祁连山木里地区天然气水合物地球化学勘查

目前,陆域永久冻土带天然气水合物勘查没有形成一种有效的勘测技术,成为冻土带水合物勘探的瓶颈。笔者在祁连山木里天然气水合物发现区进行地球化学勘查方法技术试验,试验结果表明:水合物发现区浅表土壤酸解烃、顶空气等地球化学指标具有明显异常,地球化学异常与水合物为同源成因,初步提出木里地区天然气水合物地球化学勘查模式。     

青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区天然气水合物的地质、地球化学异常

通过对青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区重点地段野外冻胀、坍塌、冷泉冒气现象的观测及对低空大气、冷泉气体、表层冻土沉积物、地下冰等不同介质中气体的地球化学分析,发现部分冻土区如托纠山、昆仑山口、雁石坪等地区存在着明显的地质地球化学异常。这些气体地球化学异常可能主要是由青藏高原多年冻土区不同类型的断裂作用把深部气体带至浅部冻土沉积物中形成的,另一部分可能与浅部有机质转化成烃的作用相关,还有一部分可能与冰川发生位移造成的烃类气体聚集体重新分配有关;地质异常现象可能与该区构造热活动或天然气水合物形成的演化有关。对比前人的模拟计算结果,本次地质地球化学异常区的冻土厚度基本能满足天然气水合物形成的温压条件,这些异常可能与天然气水合物有关。     

陆域冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查中顶空气轻烃应用模式试验

为探索顶空气轻烃技术在陆域冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查中的应用,选择祁连山木里已知天然气水合物矿区和哈拉湖未知区作为方法技术的试验区.试验指标包括土壤顶空气、土壤酸解烃、岩芯顶空气轻烃测井、甲烷碳同位素.研究表明:祁连山木里已知天然气水合物矿藏上方,土壤顶空气轻烃组分以甲烷为主,甲烷所占比例非常高,90.6％的样品C1含量都在78％以上,甲烷含量显著高于常规油气盆地;未发现天然气水合物的哈拉湖试验区,无明显的土壤顶空气轻烃异常现象.顶空气轻烃异常模式为:平面上,矿藏上方近地表土壤中存在明显的顶空气甲烷强异常;剖面上,在天然气水合物稳定带上方呈现"前缘晕"异常特征;其空间分布与祁连山水合物矿藏展布空间具有套合关系.甲烷碳同位素和烃类组成判断地表油气化探异常为热解成因,与祁连山冻土区天然气水合物的气体为同一成因来源.陆域冻土区天然气水合物顶空气轻烃地球化学勘查技术试验结果表明:顶空气轻烃地球化学方法既可以判断水合物成因类型,也可以圈出水合物矿藏范围.     

中纬度带天然气水合物地球化学勘查技术

祁连山冻土区木里地区天然气水合物矿藏是迄今为止在中纬度带首次发现的水合物矿藏,为了研究中纬度带水合物地球化学勘查技术,选择木里矿区作为方法技术的试验区。试验指标内容有土壤顶空气、酸解烃、碳酸盐和甲烷碳同位素。研究表明:祁连山木里天然气水合物矿藏存在明显的近地表地球化学异常;由甲烷碳同位素和烃类组成判断地表油气化探异常为热解成因,指示该区天然气水合物成藏物质来源于油气和煤成气。进一步研究了中纬度带冻土区天然气水合物成藏模式,指出该区进行天然气水合物勘探的同时应进行石油和煤成气的综合勘探。     

西沙海槽研究区天然气水合物地球化学勘探及成藏模式研究

依据ODP204航次1250C站位钻井样品酸解烃数据结果,以及作者在南海西沙海槽研究区天然气水合物地球化学现场勘查中得到的多种烃类指标数据、异常点上微量甲烷碳同位素数值等资料,对海洋水合物地球化学勘探的依据和研究区气态烃异常特征、气体成因、天然气水合物成藏模式等相关问题进行了研究探讨。结果表明:气态烃指标地球化学异常主要分布在工区北部斜坡地带,并与BSR等地震标志及深部断裂关系密切;西沙海槽研究区海底沉积物气态烃甲烷以热解成因为主,但也有混合成因;推测该区天然气水合物为断层渗滤综合成藏模式。研究成果比较合理地解释了BSR分布和海底沉积物甲烷局部异常并非完全一致的原因;评价预测了该区天然气水合物有利勘探目标。成果为该区天然气水合物勘探、天然气水合物成因机制研究和天然气水合物远景预测,提供了地球化学方面的证据。     

