Isotope geochemistry of the mafic dikes from the Vazante nonsulfide zinc deposit, Brazil

The Vazante Group, located in the northwestern part of Minas Gerais, hosts the most important zinc mine in Brazil, the Vazante Mine, which represents a major known example of a hypogene nonsulfide zinc deposit. The main zinc ore is represented by willemite and differs substantially from other deposits of the Vazante-Paracatu region, which are sulfide-dominated zinc-lead ore. The age of the Vazante Group and the hosted mineralization is disputable. Metamorphosed mafic dikes (metabasites) that cut the metasedimentary sequence and are affected by hydrothermal processes recently were found and may shed light on the geochronology of this important geological unit. Zircon crystals recovered from the metabasites are xenocrystic grains that yield U–Pb conventional ages ranging from 2.1 to 2.4 Ga, so the basement of the Vazante Group is Paleoproterozoic or has metasedimentary rocks whose source area was Paleoproterozoic. Pb isotopes determined for titanite separated from the metabasites have common, nonradiogenic Pb compositions, which prevents determination of their crystallization age. However, the Pb signatures observed for the titanite crystals are in agreement with those determined for galena from the carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposits hosted by the Vazante Group, including galena from minor sulfide ore bodies of the Vazante deposit. These similarities suggest that the metalliferous fluids that affected the metabasites may have been those responsible for galena formation, which could imply a similar lead source for both nonsulfide and sulfide zinc deposits in the Vazante–Paracatu district. This common source could be related to deep-seated, basin-derived, metalliferous fluids associated with a long-lived hydrothermal system related to diagenesis and deformation of the Vazante Group during the Neoproterozoic.     

Fluid evolution in the southern part of the Proterozoic Vazante Group,Brazil: Implications for exploration of sedimentary-hosted base metal deposits

The Proterozoic Vazante Group carbonate rocks were submitted to multiple stages of fluid circulation from diagenesis to orogenesis as documented by detailed mineralogical, fluid inclusion and isotopic studies of the Upper Morro do Pinheiro and Lower Pamplona members from the Serra do Poço Verde Formation in the southern part of the paleo-basin. These units are the main hosts for the hypogene, structurally-controlled zinc silicate deposits in the Vazante Zinc District, including the Vazante mine, which is considered to be the largest willemitic (Zn₂SiO₄) deposit in the world, with estimated total resources of 40–60 Mt at 20% Zn. Five hydrothermal alteration types were identified in the Southern Extension of the Vazante Group. (I) Early stage alteration comprises dolomite substitution bands and nodules, associated with moderate salinity H₂O-NaCl-CaCl₂ fluids, with temperatures around 90 °C, interpreted as late-diagenetic. The calculated C and O isotopic compositions of the fluids suggest meteoric and/or connate origin and interaction with organic carbon. (II) Pre-ore stage alteration is evidenced by dog-tooth dolomite and quartz with minor Fe-oxi/hydroxides which fills dissolution voids formed by H₂O-NaCl-CaCl₂ ± MgCl₂ fluids at temperatures around 100° to 150 °C. The C isotopic data also indicate interaction with organic carbon. The two first stages are poor in ore-related elements. (III) Ore stage encompasses four phases of mineral precipitation. The first is distal and characterized by red stained dolostones due to disseminated hematite and red dolomite. The second is the main phase of the ore stage, composed of massive red dolomite, massive hematite and willemite with enrichment mainly in Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn. The third phase comprises white dolomite, hematite and traces of willemite with enrichment in MnO, Cd, Ni and Pb. The calculated C and O isotopic compositions of the fluids (at 180 °C) associated with pervasive alteration yielded values heavier than the diagenetic stage and lower than the host rock. The fourth phase corresponds to Zn-chlorite and quartz which are associated with H₂O-NaCl fluids of variable salinities and distinct temperatures (90–140 °C and 170–190 °C). (IV) Pyrite-bearing vein characterized by pyrite, sphalerite, white dolomite, fine hematite and late quartz, with C and O isotopic and fluid inclusion compositions that are similar to the three phases of dolomite of the ore stage. These data suggest a co-genetic relationship of these two alteration styles. (V) The late sulfide stage characterized by rare galena-bearing stringers with sphalerite, chalcocite, greenockite, covellite and white dolomite that cross-cut the main ore stage phases. The ore-related fluid compositions associated with the silicate zinc mineralization in the southern part of the Vazante Group are also similar to the fluids reported in previous work for the sulfide zinc-lead deposits in the northern part, indicating favorable conditions for metal transport during the Brasiliano Orogeny. Sulfide ore would have precipitated in zones where sulfur was available and silicate zinc in structures where mineralizing fluids interacted with evolved meteoric water. This finding implies that carbonate sequences in other districts with sulfide lead-zinc deposits may also host hypogene silicate zinc deposits.     

