北京城市下垫面边界层湍流统计特征

分析了1998年10月在北京325 m气象塔47 m、120m及280m 3层取得的湍流资料,讨论了湍流宏观统计特征量等随稳定度变化的规律.结果表明,47 m及120 m观测到的感热通量的日变化基本一致,城市边界层中近地层高度可达100m左右,这主要是由于下垫面粗糙度很大所致.同时发现当冷空气来临时,边界层中的感热通量会有明显增大.     

长白山近地层内湍流特征观测研究

通过分析2003年6、7、8月长白山阔叶红松林生态系统站点气象塔2.5m及40m两层每30 min间隔取得的近地层湍流通量观测资料,针对长白山湍流的统计特征量进行了研究,计算分析了各通量每月的日平均值极其变化特征。结果表明:感热、潜热通量随太阳升起逐渐增大,午后达到最大,然后降低;感热通量大于潜热通量占主导地位;动量通量白天大于晚上,最大值均出现在白天午后,夜间较小;湍流强度随高度的增加而明显下降;在日出前后有明显的变化。湍流通量和湍流动能昼夜变化明显。     

由地基遥感资料确定大气边界层特征

中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室拥有用于边界层垂直结构探测的相控阵声雷达（PA2）、低层大气廓线仪（LAP-3000）以及无线电声雷达（RASS）。本文研究如何利用这些设备获取的遥感观测资料,确定边界层湍流热通量的垂直分布、地面热通量以及边界层高度等问题。     

城市边界层湍流和下垫面空气动力学参数观测研究

城市大气边界层中的湍流交换和下垫面空气动力学参数的观测研究是城市环境气象研究的重要内容。文章概述了城市大气边界层中湍流的观测方法和计算城市下垫面空气动力学参数的可行性方案。对城市湍流的基本特性和城市边界层的垂直结构、城市边界层观测的历史、城市下垫面空气动力学参数的估算以及存在的问题进行了讨论。     

长江三角洲常熟地区近地层湍流特征的研究

利用1999年5～9月长江三角洲常熟地区的湍流脉动观测资料,分析了该地区感热、潜热和动量通量的日变化以及湍流强度和湍流谱特征,结果表明该地区各能量的日变化与常见情况相同,白天潜热通量的输送占主导地位,感热通量比潜热小得多,且湍流的日变化与天气的关系非常密切,晴天比阴天要大得多.湍流强度和湍流谱的分析结果表明,在近中性条件下,常熟地区各方向湍流强度接近典型平坦下垫面的值.非中性条件下,垂直方向规一化标准差与稳定度的关系都较好地满足1/3次幂定律,水平方向没有垂直方向上的规律好,特别是稳定条件下,数据点分散性大;各风速分量谱在高频段满足理论上的-2/3次幂定律,纵向和垂直方向速度谱的峰值频率与典型平坦下垫面上的结果一致.总体输送系数CD、CH与稳定度的关系密切,随稳定度增加有减小的趋势.     

夏季北京城市大气边界层湍流通量的塔层观测

利用2003年8月13～26日期间中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层气象塔47、120和280 m 3层高度上三维风速和温度脉动的观测资料,结合涡动相关方法,分析了夏季北京市城市下垫面的动量和感热等湍流通量。结果表明：3层高度上动量通量和感热通量的日变化彼此非常接近, 且3层高度上最大感热通量达到200～250 W·m-2。观测期间盛行南风,120 m高度的水平风速小于10 m·s-1。同时分析了由慢响应传感器采集的15个高度上的气温和8个高度上的相对湿度。结果表明：受地表加热影响,320 m高度上气温和相对湿度的日变化非常显著。不同高度上动量通量和感热通量的比较表明：城市下垫面的空气动力不均匀性比热力不均匀性显著。用廓线法计算了32和65 m高度之间的湍流通量,结果表明：1）夏季晴好天气情况下,北京城市下垫面能量输送以感热为主;2）由廓线法计算得到的动量通量、感热通量和由涡动相关法直接测量结果相近。此外还初步讨论了大气边界层温度、湿度垂直廓线随时间的演变。     

