Upper Cretaceous depositional environments and bivalve assemblages of far-east Asia: the Himenoura Group, Kyushu, Japan

The depositional environments and bivalve assemblages are determined for the Upper Cretaceous Hinoshima Formation of the Himenoura Group, Kamishima, Amakusa Islands, Kyushu, Japan. The Hinoshima Formation is characterized by a thick transgressive succession that varies from incised-valley-fill deposits to submarine slope deposits with high aggradation rates of depositional systems. The incised valley is filled with fluvial, bayhead delta, brackish-water estuary, and marine embayment deposits, and is overlain by thick slope deposits.Shallow marine bivalves are grouped into five fossil assemblages according to species composition: Glycymeris amakusensis (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Nippononectes tamurai (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Ezonuculana mactraeformis–Nucula formosa (central bay), Glycymeris amakusensis–Apiotrigonia minor (slope), and Inoceramus higoensis–Parvamussium yubarensis (slope). These bivalve assemblages all represent autochthonous and parautochthonous conditions except for a Glycymeris amakusensis–Apiotrigonia minor assemblage found in debris flow and slump deposits. The life habitats of these bivalves and the compositions of the assemblages are discussed in terms of the ecological history of fossil bivalves of the mid- to Late Cretaceous.     

松辽盆地深层侏罗系-下白垩统生物组合和沉积环境

本文描述了松辽盆地探井揭露的深层地层序列及其所产的5个牛物门类化石组合特征.9个孢粉组合是Monosulcites-Cyathidites组合、Pinaceae-Cyathidites-Osmundaeidites组合、Classopollis-Piceites组合、Lophotriletes-Cicatricosisporites组合、Paleoconiferus-Lygodiumsporites组合、Cyathidites-Leiotriletes-Clavatipollenites组合、Cicatricosisporites-Leiotriletes-Polyporopollenites组合、Leiotriletes-Schizaeoisporites-Classopollis组合和Trilobosporites-Cyathidites-Tricolpollenites组合.3个藻类组合是Vesperopsis-Australisphaera组合、Balmula granorugosa组合和Vesperopsis zhaodongensis组合.2个介形类组合是Cypridea unicostata-Limnocypridesadscondida组合和Mongolocypris limpida-Paracandona planiuscula组合.4个植物组合是Elatocladus submanchurica-Ginkgoites orientalis组合、Acanthopteris gothani-Pterophyllum组合、Sphenopteris johnstrupii-Coniopteris nympharum组合和Platanus septentrionalis-Protophyllum undulaturn组合.3个大孢子组合是Minerisporites sp.组合、Ricinospora leavigata-Galamospora sp.组合和Arcellites组合.还介绍了叶肢介、轮藻、双壳类和鱼类化石的产出情况.结合同位素资料认为：大庆群时代为中侏罗世,火石岭组可能为贝里阿斯期,沙河子组为凡兰吟期-欧特里夫期,营城组为欧特里夫期-巴列姆期,登娄库组为巴列姆期-阿普第期早期,泉头组一-二段为阿普第-阿尔卑期,并对各组沉积环境进行了初步分析.     

黑龙江鸡西含煤盆地早白垩世城子河组特尔姆叶(Tyrmia)的发现

报道了本内苏铁类植物化石——特尔姆叶(Tyrmia)在黑龙江鸡西含煤盆地早白垩世城子河组的新发现。介绍了特尔姆叶属的研究简况。根据新发现化石的外部形态及角质层解剖等特征,建立了新种——鸡西特尔姆叶(Tyrmia jixiensissp.nov.),并讨论了其在研究鸡西含煤盆地早白垩世时期古气候及古环境的意义。     

内蒙古二连盆地巴彦宝力格煤田下白垩统赛汉塔拉组层序—古地理与聚煤作用*

二连盆地巴彦宝力格煤田蕴藏着丰富的煤炭和煤层气资源。利用钻孔和测井资料对赛汉塔拉组层序格架下的古地理演化特征和聚煤作用进行研究,识别出3种层序界面类型: 区域不整合面、河道下切谷冲刷面和对应整合面,将赛汉塔拉组划分为2个三级层序,厚煤层主要发育于层序Ⅰ湖侵体系域早期和晚期。采用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,恢复了层序格架下的古地理格局,古地理单元为冲积扇、扇三角洲平原和滨浅湖。有利聚煤环境为扇三角洲平原与滨浅湖过渡带、滨浅湖,具有合适的基底沉降速率并且受到较小的陆源碎屑影响。从层序Ⅰ到层序Ⅱ,煤层厚度减小,聚煤作用减弱;多层厚煤层的形成受基底沉降震荡性、周期性的影响,受可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率比值不断变化的控制。层序Ⅰ发育时期,研究区中部为下一步煤炭资源和煤层气勘探的有利区。     

