我国农业气候资源区划研究综述

本文简要综述了我国农业气候资源区划研究历史和研究进展;评述了农业气候区划指标的确定方法和农业气候区划方法;概述了GIS技术在农业气候区划中的应用,指出目前农业气候资源区划其特点是利用"3S"技术进行细网格的推算,应用GIS技术发展适合地方资源特点的特色农业和精细农业。并对目前农业气候资源区划工作存在的主要问题作了分析。     

我国农业气候资源区划研究综述

简要综述了我国农业气候资源区划研究历史和研究进展;评述了农业气候区划指标的确定方法和农业气候区划方法;概述了GIS技术在农业气候区划中的应用,指出目前农业气候资源区划其特点是利用"3S"技术进行细网格的推算,应用GIS技术发展适合地方资源特点的特色农业和精细农业。并对目前农业气候资源区划工作存在的主要问题作了分析。     

潍坊市太阳能资源利用价值分析

通过对潍坊市太阳能资源进行分析,利用统计、计算相结合的方法,分析了潍坊市太阳能资源的季节、区域特征,提出潍坊市太阳能资源合理利用建议,为潍坊市可再生能源应用发展专项规划提供依据。     

赤峰市巴林左旗山杏气候资源分析与区划

通过对巴林左旗山杏资源和生产现状的调查与分析,利用相关分析方法确定出对山杏生产有重要影响的区划指标,采用回归分析方法建立了产量与主要气象要素及地理因子关系模型,借助于1:25万地理信息数据和气候因子空间分布模型,应用GIS分析技术实现了该地区山杏气候资源区划,并进行了分区描述,提出了生产建议和减灾对策。为有效开发利用巴林左旗农业气候资源,合理开发利用山杏林,提供科学依据。     

“日射管理系统”简介

一、引言日射业务管理系统—MSSRO是在管理工作科学化的基础上,利用现气化手段,以数据库为核心的管理系统,涉及日射业务管理的各个方面。日射业务管理系统从软件工程的观点出发,首先分析现实环境,提出建立微机系统方案。根据管理日标和环境条件的要求确定变量,而后,应用数据库     

东南亚生物质燃烧对我国霾和降水的影响

基于生物质燃烧排放源清单、地面观测和数值模式对东南亚中南半岛生物质燃烧气溶胶的排放特征,以及其在2020年春季对我国云南地区霾天气和南方前汛期降水过程的影响进行了分析.结果 表明:中南半岛生物质燃烧气溶胶排放主要集中于每年3-4月,排放峰值时段集中于3月下旬至4月上旬,主要排放区域为缅甸东部和老挝北部.中南半岛生物质燃...     

精细农业研究进展

精细农业是随着全球定位系统、遥感技术和农业新技术、地理信息系统、计算机技术的发展而兴起的现代农业管理方法,它将给农业生产带来深刻的变革.从农业资源的利用现状出发,分析了精细农业概念产生的必然性及其核心指导思想,并阐述了精细农业的技术组成、形成过程、国内外现状、发展趋势和成功应用.     

精细农业研究进展

精细农业是随着全球定位系统、遥感技术和农业新技术、地理信息系统、计算机技术的发展而兴起的现代农业管理方法,它将给农业生产带来深刻的变革。从农业资源的利用现状出发,分析了精细农业概念产生的必然性及其核心指导思想,并阐述了精细农业的技术组成、形成过程、国内外现状、发展趋势和成功应用。     

气象科研数据共享系统建设

气象科研部门长期以来积累了大量的气象科学试验、科学考察数据,以及大气成分观测数据.如何科学有效地利用这些数据资源,是急需解决的现实问题.该文阐述了气象科研数据共享系统建设的体系结构,系统功能,关键技术应用.并结合气象科研数据库的建设,介绍了基于WebGIS技术建立气象空间数据库的技术方法和未来广泛的应用前景.     

露天生物质燃烧对地面PM2.5浓度的影响评估

利用MODIS火点、土地类型、植被覆盖、生物质载荷和排放因子等数据产品,开发了露天生物质燃烧排放模型,并将其嵌入空气质量模式WRF-CUACE,通过敏感性试验定量评估了露天生物质燃烧对中国地面PM_2.5浓度的影响。研究设计了3种模拟方案,比较模式评估结果发现修订后的方案能更好地模拟PM_2.5浓度。结果表明:2014年10月露天生物质燃烧主要集中在我国东北、华南和西南地区,其对PM_2.5月平均浓度的贡献达30~60 μg·m-3,局地甚至超过100 μg·m-3;华北、华东和华南地区生物质燃烧对PM_2.5月平均浓度的贡献达5~20 μg·m-3。从相对贡献看,东北大部分地区生物质燃烧对地面PM_2.5浓度的贡献超过50%,华南地区达20%~50%,西南局部地区甚至超过60%;华北、华中以及华东地区相对较低,平均相对贡献达10%~20%。生物质燃烧越严重的地区,其产生的PM_2.5中二次气溶胶的贡献占比越小,反之亦然。     

