人工掏挖坡面侵蚀微地貌演化及其水力学特性分析

人工掏挖是黄土高原地区夏闲地翻耕时广为应用的耕作方式,为探明其坡面侵蚀过程,利用三维激光扫描仪及ArcGIS软件,阐明其在人工模拟间歇降雨下坡面微地貌、侵蚀产沙及水力学参数演变规律。结果表明:①坡面侵蚀历经溅蚀-片蚀、断续细沟、连续细沟3个阶段;降雨截止时细沟平面密度、平均沟深、最大沟长和最大沟深分别增至初始的1.42倍、2.24倍、15.5倍和2.43倍。②地表糙度随降雨历时推移从1.706呈近似线性趋势减小至1.488;累积降雨量达80 mm之前,径流量、含沙量随地表糙度的减小增加缓慢,但之后随地表糙度减小增加剧烈。③降雨过程中流速呈现波动增加趋势,水流由层流快速过渡至紊流,但始终保持为缓流,水流阻力呈波动下降,且形态阻力一直居于主导地位。人工掏挖耕作坡面在雨强1.5 mm/min、降雨量80 mm以内可起到蓄水保土作用,但在连续强降雨下也更易引起细沟侵蚀。     

Drainage network expansion of the Salagou drainage basin (S. France): an example of relief response to recent climate change?

Continental erosion is known to be strongly controlled by climate but the way by which geomorphological systems respond to climate change still remains poorly understood. Recent numerical modelling suggests that drainage networks are subjected to strong spatial fluctuations but few studies of natural systems have addressed this phenomenon because of the difficulty of documenting the evolution of erosional landscapes. A detailed field analysis has allowed reconstruction of the past topography of a drainage basin located in southern France where remnants of a past landscape are well preserved. A change from a smooth to a present-day dissected landscape is observed and related to a change in the dominant processes of erosion. This evolution is interpreted in terms of fluctuations in drainage network extent in response to a Holocene increase in precipitation.     

利用REE示踪法研究坡面侵蚀过程

次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的演变过程和细沟的发生发展过程是土壤侵蚀规律研究中的重点和难点。利用REE示踪法,采取沿坡面垂直分层布设的新的试验方法,通过室内模拟降雨试验,对坡面侵蚀演变过程进行了探索性研究。结果表明:降雨初期坡面侵蚀以面蚀为主,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀加剧;随着降雨时间的延续,累积面蚀量和细沟侵蚀量逐渐增加,但后者的增加速率大于前者,面蚀占总侵蚀量的比率随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减,细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加;试验结束时细沟侵蚀量为面蚀量的2～4倍。本研究为定量区分和研究坡面侵蚀过程中面蚀和细沟侵蚀量,面蚀向细沟侵蚀的转变以及细沟侵蚀发生、发育提供了新的思路和解决途径。     

细沟形态演变对坡面水沙过程的影响

为探明细沟形态演变对坡面产流产沙的互反馈作用,采用室内模拟降雨和三维地形扫描等手段对细沟形态演变中的水沙变化过程进行了研究。试验分析了黄土在不同雨强（66 mm/h、94 mm/h和127 mm/h）条件下,不同细沟发育阶段的水沙过程变化规律。结果表明,黄土细沟形态演变过程对产沙的影响较大,而对产流的影响较弱。径流量的变化过程主要取决于土体透水性、土壤的结皮作用以及产流方式,坡面产流量有先增大后减小最后趋于平稳的趋势;产沙量的变化过程与细沟发育进程有明显的对应关系,尤其是坡面地貌信息熵与产沙量和侵蚀速率的相关系数分别达到0.954和0.916,细沟的出现会加剧侵蚀,使含沙量明显增加;不同雨强下坡面产沙的变化规律基本相同,细沟沟网稳定后的产沙量与降雨强度呈正相关关系。     

几种土壤的细沟侵蚀过程及其影响因素

通过间隔为11h的二次人工模拟降雨和冲蚀槽试验研究了10种土壤的侵蚀过程,发现在第2次降雨中大多数土壤出现了细沟侵蚀形式。采样微形态观察发现,在第1次降雨中形成结皮的土壤在第2次降雨中出现了细沟侵蚀;产流产沙观测发现所有出现细沟侵蚀的土壤在第1次降雨中径流含沙量逐渐减少,而第2次降雨中有一个先剧增后减少的过程。土壤理化分析及多元逐步回归分析结果表明,土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量、铁铝含量等因素对细沟侵蚀的影响表现不明显,而与土壤团聚体有关结构指标、细沟侵蚀、产流产沙速率及总量呈显著相关关系。分析表明,团聚体分散度、崩解速率与渗透系数之比两个指标能较好地预测细沟侵蚀发生的可能性,同时也能很好地预测侵蚀产沙量。     