内蒙古早白垩世五间房含煤盆地煤层煤相分析

内蒙古是我国非常重要的后备煤炭资源基地,煤层大多聚集在白垩纪断陷盆地中,其中,五间房含煤盆地煤炭资源丰富。通过对该盆地东南部3个钻孔57件煤样的煤岩学和煤化学分析,探讨了煤层的煤质特征、煤相类型及其演化规律。研究结果表明：本区煤层以低—中高灰、高挥发分产率和低—特低硫为特征;具有较高的镜/惰比和结构保存指数;煤相类型主要为潮湿森林沼泽相,自下而上,成煤泥炭沼泽覆水程度总体有所加深,上部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐加深的水进型特征,下部泥炭沼泽具有水体逐渐变浅的水退型特征。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区早白垩世原角龙类化石的发现及其意义

根据采自内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯杭锦旗一件恐龙不完整头骨新材料的形态学特征,鉴定其为原角龙未定种(Protoceratops sp.),产出地层为下白垩统.这是原角龙属化石在早白垩世地层中的首次报道,也是该类恐龙在鄂尔多斯地区的首次记录.该化石的发现,扩大了原角龙化石在我国的地理分布范围,也丰富了鄂尔多斯地区恐龙动物群的内容.     

松辽盆地北部上白垩统油页岩地球化学特征及沉积环境初探

松辽盆地北部上白垩统油页岩属中一差油页岩;有机质类型以Ⅰ型为主,Ⅱ.型为辅,处于低成熟一成熟阶段.生物标记化合物都含有丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯型烷烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物.正构烷烃呈前高后低的单峰型分布,nC₂₃、nC₂₇为主峰碳,重烃组份占绝对优势,OEP值为1.02～6.63,具有明显的奇碳数优势.Pr/Ph比值为0.13～1.37,多数小于0.6,具植烷优势,伽马蜡烷含量较高,油页岩沉积环境为咸化还原环境且盐度较高.萜烷丰度顺序为五环三萜烷>三环萜烷,三环萜烷中C₂₀、C₂₁和C₂₃,丰度相对较高,且C₂₀、C₂₁和C₂₃多呈倒“V”形分布,C₂₃相对富集.甾类化合物主要成份为规则甾烷C₂₇、C₂₈和C₂₉,ααα20RC₂₇、C₂₈和C₂₉甾烷多数呈几乎对称的“V”形分布,C₂₉ >C₂₈ >C₂₇.甾萜烷分布特征反映其原始有机母质构成中既有丰富的菌藻类等低等水生生物,又有一定比例的陆生高等植物混合输入.     

Tectonically induced climate and its control on the distribution of depositional systems in a continental foreland basin, Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) of Wyoming, U.S.A.

Continental sediments of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) in Wyoming are subdivided into three depositional systems: perennial to intermittent alluvial, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial, and playa. Chert-bearing sandstones, conglomerates, carbonaceous mudrocks, blocky mudrocks, and skeletal limestones were deposited by perennial to intermittent alluvial systems. Carbonaceous mudrocks contain abundant wood fragments, cuticle and cortical debris, and other vascular plant remains representing deposition in oxbow lakes, abandoned channels, and on floodplains under humid to seasonal conditions. Intraformational conglomerates, sandstones, bioturbated and blocky mudrocks with caliche nodules, and bioturbated limestones characterize deposition in intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems. Bioturbated limestones are encased in bioturbated mudrocks with abundant pseudo-slickensides. The presence of caliche nodules in some of the blocky to bioturbated mudrocks is consistent with supersaturation and precipitation of calcium carbonate from groundwater under semi-arid conditions. Caliche nodules, pseudo-slickensides, and carbonate-rich floodplain sediments are interpreted to have been deposited by intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems under seasonal to semi-arid climatic conditions. Laminated mudrocks, siltstones, vuggy carbonates, bedded to nodular evaporites, pebbly mudrocks, and diamictites were deposited in evaporative alkaline lakes or playas. Pebbly mudrocks and diamictites are interpreted to represent deposition from channelized and unchannelized hyperconcentrated flows on a playa, resulting from intense rain events within the basin.The areal abundance and distribution of these depositional systems change systematically across the overfilled portion of the Early Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin in Wyoming. The lower part (A-interval) of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations is characterized by deposits of perennial to intermittent rivers that existed 300 to 1000 km east of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt. Proximal to the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, the A-interval of the Cloverly Formation and upper Ephraim Formation of the Gannett Group are typified by deposits of intermittent to ephemeral rivers and their associated floodplains. In the middle part (B-interval) of the Cloverly Formation, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems expand to 600 km into the basin. The upper part (C-interval) of the Cloverly Formation is characterized by playa deposits in the Bighorn and Wind River Basins and intermittent to ephemeral alluvial deposits along the front of the ancestral Sevier Mountains. Deposits of perennial to intermittent alluvial systems in the C-interval of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations are restricted to the Black Hills region, almost 900 km to the east of the Sevier Mountains. The change in the areal distribution of depositional systems through time within this continental foreland basin may be attributed to the development of a rain shadow associated with the uplift of the Sevier Mountains in the Early Cretaceous.     

