干旱继续加强,台风暴雨频袭--2004年秋季天气与气候

2004年秋季,全省气温偏高,降水偏少.继夏季遭受严重的高温干旱后,秋旱又有抬头,并不断加强.秋季受一个热带气旋登陆影响,一个台风外围影响.两次强降水使浙东南部分地区受灾严重.另外寒潮低温及大雾对农业、交通也造成一定影响.     

春季次天气尺度气旋年际变化对江淮地区降水的影响

基于1979-2013年ERA-Interim逐日6h的850 hPa位势高度场资料,利用气旋最外围闭合等值线自动识别方法提取了春季影响江淮地区的二维气旋集,研究了次天气尺度气旋活动年际异常与江淮地区降水异常的联系.结果表明:次天气尺度气旋活动对江淮大部分地区春季降水作用明显,贡献率达25％以上,次天气气旋活动出现对应...     

华北地区一次黄河气旋发生发展时所引起的暴雨诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料和GMS红外黑体亮度温度 (T_BB) 资料等, 对1991年6月9—11日的一次黄河气旋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:黄河气旋的发生发展是大气斜压性强烈发展的结果, 强的高空辐散与正涡度平流共同作用形成了黄河气旋, 对流层低层的暖平流促进了黄河气旋的进一步发展, 并对其移动方向有引导作用; 暴雨出现在黄河气旋的初生、发展阶段, 产生于气旋前部暖区的盾状云系中; 暴雨的水汽有西南和东南两个来源, 其中西南水汽通量大于东南; 暴雨区上空大气具有很强的对流不稳定性, 中尺度对流云团的发生发展, 造成了气旋降水分布的不均匀性和强降水中心; 降水造成的凝结潜热释放对气旋的发展有正反馈作用。     

2021年京津冀秋季降水10～20 d低频振荡特征

研究京津冀地区的降水异常特征对提高秋季延伸期降水的认识和预测能力具有重要作用。近年来京津冀地区“夏雨秋下”现象频繁发生,表现出秋季降水强度增强、极端降水增多特征。2021年京津冀地区秋季降水为1981年以来最多的一年,10月降水量多站突破历史极值。利用京津冀地区秋季逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用Morlet小波分析和Lanczos滤波等方法,对京津冀地区2021年秋季降水的低频振荡周期与大气低频环流特征演变进行分析以探究其异常特征。结果表明,2021年京津冀地区秋季降水的主要低频振荡周期为10～20 d,低频振荡方差达44%。低频降水活跃期500 hPa大气低频环流表现为低压异常前存在辐合运动,有利于低层异常气旋发展加强和上升运动加强;低频降水活跃期850 hPa有异常气旋自南向北移动至京津冀上空,有利于南方暖湿气流向京津冀地区输送。水汽输送强度会影响降水过程的强度,水汽输送强度越强,降水强度越大。     

一次缓慢东移的黄河气旋暴雨的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和常规气象资料,对2001年6月28-29日发生在河南的一次黄河气旋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：黄河气旋的稳定少动是造成这次暴雨的直接原因,高层辐散与中层正涡度平流对黄河气旋形成和发展起了重要作用。这次过程的水汽主要来自副高东南侧的海上,孟加拉湾的水汽也有一定的贡献。暴雨区的中低层对称不稳定的存在,导致上升运动和水汽输送的加强,造成降水的增幅。     

印度洋偶极子与中国秋季降水的关系

利用1950--1999年Hadley中心全球海温资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料以及国家气象局整编的160站降水资料，分析讨论了夏季印度洋偶极子与中国秋季降水的时滞关系及秋季印度洋偶极子与同期中国降水的关系。结果表明：夏、秋季印度洋偶极子均与中国南方秋季降水有很好的正相关关系；通过对印度洋偶极子时期秋季异常环流场特征分析，发现正偶极子时期中国西南部受中层槽前西南气流影响，带来充足水汽，同时低层为异常气旋性环流控制，使该地区降水增加。     