数字地形分析技术在分布式水文建模中的应用

论述了在栅格数字高程模型（DEM）的基础上，利用数字地形分析技术来完成地形评价、河网指示、流域分割、子流域参数化等项工作的理论与方法。并结合江西潋水河流域的实际工作进行了详细的说明。研究结果表明，通过数字地形分析的方法，利用栅格DEM实现流域离散化并从中提取分布式水文模型所需要的输入参数是一种行之有效的手段。     

黄土坡面侵蚀产沙时空演变的REE示踪技术研究

室内交叉布设不同的稀土氧化物,通过人工模拟次降雨,在同一试验条件下,对坡面侵蚀沿顺坡方向和深度方向的演变过程同时展开研究。结果表明:REE示踪技术对定量研究土壤侵蚀具有较高的精度;降雨前期,片蚀与细沟侵蚀发育程度基本相当;后期细沟侵蚀占据坡面侵蚀的主导地位,其侵蚀平均加速度和平均侵蚀率分别是片蚀的15倍、9倍;试验结束,细沟侵蚀占据坡面总侵蚀的90%;本试验条件下,坡面下1/3区域为侵蚀活跃带。     

细沟形成对坡面产流产沙过程的影响

为探明细沟形成条件下不同土壤坡面水沙变化特性,利用室内模拟降雨试验,分析了塿土和黄绵土在细沟发育及已有细沟条件下的水沙过程变化规律。结果表明,塿土产流快,易形成细沟,细沟发育有明显的规律性,在坡面上呈平行状分布,细沟密度与坡度密切相关,细沟存在会延长产流时间;黄绵土产流慢,较难形成细沟,细沟发育随机性大。细沟发育对产流过程没有明显影响,土壤入渗快慢是两种土壤产流过程存在差异的主要原因。细沟发育程度加剧,会使塿土含沙量的增加速度加快,达到稳定含沙量的时间提前,坡面已有细沟只对稳定含沙量有明显影响,细沟密度增加会使稳定含沙量提高;黄绵土含沙量的变化主要取决于细沟发育过程中的随机性,当细沟侵蚀以崩塌作用为主时,含沙量会出现急剧增加,即使雨强较小,也会产生严重的土壤侵蚀。     

模拟降雨条件下坡面细沟形态演变与量化方法

为探明坡面土壤侵蚀过程中细沟的演变规律,研究细沟形态特征量化方法是非常重要的。利用室内土槽模拟降雨试验,对比了45 mm/h、87 mm/h和127 mm/h雨强下容重分别为1.30 g/cm3和1.05 g/cm3两种黄土在20°陡坡坡面细沟发育形态的差异,并分别采用分形维数、拓扑参数对细沟沟网的形态特征进行量化描述,引入地貌信息熵理论进行坡面地貌信息熵计算,然后对各量化参数的敏感性进行了分析。结果表明,分形维数作为整体性的量化参数,对描述发育成熟的细沟形态差异不够灵敏;坡面地貌信息熵能够反映侵蚀过程中侵蚀程度的变化,对细沟发育程度的描述较为灵敏;细沟沟网的拓扑特征参数较好地体现了沟网内部结构的差异,可用于描述沟网内部结构特征的较灵敏参数。     

Hillslope Topography from Unconstrained Photographs

Quantifications of Earth surface topography are essential for modeling the connections between physical and chemical processes of erosion and the shape of the landscape. Enormous investments are made in developing and testing process-based landscape evolution models. These models may never be applied to real topography because of the difficulties in obtaining high-resolution (1–2 m) topographic data in the form of digital elevation models (DEMs). Here we present a simple methodology to extract the high-resolution three-dimensional topographic surface from photographs taken with a hand-held camera with no constraints imposed on the camera positions or field survey. This technique requires only the selection of corresponding points in three or more photographs. From these corresponding points the unknown camera positions and surface topography are simultaneously estimated. We compare results from surface reconstructions estimated from high-resolution survey data from field sites in the Oregon Coast Range and northern California to verify our technique. Our most rigorous test of the algorithms presented here is from the soil-mantled hillslopes of the Santa Cruz marine terrace sequence. Results from three unconstrained photographs yield an estimated surface, with errors on the order of 1 m, that compares well with high-resolution GPS survey data and can be used as an input DEM in process-based landscape evolution modeling.     

数字高程模型预处理方法的研究进展

数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,简称DEM)是地形表面形态属性的数字化表达,被广泛应用于流域水文模拟中河网水系的提取.从DEM直接提取的河网水系及相关的流域地理空间信息,是分布式水文模拟的地理信息平台.由于DEM中洼地和平坦区的存在会影响水流方向的确定和数字河网的正确提取.因此在河网自动提取过程中必须首先对DEM数据进行预处理.本文对国内外各种DEM预处理方法进行了归纳总结.将DEM数据预处理方法分为两大类:分步处理法,以及一体化处理法.分步处理法按处理对象又可分为洼地处理方法和平坦区处理方法两部分;而一体化处理法则采用迭代算法同时对洼地和平地进行处理.     