青海-甘肃民和盆地巴州拗陷的白垩系

民和盆地巴州拗陷的白垩系按其岩性、化石特征和沉积相自下而上分为大通河组、河口组和民和组。根据三组的化石特征,探讨它们的地质时代,并与相关地区的地层进行对比。     

蒙古国早–中侏罗世含煤盆地分布及构造背景和地层

蒙古国早–中侏罗世的主控构造是蒙古–鄂霍次克洋的消减闭合,其北地区发育弧后张裂盆地,其南的拼合大陆内的古缝合线被该消减造山运动激活而发生陆内造山。内蒙的3个陆内造山的磨拉石盆地均延入蒙古境内,故蒙古东部磨拉石盆地的发育与内蒙有相似的几何学和运动学特征。概述了各盆地的代表性地层,尽管其岩性和含煤性有明显差别,但因受制于同一个造山作用,沉积记录都以砾岩开始,都为向上变细的序列,且煤层均赋存于地层柱的中部,据此可把盆地演化分为成煤前、成煤和成煤后3个阶段。成煤阶段大煤田的形成受构造(堆积空间)和气候(成煤物质供应)的双重控制。     

内蒙古固阳地区下白垩统研究新进展

在内蒙古固阳县以东下湿壕地区 1∶5万区域地质调查中 ,首次在前人划分的下白垩统固阳组 采到瓣腮类、腹足类、介形类、轮藻、植物等大量化石。结合地层沉积组合特征 ,将原固阳组重新厘定为下白垩统李三沟组。这一地层层位的厘定和古生物化石的发现 ,对进一步探讨固阳盆地的构造演化和成煤规律等都将具有重要的理论意义和实际价值     

Palynomorph and palynofacies indications of age, depositional environments and source potential for hydrocarbons: Lower Cretaceous Zubair Formation, southern Iraq

Assemblages of miospores and dinoflagellate cysts encounterd in core samples three boreholes drilled in southern Iraq an Aptian-mid Albian age-range for the Zubair Formation, the largest oil reservoir in southern Iraq and neighbouring Kuwait. Four types of palynofacies have been identified, and are interpreted to indicate delta top swamp and marsh, delta front, prodelta and marine platform environments respectively. Amorphous matter comprises more than 50% of the organic component of some of the palynofacies in the upper part of the Zubair Formation. The rocks with which they are associated are highly rated as a potential source of liquid hydrocarbons. Those deposits yielding less than this (down to 12%) are considered to have moderate potential.     

Taphonomy of a Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes,Baurusuchidae) from the Adamantina Formation (Upper Cretaceous,Bauru Basin), Brazil: Implications for preservational modes,time resolution and paleoecology

