ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据气温和气压值在中天山山区适用性分析

利用在天山山区海拔超过1 500 m的气象站的逐日气温和气压数据与同期经过水平方向和垂直方向插值后ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR两套再分析数据进行回归分析,研究再分析数据在天山山区不同季节的适用性,并验证再分析数据偏差与气候区的一致性。结果表明:从整体上,ERA-Interim数据气压和气温的可信度优于NCEP/NCAR数据,但在局部存在差异。两套再分析数据的偏差与气候分区、高程和季节相关。中天山山区再分析数据气温偏差呈现暖偏差,而天山南坡呈现冷偏差。两套再分析数据的气温偏差在高山带呈现暖偏差,在中山带呈现冷偏差。春秋两季气温的偏差小于夏冬两季。气压的偏差在夏季低于其他三季。而偏差可能会导致以再分析数据为驱动的气候模式结果的偏差。     

气温数据栅格化中的几个具体问题

用地理信息系统软件ARC／INFO及4种空间插值方法，对中国617个气象站30年平均气温数据和1961年平均气温数据的栅格化试验发现，克立格插值方法的精度最高，反距离权重法次之，样条插值法的精度第三，趋势面插值方法的精度最低。利用多年平均气温数据和年平均气温的距平值进行气温数据的栅格化，虽然可以减少分析和计算量，但栅格化结果的精度比利用年平均气温数据直接进行栅格化的精度要低。气象站的实际高程与气象站经纬度对应的数字高程(DEM)上的高程不完全一致，但气温数据的栅格化完全依赖于DEM，用气象站实际高程建模进行气温数据栅格化的精度比用与气象站经纬度对应的DEM上的高程建模进行气温数据栅格化的精度要高。     

基于符号回归的四川省多因子气温空间插值

以四川省为例开展复杂地形下气温插值方法的研究,结合遥感数据、DEM数据与气象站点数据,基于符号回归分别构建多因子气温插值模型、少因子气温插值模型,并与多元线性回归模型和传统插值方法(反距离权重法、普通克里金法、协同克里金法)进行对比。结果表明：基于符号回归的两种模型与多元线性回归模型在四季插值精度均显著优于传统插值方法,其中多因子气温插值模型在四季精度皆为最高;评估基于符号回归的两种模型与多元线性回归模型在简单与复杂地形区域下的气温插值精度,多元线性回归模型在夏季整体精度最差,少因子气温插值模型在冬季的复杂地形区域插值精度最低,而多因子气温插值模型在两种地形区域的全年插值精度皆最优;多因子气温插值模型的气温空间分布特征与遥感气温产品最相近,整体误差较小,可精准反映气温空间分布特征。基于符号回归的多因子气温插值模型可以提升复杂地形区域气温插值精度。     

基于机器学习的气温要素空间插值

掌握近地表气温的空间分布对于科学理解生态环境变化和陆地-大气热力学相互作用机理等至关重要,然而气象观测站在地理空间上分布不均,为区域的气温插值带来了挑战。本文以全国711个气象站点的月平均气温为基础数据,分析了气温与经度、纬度和高程的相关性,利用随机森林、支持向量机、高斯过程回归三种机器学习方法,对中国陆地区域的气温进行了空间插值,并与反距离权重、普通克里金以及ANUSPLIN等传统的插值方法以及全球土地数据同化系统（Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS）气温数据产品进行对比。结果表明：（1）在整个中国陆地区域,利用机器学习进行气温插值的精度明显高于传统的反距离权重和普通克里金插值,并且机器学习方法明显提高了夏季的气温插值精度（R2）;(2)在三种机器学习方法中,高斯过程回归表现最好,支持向量机次之,然后是随机森林,ANUSPLIN具有较高的插值精度,但是整体低于高斯过程回归模型;（3）在气象站点稀少且分布不均匀的青藏高原地区,三种机器学习方法插值精度明显高于反距离权重和普通克里金方法,且整体优于ANUSPLIN的结果,尤其是在夏季,机器...     

基于ANUSPLIN的京津冀区域逐日气温格点数据集建立方法研究

为建立一个高精度、高空间分辨率的逐日气温格点数据集,满足公共气象服务对于精确信息及实时信息的需要,利用2018年6—8月京津冀区域以及临近省区共3 974个国家级及区域气象观测站质控后的逐日气温资料,采用ANUSPLIN软件对逐日气温数据进行空间内插,得到了京津冀区域逐日气温格点数据集（0.01°×0.01°）,并分别利用反距离权重插值法、普通克里金插值法、样条函数法对逐日气温数据进行空间插值,采用相关系数（Corr）、平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均相对误差（MRE）等作为评估指标来检验插值精度。结果表明：1）ANUSPLIN软件满足了空间插值对精度及曲面平滑度的要求,能直观体现京津冀区域气温由北向南递增的空间分布特征;2）4种插值方法中,基于ANUSPLIN软件的插值结果最优,相关系数平均达0.97,其样本误差在1 ℃之内占比为90.59%,MAE为0.46 ℃,MRE为1.81%;3）插值误差较大的区域位于冀北高原、燕山丘陵及太行山脉一带,高海拔、低站点密度等是造成插值误差的主要原因。基于ANUSPLIN插值方法建立的逐日气温格点数据集具有分辨率高、空间插值误差小的优势,ANUSPLIN对气温的空间分布具有较好的预测能力。     