利用EOS/MODIS数据估算西藏藏北高原地表草地生物量

植被生物量作为一个重要的植被状态参数,其估算不仅对研究陆地生态系统植被生产量、碳循环、营养分配等方面具有重要意义,植被生物量的大小直接影响人类对地表植被的利用特点,而且影响其他的生物物理参量。各种不同空间分辨率、时间分辨率和波谱分辨率遥感数据的出现,使得实时监测大范围的植被生长成为可能。文中根据2004年8月至9月草地植被地面观测资料结合同期的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感数据建立了西藏藏北高原草地植被地上生物量、绿色干物质获得量与EOS/MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)之间的关系,并与影响草地植被空间分布的主要气候和高程要素之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:在藏北高原NDVI较EVI能有效地估算草地地上生物量和绿色干物质获得量;藏北高原草地地上生物量与绿色干物质获得量的空间分布特征是从东南部到西北部逐渐减少,东南部部分地区每平方公顷的草地地上生物量在2000 kg以上,到西北部地区减少到200 kg以下。影响草地地上生物量空间分布的主要气候要素是降水,两者的相关系数为0.64,其次为温度,相关系数为0.44;草地植被地上生物量的空间分布与高程呈反比,即海拔越高的地段生物量越低。     

Biomass strategies for climate policies?

Abstract

This paper discusses the results of the BEAP linear programming model that has been developed to study the optimal use of biomass and land for greenhouse gas emission reduction, notably the competition between food production, biomass production for energy and materials and afforestation. The model results suggest up to 100 EJ biomass use in case of global policies (about 20% of global primary energy use). The biomass is used for industrial and residential heating, transportation fuels and as a feedstock for plastics. In the electricity markets competing emission reduction options are more cost-effective than biomass. In case the Kyoto protocol is continued beyond 2010 the developed countries can rely in 2020–2030 on afforestation and land use change credits from developing countries, without any major use of other emission reduction strategies. However, in case of a planning perspective of more than half a century bioenergy is preferred instead of afforestation. The results indicate a limited impact on global agricultural trade, but food demand may be affected by CO₂ policies.     

盘锦湿地芦苇群落生物量动态特征研究

基于2005年4～9月盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统的观测资料,分析了盘锦湿地优势植物芦苇的群落学特性。结果表明:地上生物量峰值出现在7月,4～7月茎重与叶重呈显著的正相关;地下生物量存在明显的季节和垂直变化,其中0～30 cm的芦苇须根最大值出现在7月,根茎最大值出现在6月,30～40 cm深度为生物量变化在垂直剖面的分界线;根冠比以7月为最低,分层营养物质在30 cm以下积累。     

Assessing protected area’s carbon stocks and ecological structure at regional-scale using GEDI lidar

Protected areas (PAs) serve as a critical strategy for protecting natural resources, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating climate change. While there is a critical need to guide area-based conservation efforts, a systematic assessment of PA effectiveness for storing carbon stocks has not been possible due to the lack of globally consistent forest biomass data. In this study, we present a new methodology utilizing forest structural information and aboveground biomass density (AGBD) obtained from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) mission. We compare PAs with similar, unprotected forests obtained through statistical matching to assess differences in carbon storage and forest structure. We also assess matching outcomes for a robust and minimally biased way to quantify PA efficacy. We find that all analyzed PAs in Tanzania possess higher biomass densities than their unprotected counterfactuals (24.4% higher on average). This is also true for other forest structure metrics, including tree height, canopy cover, and plant area index (PAI). We also find that community-governed PAs are the most effective category of PAs at preserving forest structure and AGBD – often outperforming those managed by international or national entities. In addition, PAs designated under more than one entity perform better than the PAs with a single designation, especially those with multiple international designations. Finally, our findings suggest that smaller PAs may be more effective for conservation, depending on levels of connectivity. Taken together, these findings support the designation of PAs as an effective means for forest management with considerable potential to protect forest ecosystems and achieve long-term climate goals.     

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE AND NITRIC OXIDES IN LIN''''AN

The observational results in Lin'an show the elevated average concentrations of surface ozone and Nitric Oxides(NO_x)in the rural area in the eastern mid-latitudes of China.The mechanism of its variations was explained by the theo-retical analysis.In the case of breeze,the photochemical reactions controlled by solar radiation is the determined factorsaffecting the variations of the surface O_3 and NO_x.A study of the correlation between NO_x and SO_2 demonstrates thatthe biomass burning is an important local emission source of NO_x.     

Trading biomass or GHG emission credits?