Hydrothermal alteration and ore-forming fluids associated with gold-tellurium mineralization in the Dongping gold deposit,China

The Dongping gold deposit hosted in syenites is one of the largest hydrothermal gold deposits in China and composed of ore veins in the upper parts and altered zones in the lower parts of the ore bodies. Pervasive potassic alteration and silicification overprint the wall rocks of the ore deposit. The alteration minerals include orthoclase, microcline, perthite, quartz, sericite, epidote, calcite, hematite and pyrite, with the quartz, pyrite and hematite assemblages closely associated with gold mineralization. The phases of hydrothermal alteration include: (i) potassic alteration, (ii) potassic alteration - silicification, (iii) silicification - epidotization - hematitization, (iv) silicification - sericitization - pyritization and (v) carbonation. Mass-balance calculations in potassic altered and silicified rocks reveal the gain of K₂O, Na₂O, SiO₂, HFSEs and transition elements (TEs) and the loss of REEs. Most major elements were affected by intense mineral reactions, and the REE patterns of the ore are consistent with those of the syenites. Gold, silver and tellurium show positive correlation and close association with silicification. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures in quartz veins range from 154 °C to 382 °C (peak at 275 °C–325 °C), with salinities of 4–9 wt.% NaCl equiv. At temperatures of 325 °C the fluid is estimated to have pH = 3.70–5.86, log fO₂ = − 32.4 to − 28.1, with Au and Te transported as Au (HS)₂⁻ and Te₂^2 − complexes. The ore forming fluids evolved from high pH and fO₂ at moderate temperatures into moderate-low pH, low fO₂ and low temperature conditions. The fineness of the precipitated native gold and the contents of the oxide minerals (e.g., magnetite and hematite) decreased, followed by precipitation of Au- and Ag-bearing tellurides. The hydrothermal system was derived from an alkaline magma and the deposit is defined as an alkaline rock-hosted hydrothermal gold deposit.     

Geology, Fluid Inclusion and Isotopic Study of the Neoproterozoic Suoi Thau Copper Deposit, Northwest Vietnam

The Sin Quyen-Lung Po district is an important Cu metallogenic province in Vietnam, but there are few temporal and genetic constraints on deposits from this belt. Suoi Thau is one of the representative Cu deposits associated with granitic intrusion. The deposit consists of ore bodies in altered granite or along the contact zone between granite and Proterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks. The Cu-bearing intrusion is sub-alkaline I-type granite. It has a zircon U-Pb age of ~776 Ma, and has subduction-related geochemical signatures. Geochemical analysis reveals that the intrusion may be formed by melting of mafic lower crust in a subduction regime. Three stages of alteration and mineralization are identified in the Suoi Thau deposit, i.e., potassic alteration; silicification and Cu mineralization; and phyllic alteration. Two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions in quartz from silicification stage show wide ranges of homogenization temperatures(140–383℃) and salinities(4.18wt%–19.13wt%). The high temperature and high salinity natures of some inclusions are consistent with a magmatic derivation of the fluids, which is also supported by the H-O-S isotopes. Fluids in quartz have δD values of –41.9‰ to –68.8‰. The fluids in isotopic equilibrium with quartz have δ~(18)O values ranging from 7.9‰ to 9.2‰. These values are just plotted in the compositional field of magmatichydrothermal fluids in the δD_(water) versus δ~(18)O_(water) diagram. Sulfide minerals have relatively uniform δ~(34)S values from 1.84‰ to 3.57‰, which is supportive of a magmatic derivation of sulfur. The fluid inclusions with relatively low temperatures and salinities most probably represent variably cooled magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The magmatic derivation of fluids and the close spatial relationship between Cu ore bodies and intrusion suggest that the Cu mineralization most likely had a genetic association with granite. The Suoi Thau deposit, together with other deposits in the region, may define a Neoproterozoic subduction-related ore-forming belt.     

