates produced by the statistical model are directly determined by obtaining probability density functions for predicted SATs. This statistical model is then used to estimate average SATs corresponding to each of the climate model grid cells. These estimates are compared to the output of the RCM to assess how well the RCM matches the observed climate as defined by the statistical model. Overall, the match between the RCM output and the statistical model is good, with some deficiencies likely due in part to the representation of topography in the RCM.     

Conformal octagon: An attractive framework for global models offering quasi-uniform regional enhancement of resolution

Summary With the increasingly widespread adoption of massively parallel processing (MPP) computers for applications in computational fluid dynamics it becomes appropriate to reconsider the geometrical configuration of the computational grid that best suits the problem. In the case of global numerical weather prediction we have recently advocated a conformal spherical-cubic geometry. Among its merits, this grid lends itself naturally to simple domain-decomposition and obviates the need for polar filtering.Here we extend the same principles, but with an emphasis on the problem of regional forecasting. In this case we observe that it is possible to cover the global domain with a conformal grid geometry based on the mapping to the sphere of a back-to-back pair of octagonal regions. In the most symmetrical case, each octagon maps to a hemisphere. By compounding this mapping with a nonhomogeneous conformal mapping of the sphere to itself, one can also arrange to have quasi-uniform enhanced resolution of the resulting grid inside any chosen circle on the sphere, at the expense of relatively coarse resolution degrading gradually with distance outside the circle of interest.With appropriate grid dimensions, the new conformal octagon decomposes naturally into several identical square subdomains for efficient distribution over the nodes of an MPP computer.With 11 Figures     

近百年中国降水的测站资料和格点化资料对比

将Hulme的全球陆地格点化降水资料在中国陆地区域内同测站值进行了对比分析。结果表明,格点化资料能较好地描述降水场的大尺度特征,40多个格点值序列代表了全国近200个测站记录,并具有较高的时空覆盖率。当仅对中国区域内的降水进行分析时,为使资料的代表性更好,需对位于国界附近和沿海地区格点的序列值进行必要的修正。     

在均匀经纬度网格中计算高纬纬向差商的问题

针对在高纬地区计算纬向差商时，常须把时间步长取得很小，或采取Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ滤波的问题，提出了可以避免这些困难的差分格式，这种格式可以根据任何给定的、稳定的差分格式构造。在形式上它和后者相同，但要求调整网格距，使之可以取和中纬地区同样大的时间步长，并满足计算稳定性条件，在计算中它很有用，也很方便，几乎没有额外的运算量．而且，如果所根据的格式具有质量或能量守恒性质，新格式也同样具有．     

A SIMPLE PROGNOSTIC CLOSURE ASSUMPTION TO DEEP CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION:Ⅱ

A series of 3D predictions,dealing with the development of a heavy storm observed during the OSCAR experiment,were carried out by utilizing the PERIDOT model,and introducing alternatively the cumulus parameterization scheme of Bougeault (1985) and the prognostic one (Chen,1989;Chen and Bougeault,1993),with three different grid sizes:160 km,80 km,40 km.The feasibility of the new prognostic scheme and its improvement on the problem of dependency of the predicted rainfall upon the grid size of the numerical model were verified by comparison of the rainfall observed and those predicted.The results demonstrate that,in general,the predicted rainfall increases when the grid size decreases for both diagnostic and prognostic schemes.However,with the new prognostic scheme,the numerical model is capable,on the one hand,for the larger grid sizes,to increase the rainfall,which is under-estimated with the scheme of Bougeault (1985);on the another hand,for the smaller grid sizes,to reduce the rainfall,which is usually over-estimated.In other word,there is an obvious improvement on the problem under study.     

Implementation of CMA-GFS 3D-Var System on the Yin-Yang Grid

The global three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation is implemented on a new quasi-uniform overset (Yin-Yang) grid on sphere. As a quasi-uniform spherical grid, it covers the sphere by overlapping two perpendicularly oriented grid components which is nothing but low latitude region of the usual latitude-longitude grid. Based on this characteristic of the Yin-Yang grid, it enables us to implement the regional 3D-Var system efficiently and accurately on the Yin or Yang component grid, respectively. The global analysis could update directly from the regional analysis since they have the same configurations like the precondition of eigenvalue decomposition for vertical direction, recursive filtering for horizontal direction, minimization method and observation operator and so on. However, the balance equation and vector wind are needed to be paid more attention on the Yin grid analysis due to its coordinate transformation. How to spread the observation information near the boundary of Yin and Yang grid is a key to the 3D- Var analysis. Extending double the horizontal correlation length distance in the overset boundary of Yin and Yang grid has successfully solved the problem. The results show that the analysis on the Yin-Yang grid is reasonable and similar to the result on the latitude-longitude (LAT-LON) grid. This paper provides a promising strategy for the development of a 3D-Var global system for overset grids.