Global biomass potentials are considerable but unequally distributed over the world. Countries with Kyoto targets could import biomass to substitute for fossil fuels or invest in bio-energy projects in the country of biomass origin and buy the credits (Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI)). This study analyzes which of those options is optimal for transportation fuels and looks for the key variables that influence the result. In two case studies (Mozambique and Brazil), the two trading systems are compared for the amount of credits generated, land-use and associated costs. We found costs of 17–30 euro per ton of carbon for the Brazilian case and economic benefits of 11 to 60 euros per ton of carbon avoided in the Mozambique case. The impact of carbon changes related to direct land-use changes was found to be very significant (both positive and negative) and can currently only be included in emission credit trading, which can largely influence the results. In order to avoid indirect land-use changes (leakage) and consequent GHG emissions, it is crucial that bioenergy crop production is done in balance with improvements of management of agriculture and livestock management. Whatever trading option is economically most attractive depends mainly on the emission baseline in the exporting (emission credit trading) or importing (physical trading) country since both bio- and fossil fuel prices are world market prices in large scale trading systems where transportation costs are low. Physical trading could be preferential since besides the GHG reduction one could also benefit from the energy. It could also generate considerable income sources for exporting countries. This study could contribute to the development of a methodology to deal with bio fuels for transport, in Emission Trading (ET), CDM and the certification of traded bio fuels.     

Characteristics of biomass burning aerosol and its impact on regional air quality in the summer of 2003 at Gwangju, Korea

The main objective of this study is to investigate the chemical characteristics of biomass burning aerosol and its impact on regional air quality during an agricultural waste burning period in early summer in the rural areas of Korea. A 12-h integrated intensive sampling of biomass burning aerosol in the fine and coarse modes was conducted on 2–20 June 2003 in Gwangju, Korea. The collected samples were analyzed for concentrations of mass, ionic, elemental, and carbonaceous species. Average concentrations of fine and coarse mass were measured to be 67.9 and 18.7 μg m^− 3 during the biomass burning period, 41.9 and 18.8 μg m^− 3 during the haze period, and 35.6 and 13.3 μg m^− 3 during the normal period, respectively. An exceptionally high PM_2.5 concentration of 110.3 μg m^− 3 with a PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio of 0.79 was observed on 6 June 2003 during the biomass burning period. The potassium ratio method was used to identify biomass burning samples. The average ratio of potassium in the fine mode to the coarse mode (FK/CK) was 23.8 during the biomass burning period, 6.0 during the haze period, and 4.7 during the normal period, respectively. A FK/CK ratio above 9.2 was considered a criterion for biomass burning event in this study. Particulate matter from the open field burning of agricultural waste has an adverse impact on visibility, human health, and regional air quality.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增对作物影响的研究进展

文中利用自行设计的OTC - 1型开顶式气室进行了 9a的田间试验 ,取得了一批质量可靠的试验数据 ,分析了CO2 浓度倍增对大豆、冬小麦、棉花、玉米、春小麦和谷子的生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明CO2 浓度倍增对上述 6种作物的生物量及产量的影响均是正效应 ,对冬小麦、棉花和谷子品质的影响可能是有利的 ,对玉米品质的影响可能是不利的 ,对大豆的影响不大 ;分析了O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦、水稻、油菜和菠菜生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明O3 浓度倍增对上述 4种作物生物量的影响均是负效应 ,对冬小麦和水稻的产量影响是负效应 ,但是冬小麦和水稻籽粒中粗蛋白和 17种氨基酸含量都有所增加 ;分析了CO2 和O3 浓度复合倍增对大豆生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果是生物量和产量呈增加趋势 ,说明了CO2 的正效应大于O3 的负效应。采用作物模型数值模拟方法 ,分析了CO2 和O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦生物量及产量的影响。     

生物质燃烧输送对青藏高原气溶胶光学辐射特性的影响研究

利用青藏高原拉萨(Lhasa)和珠峰(QOMS_CAS)站点地基CE 318太阳光度计观测数据,研究了2012年4月2日至4月5日一次生物质燃烧输送对青藏高原气溶胶光学和辐射特性的影响;并结合卫星遥感产品以及后向轨迹模式分析了本次生物质燃烧输送的可能来源。结果表明：本次气溶胶污染期间Lhasa和QOMS_CAS站点的主要气溶胶类型变为生物质燃烧气溶胶,气溶胶粒子的消光性增大(气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)增大,Lhasa和QOMS_CAS站点AOD最大值分别为0.4和0.29),尺度减小(消光波长指数(EAE)>1.5),吸收性增大(吸收波长指数(AAE)>1.3),细模态粒子体积浓度增大,而细模态粒子峰值半径减小。气溶胶辐射强迫表明此次输送过程使得Lhasa和QOMS_CAS站点的气溶胶对大气顶和地表的降温作用增强,对大气的增温作用也增强。生物质燃烧输送的可能来源为南亚的印度东北部,尼泊尔与不丹地区。     

Potential and limitations of bioenergy for low carbon transitions

Sustaining low CO ₂ emissions pathways to 2100 may rely on electricity production from biomass. We analyze the economic effect of the availability of biomass resources and technologies with and without CCS within a general equilibrium framework. We assess the robustness of bioenergy with and without CCS for reaching the RCP 3.7 target with the hybrid model Imaclim-R. Global consumption is affected by the absence of CCS or biomass options, and biomass is shown to be a possible technological answer to the absence of CCS. As the use of biomass on a large scale might prove unsustainable, we show that early action is a strategy to reduce the need for biomass and enhance economic growth in the long term.