中国还原性斑岩矿床研究进展及判别标志

世界上大多数斑岩矿床的成矿流体为氧化流体(CO_2 CH_4)。然而,Rowins(2000)提出一些斑岩Cu-Au矿床的成矿流体为富含CH_4的还原流体,矿床缺乏磁铁矿、赤铁矿和硬石膏等表征高氧逸度的矿物,而发育大量的磁黄铁矿,矿床规模小,矿床形成与含钛铁矿的还原性的Ⅰ型花岗岩类有关,并将其称之为还原性斑岩Cu-Au矿床。我国学者研究发现,中国不但发育还原性斑岩铜矿床,还发育还原性斑岩-矽卡岩铜矿床和还原性斑岩钼矿床,我们建议将这三种矿床统称为还原性斑岩矿床。本文基于课题组近十年来的研究工作,并结合前人的研究成果,综合分析了中国发育的大中型还原性斑岩矿床的典型实例,在此基础上,重点阐明中国大型还原性斑岩矿床的特点、流体中CH_4来源及其有关的成矿作用、容矿围岩特点、成矿岩浆氧化还原状态及其成因、矿床形成的构造背景等。与Rowins(2000)提出的还原性斑岩铜矿床规模小的特点不同,中国发育的一些还原性斑岩矿床规模大;我们研究还识别出该类矿床发育独特的热液矿物和矿石矿物,比如,还原性斑岩铜矿发育热液钛铁矿,矿石矿物以黄铜矿为主,罕见斑铜矿、辉铜矿等矿物;还原性斑岩钼矿床出现热液钛铁矿,矿石矿物以辉钼矿为主,罕见黑钨矿和锡石等矿物;还原性斑岩-矽卡岩铜矿床的矽卡岩期发育钙铝榴石、钙铁辉石等还原性矽卡岩矿物和大量的磁黄铁矿,热液期以发育黄铜矿而非斑铜矿和辉铜矿等矿石矿物为特征。因此,还原性斑岩矿床除了Rowins(2000)提出的发育富CH_4还原流体和磁黄铁矿等识别标志之外,还可辅以独特的脉石矿物(如钛铁矿、钙铝榴石、钙铁辉石等)和简单的矿石矿物(如黄铜矿、辉钼矿等)这两个标志进行识别。中国还原性斑岩矿床含矿岩体的围岩中普遍发育还原性岩石(如含碳质沉积岩或火山沉积岩、含亚铁的火山岩或火山沉积岩等);对于成矿流体中CH_4、C_2H_6等还原性气体的来源,多数学者认为CH_4、C_2H_6等还原性气体主要源于还原性围岩,部分源于岩浆。关于还原性斑岩矿床的成矿岩体是否为含钛铁矿的、还原性的花岗岩类,目前研究较少且存在争议,多数学者认为成矿原始岩浆为氧化性岩浆,但其氧逸度偏低,少数学者认为成矿岩浆始终为还原岩浆。还原性斑岩矿床与经典的斑岩矿床的成矿构造背景类似,二者没有明显区别。还原性斑岩矿床显示的还原性热液蚀变和成矿特点均与成矿流体富含CH_4还原气体密切相关,因此,富含CH_4还原流体是还原性斑岩矿床形成的关键。     

Genesis of the Ciemas Gold Deposit and Relationship with Epithermal Deposits in West Java, Indonesia: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes

The Ciemas gold deposit is located in West Java of Indonesia,which is a Cenozoic magmatism belt resulting from the Indo-Australian plate subducting under the Eurasian plate.Two different volcanic rock belts and associated epithermal deposits are distributed in West Java:the younger late Miocene-Pliocene magmatic belt generated the Pliocene-Pleistocene epithermal deposits,while the older late Eocene-early Miocene magmatic belt generated the Miocene epithermal deposits.To constrain the physico-chemical conditions and the origin of the ore fluid in Ciemas,a detailed study of ore petrography,fluid inclusions,laser Raman spectroscopy,oxygen-hydrogen isotopes for quartz was conducted.The results show that hydrothermal pyrite and quartz are widespread,hydrothermal alteration is well developed,and that leaching structures such as vuggy rocks and extension structures such as comb quartz are common.Fluid inclusions in quartz are mainly liquid-rich two phase inclusions,with fluid compositions in the NaCl-H20 fluid system,and contain no or little CO_2.Their homogenization temperatures cluster around 240℃-320℃,the salinities lie in the range of 14-17 wt.%NaCl equiv,and the calculated fluid densities are 0.65-1.00 g/cm~3.The values of δ~(18)O_(H2O-VSMOW)for quartz range from +5.5‰ to +7.7‰,the δD_(VSMOW) of fluid inclusions in quartz ranges from-70‰ to-115‰.All of these data indicate that mixing of magmatic fluid with meteoric water resulted in the formation of the Ciemas deposit.A comparison among gold deposits of West Java suggests that Miocene epithermal ore deposits in the southernmost part of West Java were more affected by magmatic fluids and exhibit a higher degree of sulfldation than those of Pliocene-Pleistocene.     

新疆东准噶尔老鸦泉富碱花岗岩型锡矿床地质及成矿流体

老鸦泉碱性花岗岩位于新疆北部东准噶尔地区。老鸦泉碱性花岗岩体及其内卡姆斯特、干梁子锡矿床的矿石和岩石的岩矿鉴定、稀土元素以及流体包裹体的系统研究表明,老鸦泉碱性花岗岩及其内的花岗斑岩及含矿石英岩、云英岩化锡矿体、石英脉锡矿体,实际上是富碱花岗质岩浆逐渐分异演化的同源和最终产物,锡成矿流体为中-高温、低盐度。碱性岩浆晚期分异的大量气水热液富锡、富硅、富碱、富含F、Cl、SO²₄离子及离子团,其氧逸度高、酸度高、温度高,这种热液引起花岗岩体的硅化、云英岩化等自变质作用,在该作用中随温度、压力的降低及CH₄等还原性气体及CO₂气体的逃逸,改变了成矿流体的氧化-还原环境,流体向相对还原及碱性条件转化,在新的氧化还原、酸碱度界面条件下,其携带的锡的络合物不稳定而分解,锡沉淀成矿。     

Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluid for the Gaosongshan gold deposit,Lesser Xing'an Range:Evidence from fluid inclusions,H-O-S-Pb isotopes

Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced from the spatial diagenesis-mineralization relationship,chronological data,physicochemical characteristics of mineral fluid inclusions,mineral or rock elements and isotopic geochemical characteristics.By objectively examining this scientific problem via a geological field survey and petrographic analysis of the Gaosongshan epithermal gold deposit,we recently discovered and verified the following points:(1)Pyrite-bearing spherical quartz aggregates(PSQA)occur in the rhyolitic porphyry;(2)the mineralization is structurally dominated by WNW-and ENE-trending systems and occurs mostly in hydrothermal breccias and pyrite-quartz veins,and the ore types are mainly hematite-crusted quartz,hydrothermal breccia,massive pyrite-quartz,etc.;(3)the alteration types consist of prevalent silicification,sericitization,propylitization and carbonation,with local adularization and illitization.The ore minerals are mainly pyrite,primary hematite,native gold,and electrum,with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite,magnetite,sphalerite,and galena,indicating a characteristic epithermal low-sulfidation deposit.The ore-forming fluid may have been primarily derived from magmatic fluid exsolved from a crystallizing rhyolitic porphyry magma.Further zircon U-Pb geochronology,fluid inclusion,physicochemical and isotopic geochemical analyses revealed that(1)rhyolitic porphyry magmatism occurred at 104.6 ± 1.0 Ma,whereas the crystallization of the PSQA occurred at 100.8 ± 2.1 Ma;(2)the hydrothermal fluid of the pre-ore stage was an exsolved CO_2-bearing H20-NaCl magmatic fluid that produced inclusions mainly composed of pure vapor(PV),vapor-rich(WV)and liquid-rich(WL)inclusions with a small number of melt-(M)and solid-bearing(S)inclusions;mineralization-stage quartz contains WL and rare PV,WV and pure liquid(PL)inclusions characterized by the H_2 O-NaCl system with low formation temperatures and low salinities;(3)the characteristics of hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead isotopes and those of rare earth elements(REEs)provide insight into the affinity between PSQA and orebodies resulting from juvenile crust or enriched mantle.Combined with previous research on the mineralogenetic epoch(99.32± 0.01 Ma),we further confirm that the mineralization of the deposit occurred in the late Early Cretaceous,which coincides with the extension of the continental margin induced by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.The formation of the ore deposit was proceeded by a series of magmatic and hydrothermal events,including melting of enriched juvenile crust,upwelling,the eruption and emplacement of the rhyolitic magma,the exsolution and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid,decompression,the cooling and immiscibility/boiling of the fluid,and mixing of the magmatic fluid with meteoric water,in association with water-rock interaction.     