中国北方苹果种植需水特征及降水适宜性

以中国北方7个苹果主产省为研究区域,基于研究区域及周边100 m范围内210个气象站1970-2019年逐日气象数据和1 km分辨率的数字高程数据,采用最小湿度法对作物系数(Kc)进行逐日估算,并利用基于样条函数插值理论的专业气象插值软件ANUSPLIN对逐日气象数据进行空间插值,计算苹果各关键生育期需水量和降水适宜度...     

基于DEM的气温空间插值方法比较

基于2007—2016年新疆105个气象观测站月平均气温数据,利用GIS技术提取数字高程模型(DEM)中的经度、纬度、坡度、坡向和高程,分析气温与各地形要素之间的关系,选取普通克里金、协同克里金、多元线性回归3种空间插值方法,分别对天山以北和天山以南的气温进行插值,并通过误差分析和相关性分析对插值精度进行对比检验。结果表明:无论是天山以北还是天山以南区域,普通克里金方法更适用于夏季,协同克里金方法则更适用于冬季,多元线性回归法的整体插值精度最低。因天山南北气候差异因素,普通克里金法和协同克里金法在天山以北的插值精度优于天山以南。同时受季节特征影响,天山以北4—9月普通克里金法最优,10月至次年3月协同克里金法最优;天山以南3—9月普通克里金法最优,10月至次年2月协同克里金法最优。     

基于DEM修订的新疆区域气温空间插值精度优化研究

为研究新疆地区气温的空间变异性,以新疆66个国家气象台站1981—2010年月平均气温和30 m空间分辨率DEM数据为基础,采用传统插值法、基于DEM多元线性回归插值和基于DEM修正的空间插值方法对新疆区域气温数据进行栅格化,并分析年平均气温与海拔的相关关系。通过采用反距离权重法(IDW),普通克里格法(Kriging),样条函数法(Spline)和趋势面分析法(Trend)4种空间插值方法对气象要素进行直接插值、气温多元回归模型残差结果插值、基于DEM修正插值对比分析。通过针对插值方法进行基于MAE和RMSIE的交叉验证,结果表明传统插值方法、基于多元线性回归和基于DEM修正4种空间插值精度均为IDWKrigingSplineTrend。反距离权重(IDW)空间插值方法最优,基于DEM修正IDW插值、基于多元线性回归IDW插值与传统IDW插值精度分别是0.039、0.477、1.038,插值结果客观的表达了新疆区域气温随空间梯度的变化趋势。     

中国地面气温和降水网格化数据精度比较

采用2013年国家气象信息中心逐日的839个中国基准、基本气象站,2419个国家级地面气象站,3万个逐小时中国地面站气温和降水数据,利用ANUSPLIN、SHERPAD和OI插值方法进行网格化,比较了日尺度上不同方法插值不同站网密度站点数据的精度。结果表明:台站点数量多的插值结果,对降水或气温描述的准确性高,相关性随站点密度增加而增大,均方根误差随站点密度增加而减少。不同方法得出的相关性、均方根误差随季节变化明显,且差异较大,并具有月尺度变化特征。夏季站点数量相同的不同插值结果,降水场的相关系数、RMSE等评分指标均优于年平均,气温的相关系数则低于年平均。降水场的评估指标时间序列不确定性更大,波动范围大于气温。国家气象信息中心制作的基于气候背景场OI插值的2419站降水场和考虑高程ANUSPLIN插值的2419站气温的综合评价较好。     

近57年我国气温格点数据集的建立和质量评估

在普通克里金插值方法的基础上, 引入高程因子并充分考虑插值的边界效应, 对1951:2007年我国气温站点资料进行空间结构分析和插值, 得到我国地面气温日、月、年平均值1°×1°格点数据集。数据集的质量评估结果表明:高程在我国区域气温空间结构分析和插值中起着重要作用, 高程资料的引入有效提高了大部分高山地区的插值效果; 相比站点资料, 所建立的格点数据集在描述我国年平均气温以及季节平均气温分布时更为合理, 突出了温度场的大尺度特征; 数据集反映出了我国年平均气温变化趋势主要的空间差异; 数据集较好地反映了我国年平均气温变化状况, 1951- 2007年气温变暖幅度约为1.6 ℃, 增温速率0.28 ℃/10 a, 比全球或半球同期平均增温速率明显偏高, 且气温增暖主要发生在最近的20余年之内。另外, 格点数据集显示, 1998—2007年是1951年以来最暖的10年, 其中2006年全国平均气温距平接近2000年之前的历史最高年份1998年, 而2007年全国平均气温距平值超过1998年, 达到1951年以来的历史最高值1.3 ℃, 为最暖的一年。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.