基于螺旋度和非地转湿Q矢量的一次东移高原低涡强降水过程分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料以及常规观测的地面和高空资料,应用螺旋度和非地转湿Q矢量原理,对2000年7月9～15日一例东移高原低涡产生强降水过程进行了天气动力学诊断分析.结果表明:500 bPa z-螺旋度水平分布对低涡中心的移动、降水落区和强降水中心的分布具有较好指示性,强降水中心发生在500 hPa z-螺旋度梯度值最大的区域.z-螺旋度分布能较好地反映暴雨发生时大气的动力学特征,暴雨区上空,高层负涡度辐散与低层正涡度辐合相配合,是触发暴雨的动力机制.相对螺旋度更能全面地反映降水落区及降水中心分布情况,并对未来6 h后的降水落区及走向具有较好的预报性,强降水中心发生在相对螺旋度正、负中心连线梯度最大值的正值一侧.低层非地转湿Q矢量散度的辐合区与降水区相对应,辐合中心与强降水中心基本吻合,是降水落区定性诊断分析的有力工具;湿Q矢量散度的垂直分布对未来6 h降水的落区和移动预报提供了很好的参考信息.     

西南低涡东移引发重庆暴雨的综合诊断

利用NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1°×1°格点资料和MICAPS实时观测资料,使用水汽散度垂直通量、湿螺旋度等新型诊断物理量,对2009年8月2~4日发生在重庆地区由西南低涡东移引发的暴雨做了综合分析。结果表明:水汽主要在大气低层850hPa附近积聚,上升运动强,水汽的辐合上升区域与降水大值区较吻合。500hPa湿z-螺旋度负值区水平分布与相应时段降水落区和强降水中心的分布对应较好,垂直分布上:暴雨区低层正涡度、水汽辐合旋转上升与高层负涡度、水汽辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利动力机制。      

基于高分辨率资料的湿螺旋度指标及其对成都强降水的预报应用

为了更好的提高成都地区(30.1°N-31.5°N,103°E-104.9°E)强降水的预报准确率,利用国家气象中心(T639)高分辨预报场(0.28°×0.28°)资料以及加密自动站降水量资料对成都地区2011-2012年汛期(7-9月)共计15例强降水个例进行湿螺旋度指标的统计分析,分别归纳总结出3 h、24 h内强降水发生、发展及落区分布的判据。利用这些判据对2013年6月20日以及7月8日发生在成都地区的两例强降水过程进行检验,同时根据这些判据对成都2013年6-8月强降水过程进行检验评分并投入业务试应用。结果表明,低层湿螺旋度对成都区域性暴雨的预报准确率较高。700 h Pa和850h Pa湿螺旋度正值区的分布对强降水落区分布有较好的预报效果,强降水出现在700 h Pa湿螺旋度正、负值等值线密集区(靠近正值一侧),以及850 h Pa正值区;当700 h Pa连续5~8个3 h维持在20×10-11~80×10-11Pa·s-3湿螺旋度时,出现区域性暴雨天气;当700 h Pa连续5~8个3 h维持在20×10-11~140×10-11Pa·s-3湿螺旋度时,出现区域性大暴雨天气;当不同层次上出现300×10-11~500×10-11Pa·s-3时,可能出现局地强对流天气,如大风、短时强降水等。     

一次强沙尘暴天气过程的z-螺旋度特征分析

利用M ICAPS常规资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析产品,对2010年3月19—20日陕西榆林市一次强沙尘暴天气的z-螺旋度诊断分析。结果表明:西伯利亚阻高引导脊前冷空气下滑到新疆堆积,新疆横槽东移转竖是这次沙尘暴天气发生的高空引导系统,地面冷锋过境是沙尘暴过程的触发条件,地面强大的冷高压提供了沙尘暴大风天气长时间持续的气压梯度,局地z-螺旋度在沙尘暴的诊断分析中具有较好的特征。沙尘暴发生前在中高层,螺旋度先形成负值区,低空有弱正值区,沙尘暴发生期间,螺旋度变为-(60~80)×1-0 7m/s2的负值中心,螺旋度负值中心的持续时间与沙尘暴持续时间有较好的对应关系。     

青南地区两次强对流天气过程中物理量诊断分析

利用NECP的1°×1°的再分析同化全球资料,对玉树地区发生的两次强对流过程进行了动力条件及水汽条件的物理量诊断分析。结果表明,在强降水发生的时段内,中、低空垂直螺旋度有明显的增大过程,并出现正值中心,而高空垂直螺旋度则出现明显的减小且出现较强的负值中心。高、低空的负、正值闭合极值中心出现时间和强降水发生时间段具有良好的对应关系,尤其高层负值中心;中、低层均有较强的辐合区,辐合中心强度大于30×10-5·s-1,且一个明显的特征是该辐合区扩展到350 hPa以上,高层有较强的辐散区,其中心一般在250 hPa以上;青南地区出现较强的水汽辐合同时在其偏南地区出现较强的水汽辐散中心,对形成强降水过程非常有利;湿位涡的负值出现可能对临近强对流天气有一定的预报指示意义,湿位涡的正负值过渡区域可能是强对流天气的发生区域。     