河南西峡石板沟金矿成矿流体地球化学及矿床成因讨论

石板沟金矿是近年在豫西南发现的一个剪切带容矿的脉状金矿。根据流体包裹体地球化学研究,分析了矿床成矿流体地球化学特征,讨论了金的沉淀机制和矿床成因。构造蚀变岩型金矿的形成主要与热液蚀变作用有关,石英脉型金矿的形成,则可能主要与岩浆热液与变质热液的混合作用有关。矿质主要源自晋宁期岩浆岩,成矿流体和热能主要来自海西期花岗岩。矿床为剪切带容矿的中低温热液金矿床。     

Ore Genesis and Formation Age of the Gaogangshan Mo Deposit,Heilongjiang Province,NE China

The Gaogangshan Mo deposit, located in the northern part of the Lesser Xing'an Range (the eastern part of the Xing'an–Mongolia Orogenic Belt), is one of the newly discovered Mo deposits in northeast China. Ore bodies occur in the granite and are generally in vein and stockwork forms. Major metallic minerals in the ore include pyrite and molybdenite. The styles of mineralization are disseminated, veinlet–disseminated, and veinlet. The major types of wall–rock alteration are silicification–potassic alteration, phyllic alteration and propylitization. Fluid inclusion analyses indicate that the ore‐forming fluid during the major mineralization stage is an H₂O–NaCl–CO₂ system, with wide homogenization temperature and salinity ranges. The abundant CO₂–rich and coexisting halite–bearing fluid inclusion assemblages in the main stage of mineralization highlight the significance of intensive fluid boiling for porphyry Mo mineralization. Comprehensive study of the ore‐forming conditions, geological features of the deposit, micro‐thermometric analysis of fluid inclusions and comparison of the Gaogangshan deposit with other typical porphyry deposits leads to the conclusion that the deposit is a porphyry type. We obtained a weighted mean age of the molybdenite deposit at Gaogangshan of 250.7 ± 1.8 Ma. The isotopic dating results indicate that the Gaogangshan deposit was formed in the Permo–Triassic, which is the earliest Mo–only deposit in northeast China. The formation of the Gaogangshan Mo deposit may be related to the extension and break–up of the Songnen Block and Jiamusi Block in the Permo–Triassic.     