南京南郊大气湍流统计特征的实验研究

利用2011年8月南京南郊溧水大气边界层加强实验站的大气湍流观测资料,分析了城市郊区自然状态下垫面大气湍流宏观统计规律,以及湍流动量、热量、水汽和CO2的湍流输送特征。结果表明:不稳定层结下,3方向风速归一化标准差σu/u*,σv/u*,σw/u*,随稳定度参数ζ呈1/3幂次关系;稳定层结下也呈现类似规律;近中性条件下,分别趋近于常数。不稳定层结下,温度、比湿、CO2质量浓度归一化标准差σT/|T*|,σq/|q*|,σρCO2/|ρCO2*|,随ζ呈1/3幂次负相关关系,但结果相对离散,并且相对离散的数据对应着较小的|T*|、|q*|、|ρCO2*|值;稳定层结下,三者ζ之间的关系没有明显变化规律。实验期间相对于感热通量,潜热通量在热量平衡中所占比例较大;CO2通量平均值为负,整体表现为碳汇。水汽、热量和CO2均存在水平输送。     

高原东南缘大气近地层湍能特征与边界层动力、热力结构相关特征

基于云南省大理2008年3、5、7月GPS加密探空试验时段(14和02时)资料,结合边界层铁塔综合观测资料,采用温度梯度法、逆温强度法和涡动相关法分别计算高原东南缘对流边界层(convective boundary layer,CBL)及稳定边界层(stable boundary layer,SBL)顶高度,通过计算获取感热通量、潜热通量、湍流动能、切变项以及浮力项与大气动力、热力过程垂直相关特征综合分析,可发现湍能方程中浮力项、感热、潜热通量与NCEP再分析资料计算获取的大气视热源相关特征显著,这某种程度反映了高原东南缘近地层大气湍流动量、热量输送对低层大气视热源Q_1的重要贡献。低层视热源Q_1亦表现出与湍能方程分量类似的日变化周期,此特征反映了高原东南缘大气热源变化与下垫面水热过程及其湍流输送日变化密切相关;浮力项与湍能等项对大气低层热源与涡动特征、热力混合结构的形成有重要作用;低层大气视热源、水汽汇均与边界层高度有显著相关,综合分析结果某种程度描述了青藏高原东南缘近地层湍流动量、热量输送状况与低层大气热源,热力混合边界层结构的综合相关物理图像,初步探索了高原东南缘对流活跃区大气湍流运动与大气动力、热力过程相互作用特征。研究表明近地层湍流通量变化某种程度可反映未来局地大气视热源垂直结构变化的"强信号"特征。本文上述研究结论也可启发我们进一步关注近地层湍流通量异常变化特征及其对局地降水过程大气热源结构演变的影响问题。     

城市边界层动量和保守物通量的特征

利用2005年1-5月北京325 m气象塔47 m高度的湍流脉动资料(风速、温度、水汽和CO2),对城市边界层冠层内的湍流运动统计特征(相似关系、高阶矩、通量和谱等)进行了分析。其中,谱分析的结果表明,城市冠层内稳定度对湍流谱的影响比较小,而水平风速的影响比较大。因此,速度和温度的相似关系在夜间稳定条件下也成立。但是,由于水汽和CO2还受其他因素的影响,相似关系并不适用。更高阶矩的研究表明它们的陡峭度与偏斜度之间存在平方关系。而水汽和CO2之间也存在差异,它们的通量日变化特征明显不同,CO2通量的日变化更能体现人类活动的影响。同时,感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量存在季节变化,尤其是潜热通量季节差异很大。     

Influence of a Two-scale Surface Roughness on a Neutral Turbulent Boundary Layer

Flow in the urban boundary layer is strongly influenced by the surface roughness, which is composed principally of isolated buildings or groups of buildings. Previous research has shown that the flow regime depends on the characteristic height of these obstacles (H), and the spacing between them (W). In reality, the urban boundary layer contains roughness elements with a wide range of length scales; in many practical situations these can be classified into large-scale roughness—buildings, or groups of buildings—and small-scale roughness, such as street furniture and elements on the façades and roofs. It is important to understand how the small-scale roughness might modify mass and momentum transfer in the urban boundary layer, but relatively little information is available concerning the potential interaction between large- and small-scale roughness elements in the different flow regimes. This problem has been studied using wind-tunnel experiments, by measuring vertical velocity profiles over a two-dimensional obstacle array, adding small-scale roughness elements to the top of larger parallel square bars. The experiments were performed for different cavity aspect ratios: the results show that the small-scale roughness increases the turbulence intensities and the momentum transfer when the large-scale obstacles are closely packed (H/W > 1) but it has very little effect for more widely-spaced obstacles (H/W < 1).     