漠河盆地多年冻土区天然气水合物地球化学调查及远景评价

漠河盆地是我国冻土发育的主要地区之一,发育良好的天然气水合物成藏系统,具有天然气水合物形成的良好条件。为了圈定天然气水合物远景区,识别油气聚集体,判别天然气水合物成因,在漠河盆地冻土较发育地区开展了1∶5万天然气水合物地球化学资源调查。结果表明：(1)在森林沼泽景观区,顶空气和荧光光谱指标是天然气水合物勘查的主要指标,借鉴青海木里冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查成功的经验,结合AMT、地质等资料分析,元宝山凹陷是天然气水合物较为有利的远景区;(2)岩心样品甲烷碳同位素分析显示,烃类气体分异明显,浅层烃类气体基本为生物气,深部烃类气源主要为混合成因气,个别解吸气为微生物气和热解气;(3)试验性应用了分形-GIS技术,可以细致可靠地进行异常区范围划定,消除干扰因素,有效地圈定水合物远景区。     

青海木里三露天天然气水合物土壤热释烃技术应用研究

吸附烃(酸解烃和热释烃)技术在常规油气地球化学勘查中已显示出良好的应用效果。选择青海木里三露天进行土壤热释烃地球化学方法试验,通过对土壤样品热释烃特征值和地球化学异常分布特征的分析,显示研究区已知矿藏区上方存在良好的土壤热释烃地球化学环状异常,异常的空间展布受到地下矿藏的控制,二者具有良好的对应关系 。通过对研究区烃类甲烷碳同位素分析,指示土壤热释烃地球化学异常为热解成因,与天然气水合物具有相似的成因类型。试验结果表明,土壤热释烃技术适用于天然气水合物地球化学勘查,能够圈出水合物矿藏范围,可与其他水合物化探技术互相补充。     

中国陆域冻土区浅表烃类地球化学特征及其成因分析

基于中国羌塘盆地、祁连山、漠河盆地冻土区浅表土壤样品资料,进行了烃类气体组分地球化学特征、成因及性质分析。结果表明,冻土区浅表烃类气体主要成分为甲烷,还含有少量乙烷、乙烯、丙烷、丙烯、丁烷和戊烷。羌塘盆地和漠河盆地烃类气体主要为热解成因,气体类型为油型气及其与煤层气的混合气;祁连山冻土区浅表土壤中烃类气体具有热解成因和生物成因,气体类型包括油型气、煤层气和生物气。烃类地球化学调查为我国陆域冻土区水合物等油气资源勘查提供了依据。     

祁连山木里冻土区天然气水合物矿区稀有气体氦、氖地球化学特征及其指示意义

稀有气体氦(He)、氖(Ne)是天然气水合物中的痕量组分,其化学性质稳定,在地质作用过程中其丰度变化几乎不受复杂化学反应和近地表微生物的影响。顶空气He、Ne地球化学勘查方法可以排除沼泽区微生物的强烈干扰,提高包括天然气水合物在内的油气近地表地球化学勘查的效用及精度。选择祁连山木里冻土区天然气水合物矿区进行试验研究,获得近地表土壤顶空气He平均含量为799×10-6,Ne平均含量208×10-6,均高于其在大气中的丰度。稀有气体He、Ne具有很强的穿透能力,平面上,在已知水合物矿藏和水合物远景区上方具有明显的地球化学顶部异常特征;钻井地球化学垂向剖面上,水合物富集层位上方具有明显的上置气异常特征。顶空气He、Ne近地表平面异常和钻井岩屑剖面异常特征证实,祁连山水合物形成过程中烃类气体发生了分异和垂向微渗漏,其携带笼中的稀有气体He、Ne以“类气相”地气流形式垂向迁移。试验证明,顶空气He、Ne异常对木里天然气水合物矿藏具有良好的指示作用。顶空气He、Ne勘查方法是冻土区水合物地球化学勘查技术的有效补充。     

青海木里三露天水合物微生物地球化学勘查研究

以青海省天峻县木里地区天然气水合物发现区为研究对象,以天然气水合物发现井作为正演模型,采用250 m×500 m、100 m×100 m两种调查尺度,对陆地冻土区天然气水合物微生物地球化学烃检测技术的适用性进行了研究。结果显示：研究区有显著的微生物异常,指示下伏地层存在烃类富集;稀网格微生物调查查明烃类富集的有利区 ,而密网格调查很好地识别了天然气水合物分布的非均质性,与水合物钻探井所揭示的横向上天然气水合物分布不连续的特征一致。土壤吸附气的地球化学检测和分析,揭示研究区天然气水 合物的气源十分复杂,主要为热成因的煤层气和油型气。研究结果为探索天然气水合物富集规律和勘探方向提供依据和参考。微生物地球化学勘查结果精细地刻画了冻土区天然气水合物分布 规律及气源特征,结合地质学、地球物理、地球化学进行综合分析,为陆地天然气水合物的识别提供新的研究方法,同时降低天然气水合物的勘探风险,提高勘探的成功率。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of