新疆东天山东戈壁钼矿矿床地质和地球化学特征

新疆东天山东戈壁钼矿床是迄今为止在我国东天山找到的最大规模的钼矿床,钼矿资源量超过5×10⁵ t。该矿床赋存于花岗斑岩外接触带中,矿石矿物以辉钼矿、黄铁矿为主,围岩蚀变以硅化、钾化、黄铁矿化、电气石化、碳酸盐化和萤石化为特征。其成矿作用可以划分为成矿期和成矿期后两个阶段,成矿温度为140℃～380℃,盐度为0.88～21.33 wt%NaCl,成矿深度为1.76～2.87 km,指示东戈壁钼矿为中低温、中低盐度的浅成矿床。对主要钼矿体8件辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素分析获得的等时线年龄为234.3±1.6 Ma,表明该矿床的成矿时代为印支期。东戈壁钼矿床形成时代的厘定对于提高该矿床的理论研究水平和指导该区隐伏金属矿床的找矿勘查工作均具有重要意义。     

The “Calamines” and the “Others”: The great family of supergene nonsulfide zinc ores

“Nonsulfides” is a term, which comprises a series of oxidized Zn(Pb)-ore minerals. It has also been used to define a special deposit type, mainly considered as derived from the weathering of Zn(Pb) sulfide concentrations. However, nonsulfide zinc deposits have been distinguished between supergene and hypogene, according to their mineralogy, geological characteristics and genetic setting. The supergene deposits formed by weathering and oxidation at ambient temperatures, whereas the hypogene ones are considered hydrothermal, or associated with metamorphic processes on primary sulfide ores.In this review paper, a comparison between a number of several nonsulfide deposits has been carried out: typical “Calamines”, peculiar “Calamines” and “Others”. The whole group comprises deposits of typical supergene origin, mixed supergene–hypogene mineralizations, and oxidized concentrations characterized by different metals only locally associated with zinc. The Zn–Pb nonsulfide concentrations hosted in carbonate rocks, which are mainly attributed to “wall-rock replacement” and “direct-replacement” supergene processes, are the typical “Calamines” (Liège district, Belgium; Iglesias district, Italy; Silesia–Cracow district, Poland). Peculiar “Calamine” deposits are those mineralizations that have been generally considered as supergene, but which are instead genetically related, at least partly, to hypogene processes (e.g. Angouran, Iran; Jabali, Yemen), though mineralogically and texturally similar to supergene nonsulfide deposits. The “Others” are prevailingly supergene nonsulfide zinc deposits not hosted in carbonate rocks (Skorpion, Namibia; Yanque, Peru), or characterized by other metals as main commodities, like lead (Magellan, Australia), silver (Sierra Mojada, Mexico; Wonawinta, Australia) or vanadium (Otavi Mountainland, Namibia).Minerals of current economic importance in most “Calamine” deposits are smithsonite, hydrozincite, and cerussite. This mineralogical association is generally simple but, when the “Calamines” are dolomite-hosted, one of the consequences of the “wall-rock replacement” process is the generation of a series of economically useless Zn- and Mg-bearing mixed carbonate phases. Secondary deposits hosted in silicatic (sedimentary or volcanic) rocks mainly contain hemimorphite and/or sauconite. Lead-, Ag- and V-rich nonsulfide ores are characterized by a more complex mineralogical association: mixed Pb-carbonates, Pb-sulfates, Pb-phosphates, Pb-arsenates, various Ag-sulfosalts, and Zn–Pb–Cu-vanadates.Carbon and oxygen stable isotope studies allow distinguishing between supergene and hypogene nonsulfide deposits, evaluating the effects of oxidative heating and even gaining indirect paleoclimatic information. The oxygen-isotope variation of the individual carbonate minerals within a deposit is relatively small, indicating constant formation temperatures and a single, meteoric fluid source. Carbon-isotope values are highly variable, thus suggesting several isotopically distinct carbon sources.Periods of paleoclimatic switch-overs from seasonally humid/arid to hyperarid have been considered as the most favorable conditions for the formation and preservation of supergene nonsulfide deposits. However, while several recent nonsulfide deposits throughout the world are positioned between 15° and 45° N latitude, thus pointing to a warm and humid weathering climate, others have been deposited in sub-Arctic regions.The economic value of the nonsulfide Zn(Pb–Ag–V) ores is highly variable, because more than in the case of metallic sulfide deposits, it resides not only on the geological setting, but also on their mineralogy that can directly influence processing and metallurgy.     