Upper Cretaceous vertebrate accumulations from the Adamantina Formation are known due to their high taxonomic diversity. On the other hand, taphonomic analyses still are rare, limiting the understanding of processes related to the biostratinomic and fossildiagenetic histories of this lithostratigraphic unit. In 2005, fossils were collected from an outcrop located at Jales municipality, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. From this outcrop, a well-preserved Baurusuchus was recovered, which displays a peculiar set of taphonomic signatures. This paper identifies and interprets taphonomic features of a specimen of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Baurusuchidae; UFRJ DG 418-R) from the Adamantina Formation (Upper Cretaceous of the Bauru Basin), in Jales municipality, state of São Paulo. Brief taphonomic comparisons with other specimens previously studied (crocodiles and dinosaurs) and a lithofaciological analysis of the outcrop were undertaken in order to enhance the knowledge of the stratigraphy and paleoenvironment and improve the time resolution for the Adamantina Formation in the region of Jales. Furthermore, paleoecological data were interpreted based on the taphonomic analysis.The fossil is composed of an articulated segment of vertebral column, ribs, part of the pelvic girdle and gastralia. There is no hydraulic equivalence between both the specimen of Baurusuchus and the size of quartz grain predominant in the fossiliferous layer, suggesting death in situ or short transport as a “water carcass”. Teeth marks identified on the pubes were assigned to a small/juvenile baurusuchid crocodyliform or a theropod dinosaur. The repositioning of some elements (ribs and dorsal osteoderms) is suggestive of mummification. Desiccation marks were observed and attributed to the stage 1 of weathering. These features suggest subaerial exposure of the carcass prior to burial, however, probably after the mummification. On the other hand, the subaerial exposure was short, because the individual was not fully disarticulated. Furthermore, the degrees of articulation and preservation of the specimen nullify the hypothesis of reworking.Lithofaciological and taphonomic analyses suggest a well-drained floodplain as the burial environment and an arid or semi-arid climate in the region of Jales outcrop. In addition, the taphonomic signatures seem to indicate a time resolution about 10⁰–10⁴ years for the layer where the crocodyliforms were collected, but it seems to have, within this time limit, temporal-mixing among terrestrial crocodiles and dinosaurs collected from the same layer, suggesting time-averaging in this outcrop.     

A New Species of Cathayornis from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China and Its Stratigraphic Significance

An incomplete postcranial avian skeleton is described from the Lower Cretaceous Jingchuan Formation of Otog Banner of western Inner Mongolia and referred to a new species of Cathayornis, C. chabuensis sp. nov. This is the first report of a Cathayornis from outside Liaoning Province. The new discovery indicates that Cathayornis coexisted with Otogornis genghisi, and a more detailed comparison between these two enantiornithine genera shows that Otogornis represents a more primitive genus than Cathayornis. Our analyses further indicate that Cathayornis is an arboreal bird. The discovery of a Cathayornis from this region also confirms that the avian fossil-bearing Jingchuan Formation is comparable to the Jiufotang Formation of the upper Jehol Group in western Liaoning, and should be referred to the middle-late Early Cretaceous.     

Muglad盆地Sufyan凹陷下白垩统AG组2段沉积特征与成因模式

下白垩统AG组2段(后简称AG2段)是苏丹Muglad盆地Sufyan凹陷的主力烃源岩和最重要的含油层系。本文基于岩石学、测井相、地震相和地震属性研究,对Sufyan凹陷下白垩统AG2段沉积体系进行精细研究,结合其沉积期构造特征、古地貌特征、古气候环境及内物源和外物源发育特征,建立了其断陷期沉积模式。Sufyan凹陷AG组断陷初期为双断模式,南北两侧高陡断层发育规模相当,随着盆地的演化和湖平面的变化,到AG2段进入高水位期,凹陷北部逐渐演变为缓坡沉积环境,南部仍然为陡坡沉积环境。凹陷北部为Babanusa凸起和中非走滑带,为Muglad盆地的盆外物源,凹陷南部以Tomat凸起与Nugara凹陷分割,发育内物源。从钻井和岩心资料来看,凹陷北部以分选较好、细粒沉积为主,在断层下降盘发现中粗粒重力流沉积,反映了北部物源长距离搬运和长期供应的特点,据此建立了断陷后期AG2段北部曲流河三角洲沉积模式,北部物源为主力物源区;南部临近凹陷断裂带钻井揭示其发育较高砂地比的细粒沉积,显示物源供给的周期性和近源性,研究认为发育辨状河三角洲,沉积模式类似于扇三角洲,总体物源供给能力较弱,具有近源水下搬运特征。南部物源和西部物源一起,构成凹陷的次物源。本文综合编制了Sufyan凹陷AG2段沉积期的两期沉积相图,建立了立体沉积模式,认为盆地优质储层应以凹陷中部近烃源岩的区带为目标进行寻找。     

青藏高原可可西里风火山盆地白垩纪砂岩粒度特征与沉积环境

通过对风火山盆地白垩系砂岩薄片的粒度统计分析．划分出3种概率累计曲线。代表3种沉积相。分别为三角洲、河流和湖泊;并对研究区的沉积环境进行了划分。确定了该区为一套陆相沉积环境。这对于研究风火山盆地有重要的地质意义。而且对于该区找矿有重要的现实意义。     