高分辨率层序地层分析中基准面变化的讨论

基准面有三个不同的概念,即侵蚀基准面、沉积基准面和地层基准面。目前对于基准面的解释和应用存在争论,在应用中尤其比较模糊。在对高分辨率层序地层学中地层基准面的解释进行分析及基础上,对其在解释以海相沉积环境为主的部分提出了质疑并就可容空间与地层基准面的关系问题进行了讨论。可容空间是层序地层学关键概念,基准面也是层序地层学很重要的概念,两者对于解释层序形成机制是非常重要的。侵蚀基准面、沉积基准面、地层基准面都是势能面,都是动力学界面,都是变化的,只是分析的基准不同、形成的机制不同。为了深入地揭示这三种基准面的特征,还应该考虑基准面的定量研究问题。     

黄土陡坡降雨冲刷试验及其三维颗粒流流-固耦合模拟

针对坡角为70°的黄土边坡,进行2.7 mm/min降雨强度下的室内坡面冲刷试验。根据边坡冲刷破坏的过程特征,将边坡侵蚀方式演变过程归纳为试验初期的片蚀、中期的细沟侵蚀、到后期的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。试验中坡顶处侵蚀强度大于其他部位,当坡面形成上下贯通的切沟之后,水流开始掏蚀沟槽底部土体,随着冲刷的持续,切沟两侧土体强度降低,坡顶土体发生坍塌。以此为基础利用三维颗粒流软件PFC3D对边坡降雨冲刷过程进行流-固耦合模拟,在模拟颗粒大变形的同时得到颗粒运动轨迹、孔隙率、流体单元内流速等重要参数,这些参数的定量变化过程反映了降雨过程中边坡遭受侵蚀程度及水流侵蚀能力的分布规律:坡顶处侵蚀最为强烈、水流侵蚀能力最强,且两者随高度降低呈减小趋势,与室内试验结果一致。     

Rill erosion: Exploring the relationship between experiments,modelling and field observations

Predicting rill erosion rates for a given discharge and slope minimally requires a model for rill hydraulics that allows the prediction of hydraulic parameters and a model for sediment detachment. Several relationships that describe rill hydraulics and/or sediment detachment within an eroding rill have been proposed and are incorporated into state of the art soil erosion models.In this paper a critical review of the theoretical concepts that are underpinning current rill flow and sediment detachment models is made in the light of recent experimental results. Approaches to define detachment–hydraulics relationship are generally based on developments in alluvial river hydraulics. However, experimental evidence to support the use of these concepts in models of rill erosion is scarce and recent experimental findings suggest that the basic assumptions used to model rill erosion are to some extent flawed. An analysis of empirically collected data on rill hydraulics conclusively shows that the empirical Manning equation does not hold for rill flow and should therefore not be used in rill erosion models. An empirical power law relationship relating velocity to discharges is much better in agreement with available experimental data, both for soils with and without rock fragments. In the absence of vegetation residue and/or other macroscopic, immobile elements such as rock fragments, total shear stress and unit length shear force can be used to predict soil detachment. The use of unit length shear force has the advantage that no information about rill geometry is necessary.The evidence for sediment load and rill flow detachment interaction is somewhat conflicting: the presence of a heavy sediment load appears to restrict rill flow detachment, but the exact form of the relationship between detachment rate and sediment load remains unclear. The effect of the presence of a sediment load on flow detachments under natural conditions is also limited by the nature of the detachment and transporting capacity relationships: on a rectilinear hillslope, transporting capacity increases much more rapidly with discharge than detachment capacity.We propose modifications to the theoretical formulations used in rill erosion models so that they are in better agreement with experimental evidence. Finally, we illustrate the potential of simplified models and conclude that the combination of empirical equations for flow detachment and rill hydraulics leads to results that are consistent with empirical data relating rill erosion rates to topography.     

Quaternary erosional surfaces in the Danish North Sea

Studies of a deep high-resolution reflection seismic profile through the eastern North Sea basin show that at least four erosional phases have affected the area during the Saalian, Weichselian and Holocene. Foraminiferal investigations of five boreholes make it possible to date the erosional events. When looking at the restricted area of this study, the deep incised valleys appear to have developed during sea-level fall and lowstand as the Quaternary ice sheets were established. Further erosion took place during the deglaciation of the area and the valleys were further deepened when used as drainage paths. The oldest erosional phase recognized from the seismic profiles is interpreted to be of Saalian age. Two later erosive phases were associated with intra-Weichselian glacial advances. The uppermost erosive surface represents river valleys at the transition from the Weichselian glacial to the Holocene.     

