鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上古生界碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部晚古生代山西组1段和下石盒子组8段碎屑锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年分析,结合周缘地层年龄结构和地质历史事件,进而追寻盆地沉积物物源,推断盆地与造山带的盆山耦合过程。研究表明105个岩浆成因的碎屑锆石可分为4个年龄组段:(1)260~340 Ma,占总数的21.9%,推断物源主要来自北秦岭和西秦岭构造带;(2)370~470 Ma,占总数的24.8%,反映物源主要来自北秦岭、西秦岭构造带和北祁连造山带;(3)1600~2000 Ma,占总数的32.4%,指示物源来自北秦岭造山带、北祁造山带和华北板块;(4)2300~2600 Ma,占总数的15.2%,物源分别来自华北板块基底结晶岩系、北祁连构造带、北秦岭构造带和西秦岭构造带。研究区总体上具有来自北秦岭造山带、西秦岭造山带、北祁连造山带、兴蒙造山带及华北板块基底五个物源区,其中兴蒙造山带、北秦岭造山带和北祁连造山带为主要物源区。古生代碎屑锆石年龄证实了鄂尔多斯盆地西南部奥陶纪被动大陆边缘形成,志留纪—泥盆纪转化为陆-陆碰撞造山带,石炭纪—二叠纪逐渐由造山带转化为沉积盆地。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘奥陶纪地质事件群耦合作用

北祁连造山带和北秦岭造山带在早古生代经历了相似的洋陆转化过程,于奥陶纪时发育了汇聚板块边缘的沟-弧-盆体系,分别形成了北西向展布的北祁连造山带走廊南山北缘早古生代岛弧及弧后盆地和东西向展布的北秦岭造山带早古生代岛弧及弧后盆地。期间,秦岭-祁连洋的俯冲造山作用和鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘沉积类型和内陆湖盆的发展演化之间存在有机的联系,构成了盆-山耦合体系,引发一系列构造事件、火山喷发事件和多种类型的事件沉积等。它们之间存在着一系列成因机制上的联系,有着共同的宏观背景。鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘在几乎相同时期存在一次构造背景的转变,由被动大陆边缘转化为主动大陆边缘,并诱发了多期火山喷发事件,在盆地西南缘奥陶系形成多套斑脱岩夹层,这些斑脱岩可能为同时期或者稍后的钾盐矿(包括含钾卤水)的形成提供了重要物源。同时,鄂尔多斯盆地南缘由浅水碳酸盐台地陷落为深水斜坡,在盆地西、南缘奥陶系有规律的集中发育重力流沉积(海底扇、浊积岩等)、滑塌沉积和震积岩等事件沉积。从形成机制上,华南板块向北俯冲触发了火山活动和地震,火山喷发在奥陶系集中沉积了多套凝灰岩夹层,地震活动导致同时期大套重力流沉积,并触发相对深水区沉积物向深水区移动,使得重力流沉积转化为浊流沉积,形成了具有良好储层的浊积岩。统计表明,上述事件发育的时间与秦岭地区构造活动相对最活跃的时期基本一致。因此这些分布稳定的凝灰岩薄层和中奥陶世集中有规律分布的重力流沉积砂体为华南板块向华北本快俯冲背景下形成的,它们之间存在耦合关系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘奥陶纪凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段奥陶纪剖面中出露有火山凝灰岩夹层,它们是火山喷发的凝灰物质沉积的产物,其研究对于鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪年代地层格架的厘定和构造背景的确定有重要意义。本文报道了鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段乌海地区哈图克沟剖面乌拉力克组顶部火山凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征。锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为454.9±3.4Ma,SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为456.4±4.2Ma,结合古生物地层学,将乌拉力克组的沉积时代厘定为中奥陶世达瑞威尔阶晚期—晚奥陶世桑比阶。锆石原位微区Hf同位素εHf(t)=+4.02~+10.98,n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)值变化范围为0.282 619~0.282 963之间,二阶段模式年龄变化范围为729~1178Ma。根据凝灰岩与研究区周缘造山带的锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素特征对比判断火山凝灰岩物质应主要来自于其西南方向的北祁连造山带和/或北秦岭造山带。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘和南缘广泛分布的火山凝灰岩具有一致的就位时间和物源,表明盆地西缘和南缘都受到了中—晚奥陶世北祁连和/或北秦岭洋壳俯冲引起的火山弧喷发的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶纪沉积充填记录的关键时限及其构造意义