酒西白垩纪盆地沉积构成及盆地演化动力学分析

酒西白垩纪盆地是酒西含油气盆地的一个单型盆地,发育了冲积扇、水下重力流扇、扇三角洲、湖泊、河流沉积体系。在湖盆演化的不同阶段形成冲积扇-扇三角洲-滨浅湖-砾质辫状河、近岸水下重力流扇-中深湖-扇三角洲和扇三角洲-中浅湖-河流沉积体系组合型式。依据等时界面,将湖盆充填序列划分为3个构造层序,相对应于初始裂陷、扩张裂陷-热衰减沉降和湖盆萎缩关闭3个演化阶段。地幔热柱的形成和衰减、燕山运动等远程应力作用控制着盆地的演化。     

内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统湖相白云岩成因*

早白垩世,白音查干凹陷处于强裂陷伸展环境,并具有高地热异常。在此背景下,该凹陷发育一套仅限于深湖—半深湖相的、富含铁白云石、钠沸石和泥级长石（钠长石、钾长石）等特殊矿物成分的白云岩。该套湖相白云岩受北东向同沉积断裂控制,主要分布于凹陷北部陡坡带和湖盆中央断裂带的下降盘处,沿断裂呈线性展布。白云岩中的白云石多以铁白云石为主,并与钠沸石、长石、重晶石、水镁铁石等低温热液矿物共生,其结构可分为泥晶结构、微晶结构和中—细晶斑块状结构（多元矿物组合）3种。此外,白云岩的岩石组构还具有明显热水沉积特征,包括纹层状构造、热水碎屑结构、星散状构造、同生塑性变形、网脉状构造。综合以上初步分析,认为研究区湖相白云岩为深部热液参与并发生沉积作用形成的,即热水沉积白云岩。     

Integrated biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian to Albian) Adriatic-Dinaridic carbonate platform deposits in Istria, Croatia

The Adriatic-Dinaridic carbonate platform (ADCP) was one of the largest and relatively well preserved Mesozoic platforms in the Mediterranean region (central Tethys). The peninsula Istria, in the northwestern part of the ADCP, is built up predominantly of shallow-water carbonates of the Middle Jurassic (Dogger) to Eocene age and, to a lesser extent, of Paleogene clastic deposits (flysch and calcareous breccia). This study focuses on a Lower Cretaceous (Barremian to Albian) succession of strata at five localities in western Istria. Stratigraphic determinations are based on identification of nine microfossil assemblages (benthic foraminifera and calcareous algae Dasycladales) and on using their taxa as index fossils. The age of strata with these microfossil assemblages, however, is questionable. Most of the age uncertainties are associated with a regional emersion, which occurred on the ADCP during the Aptian or close to the Aptian-Albian transition. It is unclear what portions of the Upper Aptian and/or Lower Albian are missing along this unconformity. A stable isotope study was conducted on homogenous micritic matrix samples in an attempt to resolve some of these uncertainties. Variations in carbon isotope compositions proved useful for stratigraphic correlation between the examined successions of strata, for improving their age determination, and for relating them to other coeval successions that span an important time interval of major oceanographic changes and carbon-cycle perturbations associated with the Early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (OAE 1a).     

Cretaceous sedimentary basins in Sichuan,SW China: Restoration of tectonic and depositional environments

This study documents sediment infill features and their responses to the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. The data include a comparison of field outcrops, well drillings, inter-well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps, and the spatial evolution of sedimentary facies. We divided the evolutionary history of the Sichuan Cretaceous Basin into three stages based on the following tectonic subsidence curves: the early Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma), late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (125–89.8 Ma), and late Late Cretaceous (89.8–66 Ma). The basin underwent NW–SE compression with northwestward shortening in the early Early Cretaceous and was dominated by alluvial fans and fluviolacustrine sedimentary systems. The central and northern areas of the Sichuan Basin were rapidly uplifted during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous with southwestward tilting, which resulted in the formation of a depression, exhibited southwestward compression, and was characterized by aeolian desert and fluviolacustrine deposits. The tectonic framework is controlled by the inherited basement structure and the formation of NE mountains, which not only affected the clastic supply of the sedimentary basin but also blocked warm-wet currents from the southeast, which changed the climatic conditions in the late Late Cretaceous. The formation and evolution of Cretaceous sedimentary basins are closely related to synchronous subtle far-field tectonism and changes in climate and drainage systems. According to the analysis of the migration of the Cretaceous sedimentation centers, different basin structures formed during different periods, including periods of peripheral mountain asynchronous thrusting and regional differential uplift. Thus, the Sichuan Cretaceous sedimentary basin is recognized as a superimposed foreland basin.