广东河台整装勘查区百旁金矿成矿规律

百旁金矿是广东地质五队近年来新发现的一处中型蚀变糜棱岩型金矿。百旁金矿地处粤西—桂东成矿带东段NE向罗定—广宁断裂带北东端部位,矿体受糜棱岩带内面理、裂隙带控制;金矿化具明显的以硅化、硫化物为中心的对称性分布特征,金矿体具有平行斜列、侧伏的分布规律,表现为向NE向侧伏;区内金矿化富集主要与热液活动有关,燕山期的重熔花岗岩侵入的同时伴随有富含硫化物的含金热液充填在糜棱岩、断裂带内而成矿。     

石膏矿床的地质特征及对硫化矿床的指示意义

从研究划分石膏矿化的成因类型入手,进行热液化学成分来源分析和岩石蚀变分带研究,结合典型矿床实例分析,总结出在碳酸盐岩中出现热液交代型石膏矿化体附近,往往伴生有金属硫化矿体或含硫化矿物丰富的岩石,该规律对寻找硫化物型金属自矿体的意义巨大.     

秦岭造山带柞水-山阳矿集区夏家店金矿床成矿时代及其地质意义

柞水-山阳矿集区位于秦岭造山带中部,区内矿产资源丰富,金矿找矿近年来不断取得突破,发现了多个大-中型金矿床,然而区内金矿成矿时代、成矿地质背景一直存在争议,直接制约矿集区金矿床找矿工作。夏家店金矿床是该区大型金矿床,矿体受断裂构造控制,金矿石类型有角砾岩型、碎裂岩型、糜棱岩型3种。围岩蚀变强烈,主要由硅化、方解石化、绢云母化、高岭土化、萤石化、重晶石化等,与金成矿关系最密切的是硅化、方解石化、萤石化。热液成矿期可划分为石英阶段、石英-方解石-萤石-硫化物阶段、方解石阶段。文章选取夏家店金矿床主成矿期的方解石、萤石等矿物进行了Sm-Nd同位素测试工作,获得等时线年龄为(139.64±0.98)Ma,表明成矿时代为晚侏罗世。结合区域构造-岩浆成矿作用特征,认为夏家店金矿床成矿作用与晚侏罗世—早白垩世构造-岩浆事件有关。据此将柞水山阳矿集区金矿床成矿年龄厘定在140Ma左右,为秦岭造山带伸展的地球动力背景下构造-岩浆热液演化的产物。通过与区内晚侏罗世—早白垩世构造-岩浆成矿事件对比,文章首次提出柞水-山阳矿集区存在140 Ma左右的金矿床成矿事件,为下一步在柞水-山阳矿集区开展金矿床勘查工作提供了重要依据。     

Zn/Cd ratios in calcsilicate-hosted sphalerite ores at Tumurtijn-ovoo, Mongolia

As other calcsilicate-hosted ore deposits the Tumurtijn-ovoo Fe–Mn–Zn deposit is subdued to the question how the ore elements took place, whether linked to epigenetic silicification of a limestone host or bound to syngenetic precipitation during the deposition of a calcareous-siliceous sediment. The comparison of high Zn/Cd ratios of ores from Tumurtijn-ovoo ranging from 514 to 724 with those of other ore deposits relates Tumurtijn-ovoo to the group of submarine hydrothermal deposits which got their ore elements from basaltic source rocks by subseafloor leaching. Hence, respecting geological and textural features of the ores, a synsedimentary precipitation of zinc and cadmium in a volcano-sedimentary environment is suggested for Tumurtijn-ovoo. A group of low Zn/Cd ratios (274–297) is correlated with processes of mobilization and redeposition of sphalerite.     