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上、下古生界呈现明显的角度不整合,标志着该区卷入了加里东造山带变形。本文以盆地内奥陶纪沉积充填记录为线索,利用地层序列中沉积凝灰岩的锫石U-Pb同位素测年,结合秦岭造山带岩体年代学研究成果,探讨了秦岭加里东期构造事件的发生与发展过程。研究表明:1)奥陶系沉积时期,沉积序列经历了海侵至海退的完整旋回,中奥陶世马五期海退序列开始,晚奥陶世背锅山期海水自鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘完全退出;2)晚奥陶世平凉期至背锅山期,地层序列中凝灰岩、滑塌构造、滑塌角砾岩普遍发育,滑塌构造和滑塌角砾岩的直接触发因素是构造活动引发的地震,构造活动性明显加强;3)中奥陶世马五期海退序列的开始,孕育着秦岭洋壳板块开始向北俯冲,时限大约为475~463 Ma;4)晚奥陶世平凉期,沉积序列中重力流、滑塌构造和凝灰岩普遍发育,孕育着秦岭洋向北的俯冲碰撞进入了高峰阶段,其时限大约为454~450 Ma。     

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠纪石盒子组沉积期南部沉积边界探讨

为了确定石盒子组沉积期鄂尔多斯盆地的南部边界,在大量野外露头观测及实验测试基础上,通过岩石学对比及物 源综合分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地南缘和北秦岭地区石盒子组物源区的构造属性进行了研究,并对物源区进行了分析与对比。 研究结果表明:所研究两个地区的石盒子组的岩屑组成相似,均以浅变质岩、花岗岩为主,含少量构造岩;砂岩碎屑成分 相似,都与来源于再循环造山带源区中的碰撞造山带与前陆隆起物源区相关;并且在 SiO2/Al2O3-K2O/Na2O 和 K2O/Na2O-SiO2 及 Zr-Th,La-Th-Sc,Th-Sc-Zr/10 构造环境判别图解中两研究区物源区的构造环境基本一致,F1-F2 判别图显示物源区一致, 并且稀土元素配分模式相似。北秦岭元古界的变质岩、岩浆岩及其以南地区的再循环造山带中的低级变质的沉积岩可能为 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘和北秦岭地区石盒子组砂岩碎屑的主要风化母岩。结合构造环境分析认为,在石盒子组沉积期,鄂尔多 斯盆地的南部边界可能已经越过洛南断裂,达到北秦岭及其更南的区域。     

陕西省洛南地区二叠系石盒子组砂岩特征及物源区探讨

为了认识陕西省洛南地区二叠系石盒子组砂岩特征及其物源,给探索渭河盆地前新生代基底组成提供依据,本文综合分析了洛南二叠系石盒子组砂岩组分和重矿物特征。结果表明,砂岩物源区主要为再旋回造山带和克拉通地块,物源区与北秦岭造山带的演化关系密切,南秦岭构造带北部下古生界也为石盒子组提供部分物源,中二叠世晚期华北、秦岭板块面接触碰撞,北秦岭构造带快速隆升,南秦岭物源区提供物源减少,砂岩物源主要为中酸性岩浆岩+低级变质岩+沉积岩。二叠纪鄂尔多斯盆地南缘向南延至洛南—栾川断裂附近,洛南地区二叠系石盒子组河流沼泽相含煤岩系沉积应该属于鄂尔多斯盆地南缘沉积,结合渭北—渭河—洛南地区晚古生代地层对比成果,认为渭河地区二叠纪至少曾沉积过二叠系石盒子组地层,渭河新生代盆地基底具有残存二叠系的可能。     

河南南召盆地上三叠统碎屑岩地球化学特征及物源示踪

三叠纪是秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山的关键时期,随着扬子、秦岭和华北板块分别沿勉略、商丹缝合带的汇聚拼合, 秦岭造山带逐渐形成并从板块构造体制向陆内造山体制转化,同时强烈的造山作用控制着周缘盆地的形成与演化。文章通 过研究区的碎屑岩元素地球化学分析,对河南南召盆地上三叠统的物源区及构造背景特征进行探讨。结果表明,上三叠统 源岩成分主要为上地壳长英质火山岩;源岩经历了中等的化学风化强度,校正后CIA值指示其形成于温暖潮湿的气候和相 对较强的构造活动环境;太山庙组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘,太子山组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧 与被动大陆边缘。根据南召盆地近源沉积特征和秦岭造山带构造演化过程推断,秦岭造山带和华北南缘是南召盆地晚三叠 世的重要物源区,前期太山庙组物源主要由北秦岭隆升基底提供,后期太子山组物源可能来自南秦岭、北秦岭和华北南缘 沉积再循环。南召盆地上三叠统物源区的转变是晚三叠世秦岭造山带逆冲推覆作用逐渐增强的体现,对研究恢复秦岭构造 带造山隆升过程和周缘盆地盆山系统演化具有重要的意义。     

