海上某区二维地震多次波的识别和压制

多次波的识别和压制是陆上,特别是海洋地震勘探中需要解决的突出问题之一。首先结合某区二维深海地质资料,采用变偏移距叠加剖面、叠加速度谱、自相关分析和二维频率波数域等方法手段,对波场的特征、多次波的类型和性质进行了识别分析。然后,对于不同类型的多次波匹配地选择预测反褶积、频率波数域滤波和加权混波等方法加以压制。发挥各自方法的优点,实现了多种方法的整体综合优化,达到最大限度地压制多种类型多次波的目的。较好的实际压制效果表明上述工作思路和处理方法是有效可行的。     

线性Radon域地震干涉层间多次波预测方法

为避免时空域地震干涉技术预测层间多次波过程中出现假象干扰,影响地震资料处理。笔者结合线性Radon变换与地震干涉技术,在线性Radon域中利用地震干涉技术预测层间多次波。通过数值模拟验证了线性Radon域地震干涉层间多次波预测方法的有效性,并将该方法应用到复杂速度模型中。结果表明,线性Radon域地震干涉技术可以有效减少时空域地震干涉技术预测层间多次波存在的假象,压缩数据体积大小,提高计算效率,并能够适用于复杂地质环境。     

拉东变换压制多次波在新疆巴楚地区的应用

多次波是地震勘探中一种常见的干扰波,巴楚地区浅层强反射界面导致了多次波异常发育,严重影响了地震数据的成像,甚至产生了构造假象,压制多次波对于新疆巴楚地区地震数据的构造精确成像具有重要的理论意义与实用价值。结合巴楚地区地质结构特征,对地震采集的原始数据进行深入剖析,同时根据多次波自身的特点,在试验了多种技术方法之后,认为拉东变换压制多次波方法能够在该区取得地震数据构造成像满意的效果。给出了在不同数据域准确识别多次波的几种基本方法和判断准则,同时详细阐述了拉东变换压制多次波的基本原理。通过工区实际资料的处理,系统地演示了该技术方法运用的过程、结果及关键点。     

基于预测滤波的层间多次波衰减方法

在地震勘探中由于与反射信号时差小,层间多次波在近偏移距难以完全去除。地震剖面道集上近偏移距多次波的存在增加了反演的多解性,此外多次波在叠加剖面上形成的假反射也增加了解释的误差。提出一种基于预测滤波的层间多次波衰减方法,首先通过倾角滤波衰减中远偏移距的多次波,然后将含有残留的层间多次波的道集按照随机顺序排序,最后应用预测滤波方法按照随机干扰去除剩余的层间多次波。经实际数据检验,本方法对近偏移距小时差层间多次波具有良好的衰减效果。     

基于波动方程预测和曲波域匹配联合压制层间多次波

准噶尔盆地腹部滴南8井区侏罗系发育两套典型煤层,其强烈吸收衰减作用对下伏地层成像产生屏蔽作用。侏罗系以下地层一次反射能量较弱,层间多次能量较强,现有地震资料三叠系、二叠系只能看到多次波的成像,一次反射完全被掩盖,井震矛盾突出,严重制约该区地质模式识别。本文依据多次波产生机理及分布状况,提出了一种基于波动方程预测层间多次波模型联合曲波域匹配相减,压制层间多次波的方法,使用波动方程反演预测出与地震记录中多次波相当的多次波模型,预测的多次波模型和原始地震数据变换到曲波域匹配后从地震记录中减去,得到最终去多次波后的数据。该方法有效压制了滴南8井区三维二、三叠系短周期多次波,解决了该区多井的井震矛盾,厘清了地层厚度关系,二叠系快速削蚀减薄特征清楚,构造关系可靠,为腹部普遍存在的强煤层屏蔽导致的多次波压制提供了新的技术思路。     