Turbulent and Thermodynamic Structure of the Autumnal Arctic Boundary Layer Due to Embedded Clouds

We have studied the role of low-level clouds in modifying the thermodynamic and turbulence properties of the Arctic boundary layer during autumn. This was achieved through detailed analyses of boundary-layer properties in two regions, one with low-level cloud cover and the other free of clouds, using measurements from a research aircraft during the Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment (BASE). Both regions were measured on the same day under similar synoptic forcing. The cloudy region was characterized by strong horizontal inhomogeneity in low-level temperature and moisture that varied with the cloud-top height. The clear region was relatively homogeneous in temperature and specific humidity with a strong temperature inversion extending between heights of 100 m and 3 km. From measurements at the lowest levels, we also identified a shallow mixed layer below the deep stable layer in the clear region.Our spectral analyses revealed significant modifications of boundary-layer properties due to the presence of low-level clouds. In the cloudy region, turbulent perturbations dominated the boundary-layer flow and made large contributions to the scalar variances. In the clear boundary-layer, wave motion contributed significantly to the observed variances, while turbulent flow was relatively weak. The clear region was saturated, although no detectable clouds were measured.     

城市建筑物对边界层结构影响的数值试验研究

在区域边界层模式的数值模拟中引入建筑物的影响,与实际观测的对比表明,模拟结果能较好地体现建筑物对城市风场的影响,提高了模拟性能。本研究根据城市形态特征,设计不同建筑物高度和密度的敏感性试验,结果表明:建筑物一般会使城市地区风速减小,风速最大可减小1.6 m/s,易引起低层气流的辐合。湍流动能中的机械产生作用增加,湍流交换加强,大气层结的不稳定性增大,混合层高度增加。地表和大气之间动量交换被削弱;日间热量交换减弱,夜间热量交换增强。这些变化表明,建筑物对城市气流及边界层结构的影响十分明显,尤其在风速较大的时候。     

城镇规划布局对边界层结构影响的数值试验

利用南京大学城市尺度边界层模式(UBLM),对方圆20 km的一个小城镇,以100 m水平格距进行了城市气象环境和边界层结构的数值模拟。结果表明,这种规模的小城镇,其边界层气象场分布与大城市最明显的差异就是城乡温差很小,不论白天还是晚上只有0.1~0.2℃的量值,基本不构成城市热岛现象。在日间层结不稳定情况下,主城区、郊区及居民区三类不同下垫面上的湍能廓线、位温廓线存在较大差异;而在夜间稳定情况下,这些要素的廓线分布几乎显现不出下垫面影响的差异。(1)局部下垫面的变化对模拟域内夜间气象环境的影响较小,差异主要显现在日间,且风速分布的变化强于温度变化。(2)当预留地建成稀疏居民区或稠密主城区时,在试验区下风方向的原有城市下垫面上会有气温升高、水平风速减小,垂直速度增大的现象;而当预留地建成平坦机场或水域时,城市下垫面上会有降温、水平风速增大、垂直速度减小的现象。(3)水域对城市气象环境变化的影响最大,它的存在或扩大会导致下风方向城市湍能、湍流扩散系数的明显减小。(4)备用地变成其它几种下垫面类型都对城市气象环境存在一定影响,但是其影响的程度比变成水域带来的影响程度都要小很多。     