华北地块南缘向北的薄皮推覆构造及北秦岭加里东造山作用

通过对华北地块南缘向北的薄皮推覆构造及北秦岭构造带结构、构造特征分析，认为它们同属于加里东期造山作用产物。北秦岭属于加里东造山带根带（即核部），华北地块南缘小秦岭（及豫西）地区属于该期造山带的外带，渭北褶皱隆起区则属于其前锋冲断褶带。秦岭造山带现今几何模型是一个复合型不对称扇状大陆造山带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部二叠系砂岩碎屑锆石年代学特征及地质意义

陆源碎屑岩物质来源及变化与沉积盆地及构造演化密切相关。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南部铜川地区晚古生代二叠系山西组、石盒子组及石千峰组砂岩样品岩石薄片鉴定、定量矿物学分析以及碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学分析,结合古流向特征,对物源进行了追溯,并讨论了盆地南部二叠系的构造—沉积过程。研究结果表明,早二叠世山西组碎屑锆石年龄具364 Ma、450 Ma、946Ma和2 446 Ma四个主要峰值;中二叠世下石盒子组碎屑锆石年龄具294 Ma、1 963.4 Ma和2 499 Ma三个主要峰值;晚二叠世石千峰组碎屑锆石年龄主要峰值出现在1 876.5 Ma,缺乏北秦岭造山带的新元古代和早古生代碎屑锆石记录。分析认为山西组主要物源区为北秦岭造山带,次要物源区为华北南缘构造带;石盒子组物源由北秦岭造山带、华北板块南缘构造带和内蒙古隆起西段共同提供;石千峰组物源区为华北南缘构造带。早二叠世山西期,华北南缘隆起幅度较低,不影响北秦岭造山带供源。石盒子期,勉略洋由被动拉张转换为主动挤压,秦岭造山带处于持续隆升状态,并造成了华北南缘构造带的不断抬升。石千峰期华北南缘强烈隆升,在为铜川地区提供物源的同时也阻挡了北秦岭造山带...     

柴达木盆地西部中—新生代沉积构造演化

通过柴达木盆地西部茫崖-赛什腾山地表地质、航磁、重力、大地电磁测深和地震资料的综合分析,认为柴达木盆地夹持在昆北地块与赛什腾构造带之间,其中包括柴达木地块与祁连地块南缘2个一级构造单元和昆北地体北缘,柴达木盆地,赛什腾构造带和祁连地块南部的苏干湖盆地等4个二级构造单元。盆地的总体结构表现为东昆仑山和祁连山相向向盆地挤压对冲,盆地中部沉降的构造格局。盆地内部的构造样式以自盆地边缘至中心以此形成背斜构造为显著特征,背斜两翼多发育逆断层,构成“两断夹-隆”的构造格局。挤压应力主要来自南西方向、北东方向起阻挡作用。在两侧造山带的强烈挤压作用下,侏罗纪时期在祁连造山带南缘形成并不典型的前陆盆地,古近纪至新近纪时期则在祁连造山带与昆仑造山带之间形成双侧前陆盆地,第四纪属挤压坳陷盆地。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

南海的形成演化与新特提斯在南海的重新活化

南海位于印度板块、欧亚板块和太平洋板块之间,是世界上最大的边缘海,其构造位置处于太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域,地质构造复杂.关于南海形成演化的动力学机制存在有多种不同观点,其中最重要的一个观点是印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞致使华南地块和印支地块地幔物质沿东南方向蠕动,从而导致南海的海底扩张.从特提斯的演化规律,以及新特提斯的闭合过程来看,南海并不是特提斯洋的残留海,而是新特提斯在闭合过程中配合印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致华南地块和印支地块地幔物质东南方向蠕动的动力学机制下,在南海重新活化的结果.     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.