辽西黄土陡坡的冲刷破坏机制

以70°辽西黄土陡坡为例,在降雨强度为2.7 mm/min条件下对边坡坡面冲刷破坏特征进行了室内物理试验模拟。试验发现：随着降雨的持续坡面水流能量不断增加,致使侵蚀强度增强;边坡的侵蚀方式从试验初期的片蚀,到中期的细沟侵蚀,最后演化为坡顶部的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。基于试验成果,采用SEEP/W程序对降雨条件下边坡降雨入渗规律进行数值模拟,发现在降雨过程中坡顶部所产生的水头压力最大,随高度降低呈减小趋势;运用PFC2D颗粒流软件从微观角度对坡体土颗粒运动情况进行模拟,结果发现位于坡顶的颗粒最先被径流冲刷带走,且下落速度很快。经对比表明：数值模拟结果和物理模拟试验现象基本一致,可为进一步研究黄土边坡冲刷破坏规律提供参考。     

Morphotectonics of a small river basin in the South Indian granulite terrain: An assessment through spatially derived geomorphic indices

Neotectonic activity in Mahe (Mayyazhi) river basin and its implication in landform development and stream characteristics were investigated with the help of the digital elevation model-derived geomorphic indices. The analysis is based on the commonly used geomorphic indices such as hypsometric curve and integral, drainage basin asymmetry, transverse topographic symmetric factor (T), stream length (SL) gradient index and longitudinal profiles of the stream. Hypsometric integrals indicate that the basin has reached the base level and lesser amount of material remains for erosion and transportation. The basin is asymmetric and has a south-south-east directional tilt, but with a probable spin caused due to the presence of major strike slip fracture, the mouth portion of the Mahe river has been tilted towards north-north-west. The SL index with sudden and non-uniform variations supports the finding and indicates the relative tectonic activity and its influence over the river networks in the area. Longitudinal profile of the stream also reveals gradational changes in the profile with the presence of knick points. Cross comparison of the analysed geomorphic indices points towards neotectonic activity in the basin, which modified the river basin to the present morphology and is reflected in the characteristics of the river and the basin as a whole.     

Coupling fluvial processes and landslide distribution toward geomorphological hazard assessment: a case study in a transient landscape in Japan

This study quantified the relationship among deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DGSDs), landslides, and river rejuvenation in the upper reaches of the Kumano River in the Kii Mountains of Japan, an area of frequent bedrock landslides. River profiles and hillslope landforms were examined, and high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) were used to identify DGSDs and landslides. Many of the deep-seated landslides were associated with rainstorms in 1889 and 2011. Landslide volumes were related to landslide areas on the basis of 52 deep-seated landslides that failed during the 2011 rainfall, providing basic data for landscape denudation and sediment yield. River rejuvenation occurred stepwise, incising moderate relief paleosurfaces and forming two series of knickpoints and V-shaped inner gorges that are up to 400-m deep. More than 65% of DGSDs and 75% of the landslides were located in association with the incised inner gorges along the peripheries of the paleosurfaces or were entirely contained within the inner gorges. DGSDs and landslides associated with the incised inner valley slopes tended to be larger than those developed within the paleosurfaces and may be long-term transient hillslope responses to river incision. Hillslope undercutting caused by rejuvenated river incision may play an important role in long-term slope stability and distribution of mass movements, and could serve as an indicator of landslide hazard.     

Late Quaternary evolution of the Tees-Swale interfluve east of the Pennines: the role of glaciation in the development of river systems in northern England

Detailed mapping of the interfluve between the lower Tees and Swale valleys has allowed improved understanding of the sequence of Late Quaternary evolution of this watershed area, which encompasses the Devensian glaciation, glacial retreat and reoccupation of the landscape by post-glacial drainage systems. This evidence is described in the context of earlier research, including ideas of inter-relations between the Tees and Swale river systems. Although there is good evidence of meltwater transfer across the interfluve at more than one location there is no clear indication of a fluvial connection. Deglaciation left behind a disrupted and somewhat chaotic surface, with scattered depositional landforms and basins, in some of which have accumulated post-glacial sedimentary sequences from which palaeoecological records can be reconstructed. Since deglaciation the rivers have incised their valleys, typically by ∼30 m, into the glaciated landscape. Progressive stages in this incision are marked by terraces between the former 30 m landscape level and the modern floodplains.     

准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系层序地层划分

根据工区内现有的钻井、测井和地震资料,应用以基准面为参照格架的高分辨层序地层学理论与研究方法,对准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系进行了层序界面的识别.共识别出层序界面7个,对应划分出1个长期基准面旋回和6个中期基准面旋回,长期基准面旋回界面的性质为区域性角度不整合,中期基准面旋回界面性质包括局部不整合、沉积转换面和同沉积侵蚀面.沉积转换面的识别对中期基准面旋回界面的识别起重要作用.