Effects of Roll Vortices on Turbulent Fluxes in the Hurricane Boundary Layer

Boundary-layer secondary circulations or ‘roll vortices’ can have a significant influence on the turbulent exchange of momentum, sensible heat and moisture throughout the hurricane boundary layer. In this study, analyses of data from a WP-3D aircraft of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are presented. As part of the Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST)-hurricane experiment sponsored through the Office of Naval Research and NOAA’s annual hurricane research program, flights were conducted to investigate energy exchange across the air–sea interface. We present the first in-situ aircraft-based observations of rolls in the hurricane boundary layer and investigate their influence on energy and momentum exchange. The rolls detected in Hurricane Isidore (year 2002) have a characteristic wavelength of about 900 m, in good agreement with analyses of data from a synthetic aperture radar image captured by the Canadian Space Agency’s RADARSAT satellite in the same storm. Our analyses of the airborne data suggest that roll vortices may be a significant factor modulating the air–sea momentum exchange.     

北京冬季大风过程大气边界层特征分析

利用北京中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m气象观测塔的气象梯度资料和湍流资料,分析了2014年11月29日至12月5日北京两次大风过程中气象要素和湍流输送特征的变化。第一次大风过程的强度和持续时间均高于第二次大风过程。强烈的风速垂直切变主要集中在距地面100 m高度范围内,最强风速垂直切变达到0.31 s~(-1)。大风过程中,阵风系数呈现随高度减小的趋势,越接近地面,阵风系数愈大。阵风强度的变化与阵风系数相似,100 m以下高度时,阵风强度随高度增大而减小。大风过程自上而下改变边界层结构,平均动能、湍流动能和摩擦速度最先从上层(280 m)发生变化且迅速增加。近地层由于风速垂直梯度的显著差异,近地层垂直方向的湍流强度最大。大风时各功率谱在低频区(0.01 s~(-1))达到峰值,大风过后各高度的能量都有所下降。     

Different Turbulent Regimes and Vertical Turbulence Structures of the Urban Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer

Turbulence in the nocturnal boundary layer(NBL) is still not well characterized, especially over complex underlying surfaces. Herein, gradient tower data and eddy covariance data collected by the Beijing 325-m tower were used to better understand the differentiating characteristics of turbulence regimes and vertical turbulence structure of urban the NBL. As for heights above the urban canopy layer(UCL), the relationship between turbulence velocity scale(V_TKE) and wind speed(V) was con...     

A Scheme for Scalar Exchange in the Urban Boundary Layer

We present a scheme for parameterising scalar transfer in the urban boundary layer, which is divided into an inertial layer and a roughness layer. The latter is further divided into a shear layer and a canyon layer. In the inertial layer, scalar transfer is determined by turbulence related to canyon macroscopic features, while in the roughness layer, it is determined by shear-generated turbulence, canyon vortex and vortex-generated turbulence. We first describe a conceptual model for the canyon flow and the aerodynamic resistance network, and then estimate the resistances from the point of view of drag partition and vortex advection. The results are compared with the measurements from wind-tunnel experiments. It is found that for small canyon aspect ratio, σ_c, the transfer velocity increases with σ_c, reaching a maximum at around σ_c=0.5 and then decreases with σ_c. We also show that the scheme is not sensitive to adjustable parameters     

Observations of Atmospheric Solitary Waves in the Urban Boundary Layer

The simultaneous operation of a three-axis Doppler sodar system in the centralurban area of Rome and two similar systems in the suburban area, forming atriangle about 20 km on each side, provided evidence of solitary-type wavesin the urban boundary layer. Three events, each lasting from a few minutes toabout 30 min, and ranging in depth from the minimum range of the sodar (39 m) to over 500 m, are reported here. Two events were recognizable onall three sodar records while the third event could be observed at the urbanlocation only. Time-height acoustic echo intensity records showed no-echoregions within the wave indicating transport of trapped recirculating air.This is typical of large amplitude solitary waves. The time series plots ofsodar-derived vertical wind velocity revealed a maximum peak-to-peakvariation of about 5 m s^-1 during periods of wave-associated disturbance.The vertical velocity is found to increase with height up to the top of the closedcirculation within the wave and decreases further above. The normalisedamplitude-wavelength relationship for the two events indicates that theobserved waves are close to a strongly nonlinear regime.