浙西南热带气旋强降水主要影响因子

对1950-2010年影响浙西南的热带气旋降水的移动路径、影响时间、强度、西风槽、西南季风以及地形等主要因子进行分析.结果表明:在玉环南-厦门一带登陆的热带气旋是影响浙西南的热带气旋中正面影响浙西南的类型,影响时间和最大平均过程降雨量、最大过程雨量存在着正相关关系,热带气旋的强度与其降水强度相关性较高.西风槽的存在不仅影响着热带气旋路径的变化,其槽前的西南气流也为热带气旋降水提供充足的水汽,同时槽后冷空气与热带气旋相结合,使丽水的西北部出现另一个强降水中心.西南季风为登陆后的热带气旋提供了水汽条件,使降水得到增幅.浙西南独特的地形,使在厦门以北到玉环以南登陆后西进、西北行或西北行后在120°E以西转向北上的热带气旋迎着山脉进入,降水强度明显加强.     

1965-2010年7-9月影响中国的热带气旋降水变化趋势分析

利用中国气象局逐日台站降水和上海台风研究所最佳台风路径等资料,对1965—2010年夏季(7—9月)影响中国热带气旋降水的变化趋势及影响机制进行了分析。热带气旋降水主要影响中国东部和南部,夏季平均的热带气旋降水由沿海向内陆,由东南向西北递减。自1965年以来,夏季影响中国的热带气旋降水呈现华东及东南沿海增多,华南沿海、海南岛以及西南地区减少的变化趋势。分析发现,一方面夏季西北太平洋副热带高压加强西伸,导致同期中国东部地区上空水汽辐合增强;另一方面热带气旋的引导气流发生变化,使夏季热带气旋盛行路径由南海向东亚沿岸偏移,这两个因子的共同作用致使影响中国的热带气旋降水发生变化。     

太平洋SSTA对广东前汛期极端降水事件影响的机制分析

利用国家气候中心提供的1960-2004年太平洋SSTA和广东省23个台站逐日降水资料,采用SVD方法对太平洋SSTA和广东省极端降水事件进行了时滞耦合,着重分析了太平洋SSTA对广东前汛期降水的影响机制.结果表明:太平洋SSTA变化与广东前汛期极端降水事件的变化有着显著的相关关系.热带西太平洋是影响广东前汛期极端降水事件的关键区,如果该海域前期秋季SSTA为正异常,次年前汛期高层盛行异常偏南风,而低层盛行异常偏北风,使得前汛期达到广东地区的水汽偏少,造成前汛期极端降水事件偏少,而异常冷年正好相反.赤道中东太平洋也是影响广东前汛期极端降水事件的关键区,该海域前期秋季SSTA处于正异常时,次年前汛期500 hPa高度场表现为WP遥相关型(太平洋西部遥相关型),这样从秋季到次年前汛期西太平洋高压偏强,次年前汛期广东东部及南部地区容易受副高控制,极端降水事件呈偏少趋势,广东偏北区域容易受副高西北侧暖湿气流和北方冷空气交汇影响,极端降水事件有偏多倾向,而异常冷年正好相反.     

前期春季西北太平洋潜热通量与中国南方秋季降水的联系及其可能的物理机制

利用中国科学院海洋研究所提供的印度洋—太平洋海洋热通量资料,研究了1989—2010年中国南方地区秋季降水与前期春季西北太平洋潜热通量年际变化的联系,并讨论了其可能的物理机制。结果表明,前期春季4月西北太平洋(15°—30°N,150°—170°E)潜热通量与中国南方秋季降水有显著的正相关,当前期关键区潜热通量偏高(低)时,则中国南方秋季降水偏多(少)。分析发现前期关键区潜热通量强弱主要由西北太平洋上空气旋性风切变造成,当前期4月关键区潜热通量偏大时,该关键区正处于西北太平洋上空气旋性风切变北侧大风区中,而在其南侧的赤道强西风使得日界线附近出现海温偏高。随后,次表层高海温伴随开尔文波东传,相应地其北侧的低海温伴随罗斯贝波西传,于秋季西传至热带西太平洋地区,并激发出菲律宾反气旋,从而有利于热带洋面暖湿水汽向中国南方输送,使得南方地区降水偏多,反之亦然。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.