非硫化物型锌矿床的地质特征和成因机制

非硫化锌矿床通常被误称为“锌的氧化物”矿床。由于湿法冶金学的发展, 这类矿床正在成为引人注目的勘查目标。该类矿床通常被划分为浅成和深成两种类型, 浅成锌矿床是非硫化物锌矿床最常见的类型, 深成非硫化物锌矿床主要有构造控制交代矿体和富锰喷流型层状矿体。甘肃代家庄菱锌矿床为西成中泥盆统新发现的一个大型矿床, 不同于一般的浅成非硫化物锌矿床, 可能为国内一种新类型的非硫化物锌矿床。     

甘肃礼县庙山金矿床地质特征及找矿标志

礼县庙山金矿位于西秦岭造山带岷(县)—礼(县)金成矿带,区内岩浆活动频繁,热液蚀变强烈,容矿、导矿构造发育。本文通过野外观察和室内整理勘查区内的地质特征,认为庙山金矿赋存于中石炭统碎屑岩建造中,岩浆热源和含矿热液沿断裂、裂隙运动,在有利部位富集成矿,该金矿具有中低温热液型矿床特征。勘查区出露的中石炭统第一岩性段内的粉砂质板岩、变石英砂岩是找金的有利岩相、岩性标志;NE向断层破碎带以及断裂旁侧与其平行、分枝的次级断裂的膨大部位、断裂交汇部位是金的储矿空间;金属硫化物细脉、褐铁矿化、辰砂化、硅化和褪色蚀变标志明显;花岗斑岩脉和煌斑岩脉与金矿体常相伴出现。近年来持续勘查取得显著成果,主矿体深部延伸稳定,矿床规模扩大,总结庙山金矿床地质特征及找矿标志,对于西秦岭地区岷(县)—礼(县)金成矿带具有借鉴意义。     

Comparative Study of Gacun and Youre Silver–Lead–Zinc–Copper Deposits in Sichuan, SW China, and their Mineralization Significance

The large Gacun silver–lead–zinc–copper deposit in Sichuan Province is one of the largest volcanogenic massive sulfide(VMS) deposits in China. The deposit consists of western and central ore bodies, which form a vein–stockwork mineralization system corresponding to hydrothermal channels, and eastern ore bodies, which form an exhalative chemical sedimentary system derived from a brine pool in a submarine basin. The Youre lead–zinc deposit, which is currently under exploration and lies adjacent to the southern part of the Gacun deposit, is characterized by intense silicification and vein–stockwork structures and consists of massive silicified rhyolitic volcanics, banded rhyolitic tuff, and phyllitic sericite tuff. From a comparison of their ore-bearing horizons, the Gacun and Youre deposits have a continuous and stable hanging wall(calcareous slate and overlying andesite) and foot wall(rhyolite–dacite breccia and agglomerate), and the lithologic sequence includes lower intermediate to felsic rocks and upper felsic rocks. Thus, the Youre deposit, which comprises relatively thinly layered low–grade ore, is regarded as forming a southward extension of the Gacun deposit. A further comparison of the structures of the ore-bearing belts between the two deposits suggests that the Youre ore bodies are similar to the western ore bodies of the Gacun deposit. Moreover, the characteristics of fluid inclusions and stable isotopes in the Youre deposit are also similar to those of the western ore bodies of the Gacun deposit. Genetic models of the deposits are proposed for the Gacun–Youre ore district, and massive concealed ore bodies may occcur in the Youre deposit at depths that are similar to those of the eastern ore bodies of the Gacun deposit.     

湖南西部钨锑金矿床成矿规律及找矿应用

湖南西部钨锑金矿床赋存于雪峰弧形构造带之前寒武系浅变质岩系中,受到韧-脆性剪切构造控制,具有明显的地层层位效应。区域变质和动力变形过程中,大规模深层次的韧性剪切变形促使矿源层中的Au活化迁移,连同SiO2,K等活性组分和岩石中的H2O一起形成含金动力变质热液,当其进入伸展型脆韧性剪切带及其剥离构造带、张扭性断裂带时,形成充填交代型含金石英脉型和破碎带蚀变岩型金矿。研究表明,矿床具有特定的元素共生组合,矿脉(体)沿倾向延伸大且普遍具有侧伏成矿现象,沿控矿构造方向侵入的长英质脉岩带与成矿有一定的联系;载金的硫(砷)化物以富集轻硫同位素为特点,氧化-还原反应是金成矿的主要化学机制等特征性成矿标志。矿床广泛发育中低温热液蚀变,黄铁矿、毒砂矿物和As元素是找金的标型矿物和指示元素。矿床成因主要属于受韧-脆性脆剪切带控制的变质热液型金矿。