三维自由表面多次波去除方法

多次波去除是地震数据处理与解释中的关键性问题,其去除结果直接影响地震数据的处理质量。笔者论述的自由表面多次波压制（SRME）是一种数据驱动理念,在不需任何地下信息和假设的情况下,利用地震数据的自身迭代就可以达到预测多次波的目的,并且相较于一些传统方法预测更加准确。面对越来越多的三维海洋地震采集,二维SRME方法暴露出其算法对三维构造的估计不足,所以有必要将SRME从二维向三维扩展。三维SRME相较于传统的二维SRME在考虑多次波贡献方面表现得更加全面,有效地计算地下每一处的多次波贡献,可以给出更准确的多次波预测。建立了三维倾斜层状速度模型,模拟含多次波的地震数据,利用3D SRME技术进行多次波预测,对比了2D SRME与3D SRME对三维地震数据的多次波预测结果,发现3D SRME的预测结果与理论多次波位置吻合;最后利用最小平方匹配减去法,实现了地震数据中多次波的去除,有效地压制了多次波信息。     

逆数据域表面多次波压制方法

基于波动方程压制表面多次波的反馈迭代方法,推导出压制表面多次波的逆数据域方法。该方法利用了一次波和表面多次波在逆数据域的可分离性质。含表面多次波的地震数据变换到逆数据域后,表面多次波的能量在逆数据域形成能量聚焦区域,可通过简单切除能量聚焦区域的信号实现表面多次波压制,避免了基于波动方程预测减去方法中的自适应相减过程,完全损伤不到一次波的能量。单道地震记录和合成炮数据模型试算表明：逆数据域多次被压制方法简单易行,可有效压制表面多次波,并保持一次波振幅不受损失。与常规的基于波动方程的表面多次被压制方法（SRME方法）对比表明,逆数据域方法能更好地应对有效波和多次波同相轴相交的情况。     

预测反褶积去多次波几个理论问题探讨

这里以模型研究为基础,探讨了预测反褶积去多次波应注意的几个理论问题,得出了有一定价值的几条结论：①道集中多次波时差是变化的,要去除整个道集的多次波,预测步长应以远道为参照;②预测反褶积去多次波还不完全等同于一般的提高分辨率处理,太小步长的多次波是无法准确预测并去除的;③算子长度要大于多次波周期,太小算子长度会使预测结果混入假的能量;④模型研究级联反褶积效果并不理想,因此要慎用此项技术,如果要做级联反褶积,建议先大步长后小步长;⑤地层中的层间多次波衰减很快,要分辨小于50m的层间多次波,几乎是不可能的,要进行高精度的多次波去噪,还须借助其它方法。     

基于f-x EMD波场分离的绕射多次波压制方法

自由表面多次波压制（SRME）方法是海洋地震数据处理中的关键步骤。当存在崎岖海底条件时,绕射波十分发育,常规SRME算法很难将复杂绕射多次波有效消除。对压制效果较差的多次波进行成因分析,首先基于f-x EMD波场分离算法,将全数据分解为反射部分和绕射部分,再对其进行多次波预测,获得绕射预测多次波子集：反射-绕射预测多次波、绕射-反射预测多次波和绕射-绕射预测多次波。然后,改进常规SRME算法的迭代过程,在SRME的迭代过程中使用与原数据中多次波更加匹配的绕射多次波子集进行多次波压制。与常规SRME算法的对比结果表明,改进的SRME算法在理论数据和实际数据处理中对多次波的压制都取得更好的效果。     

基于F-K和Radon变换的多次波衰减方法

多次波干扰是地震勘探中最重要的问题之一,其衰减技术也是地震数据处理的难题之一。本文主要介绍了多次波的形成、分类及其特征,并在ProMax系统上对合成地震记录的多次波进行了压制:首先采用合适的速度对时-空域的地震记录进行NMO校正;然后,分别用F-K变换和Radon变换方法将其变换到F-K域和Radon域,对多次波所占据的主要区域进行充零衰减;最后,通过对应的反变换将其变换到时-空域,从而达到多次波衰减的目的。通过在ProMax系统中的应用表明:不同方法对多次波的衰减效果各有优劣,组合滤波方法能达到更好的效果。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861