一次高原低涡东移引发四川盆地暴雨的机制分析

利用T213L19资料以及地面和高空观测资料,对2008年7月20～25日一次高原低涡东移引发四川盆地暴雨的机制进行了分析,结果表明:降水的发生、发展与湿位涡的时空演变有很好的对应关系,湿位涡高低层正负区叠加的配置是低涡暴雨发展的有利形势,MPV1负值中心和MPV2正值中心及其包围的密集区是暴雨产生的警戒区。中低层z-螺旋度水平分布对降水落区和强降水中心的分布有较好的指示性,z-螺旋度垂直分布能反映暴雨发生时大气的动力特征,雨区上空高层负涡度、辐散与低层正涡度、辐合相配合,是触发暴雨的动力机制;相对螺旋度与降水落区及降水中心亦配合较好,并与未来6h的降水落区和强度分布存在较好的正相关,这对降水落区及强度分布的预报有一定参考价值,强降水中心通常出现在相对螺旋度梯度的高值一侧。     

基于Ｔ／２分数间隔的ＳＥＩ双模式盲均衡算法

采用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°最后分析资料（final analysis,FNL）计算“圣帕”台风螺旋度,探讨各垂直层上水平螺旋度与强降水时间演变的关系、水平螺旋度与强降水落区的关系以及垂直螺旋度时间演变与强降水发生、发展的关系。结果表明,700 hPa螺旋度最能反映强降水时间演变,正螺旋度大值中心附近与暴雨落区一致,同区域内螺旋度中心值的强弱与该区域内降水的强弱关系密切;若垂直方向上高低层的螺旋度同时由负值转为正值,则强降水发生,反之降水减弱、停止;对于预报台风强降水时效,水平螺旋度远比垂直螺旋度、散度、垂直速度具有更多有效预报时间;对于预报台风强降水落区,垂直螺旋度比水平螺旋度更具有优势,若能利用垂直螺旋度对水平螺旋度预报强降水作出订正可能将有助于提高台风强降水预报准确率。     

一例台风诱发副高西北侧连续性暴雨过程的动力学机制分析

利用ncep 1°×1°再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料,采用动力诊断分析方法,对2008年9月22～ 26日发生在四川盆地西北部连续性暴雨的形成机制进行探讨.分析表明:连续性暴雨天气过程前期(对流性降水阶段),湿位涡正负区叠置的形式有利于低层气旋式辐合发展,强降水出现在对流层中下部MPV1 ＜0和低层MPV2＞0的范围内,而MPV1负值中心和MPV2正值中心及其包围的密集区,是暴雨产生的警戒区.后期(稳定性降水阶段),对流层高层MPV2负值位涡舌的向下伸展,有利于中低层大气斜压性增强,使垂直涡度发展,降水维持.湿螺旋度垂直分布能很好地反映暴雨发生时大气的动力特征,暴雨区上空低层正涡度、水汽辐合旋转上升与高层负涡度、辐散相配合,是触发暴雨的有利动力机制.强降水发生时段,湿螺旋度有显著增加,这对于降水发生的预报要优于z螺旋度.     

台风"灿都"造成云南强降水过程的水汽螺旋度诊断分析

利用地面加密观测、Micaps资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对1003号"灿都"台风造成云南暴雨进行诊断分析。结果表明:台风低压为高温高湿且具有强对流不稳定的深厚系统。进入云南后除了自身携带的大量水汽和能量外,先后有副热带高压西侧强盛偏南急流和孟加拉湾西南气流卷入,使得台风低压在云南持久不衰,并产生全省性强降水。诊断量"水汽螺旋度"对暴雨落区和强度有较好的对应关系,强降水多发生在水汽螺旋度正值中心的偏南侧。"水汽螺旋度"随时间变化的两个影响因子"螺旋度通量散度"和"湿螺旋度散度"对强降水的落区和强度也有较好的指示作用。若是分别对两个因子进行诊断,再综合分析环流形势,将能达到更好的强降水预报效果。     

“碧利斯”引发强降水过程的湿位涡诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,计算了2006年第4号强热带风暴“碧利斯”过境引发强降水过程的湿位涡（MPV）和假相当位温（θse）,分析了其湿位涡中尺度时空分布特矸,探讨了湿位涡发展、减弱与暴雨增幅、减弱的相关性,并结合假相当位温分布对此次强降水发生发展机制进行了分析。结果表明,850 hPa层湿位涡负值中心与强降水区域均有较好的对应关系,强的降水区域在850 hPa层位于湿位涡负中心的暖湿气流一侧,与负中心相距1个纬距左右,MPV负值中心大小可反映降水强度;在低纬地区,MPV的湿正压项MPV1负值区、MPV的湿斜压项MPV2正值中心北部以及θse等值面陡然向地面转折处是预报强降水中心落区的一个判据;MPV1负值增长期,MPV2由负值向正值过渡期,对应降水增幅期;     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.