中国中西部中、新生代前陆盆地与挤压造山带耦合分析

中国中西部主要由中、新生代造山带与中、新生代盆地构成盆山格局 :秦岭造山带与南北两侧四川盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地 ;天山造山带与南北两侧塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地 ;哀牢山造山带与东西两侧楚雄盆地与兰坪思茅盆地等 ,总体上构成盆山耦合。根据挤压造山带类型与前陆盆地类型 ,可以划分出 3种耦合类型 ,即 ( 1)碰撞造山带与周缘前陆盆地 ,( 2 )俯冲造山带与弧后前陆盆地及 ( 3)再生造山带与再生前陆盆地。因此前陆盆地是伴随着造山带的形成与演化而发育 ,造山带断滑系统直接控制前陆盆地结构、沉积层序及构造样式等 ,从而制约前陆盆地油气分布的有序性     

东秦岭－大别山及邻区盆－山系统演化与动力学

东秦岭－大别造山带受不同块体间的拼合碰撞及其之后的陆内变形控制,在造山带边缘和内部形成了不同的盆山系统。造山带北缘响应北秦岭与华北板块的弧陆碰撞及其之后陆内变形作用,形成了后陆逆冲与弧后前陆盆地系统。造山带南缘三叠纪至白垩纪随着扬子板块与秦岭－大别微板块沿勉略缝合带自东向西的斜向俯冲和之后的陆内旋转挤压,在扬子北缘形成了前陆逆冲与周缘前陆盆地系统。自晚侏罗世末至白垩纪造山带挤压与伸展并存,伸展自核部向边缘发展,形成造山带伸展塌陷与近东西向裂谷盆地系统。大致在中始新世之后,受中国东部环太平洋构造带东西向伸展作用和深部构造作用控制,横跨造山带形成近南北向的裂谷盆地。     

藏东南始新世剑川盆地西缘沉积特征及构造意义

印度-欧亚大陆碰撞作用形成了以西藏-喜马拉雅造山带为主体的正向碰撞带和以"三江"造山带为主体的斜向碰撞带,二者之间的现代分界线为喜马拉雅东构造结。剑川盆地是目前已确定的、位于斜向碰撞带最南端的始新世盆地。通过对盆地西缘4条剖面的详细沉积学研究,发现盆地充填过程分为2个阶段。钾质-超钾质火山活动(37～34 Ma)之前的充填物源自盆地西南侧,由冲积扇扇根、扇中亚相逐渐转变为三角洲平原亚相;火山活动之后的充填物源自盆地北西侧,形成冲积扇扇根、扇中亚相。结合盆地充填期间西侧基底构造变形特点,认为剑川盆地为始新世前陆盆地。始新世期间,剑川盆地与藏东、藏北诸多始新世前陆盆地一样,可能属于正向碰撞带的一部分,其与斜向碰撞带之间的界线位于剑川盆地以南。由于印度地块持续向北迁移,挤入到欧亚大陆内部,导致斜向碰撞带逐渐向北生长。     

陆-陆碰撞造山带双前陆盆地模式——来自大别山、喜马拉雅和乌拉尔造山带的证据

大陆碰撞造山带不同的构造演化阶段往往形成不同成因类型的周缘前陆盆地 (系统 )。根据对几个典型大陆造山带的研究 ,我们把大陆碰撞造山带的构造演化过程分为陆 -陆拼接和大规模陆内逆冲推覆 (陆内俯冲 )两个阶段 ;早期陆 -陆拼接阶段直接在俯冲板块被动大陆边缘基础上形成的前陆盆地称为“原前陆盆地” ,后期大规模陆内逆冲 -推覆 (或陆内俯冲 )阶段在俯冲板块内部形成的前陆盆地称为“远前陆盆地”(它比原前陆盆地距主缝合带远 )。原前陆盆地和远前陆盆地是同一大陆碰撞造山带不同构造演化阶段的产物 ,是两种不同成因类型的周缘前陆盆地 ,它们构成了同一大陆造山带的双前陆盆地 ,而不是传统概念的单一成因类型前陆盆地。     

东秦岭-大别山及邻区挠曲类盆地演化与碰撞造山过程

东秦岭-大别造山带是3 个板块沿两条缝合带俯冲碰撞而形成的近东西向不对称的反向多层次构造叠置的复合型造山带。在泥盆纪至三叠纪板块构造阶段中不同陆块间由于俯冲碰撞作用形成了多种挠曲类盆地。盆地时空演化充分体现了商丹古洋盆俯冲消减过程、北秦岭弧后区弧陆碰撞过程以及勉略古洋(海)盆斜向的、由东向西的碰撞造山过程。     

云南思茅三叠纪弧后前陆盆地的沉积特征

思茅盆地位于古特提斯构造域的东段,西侧为澜沧江造山带,东侧为哀牢山造山带.三叠纪沉积盆地建立在晚古生代褶皱基底之上,形成于古特提斯洋闭合后,造山早期的弧陆碰撞阶段.前人提出过后陆盆地、滞后型弧后盆地、裂谷盆地和前陆盆地等多种认识.本文通过对盆地形成的地球动力学背景及盆地内沉积体的性质、结构、时空叠置关系、古流向、特殊沉积体的时空展布及其所表现出的盆地沉降中心的迁移规律等方面的系统研究,认为思茅三叠纪盆地属弧后前陆盆地,其演化阶段始于中三叠统安尼期以前,盆地主要受控于澜沧江造山带,晚三叠世晚期受哀牢山造山带影响,具有复合式前陆盆地特点,三叠纪末过渡为陆内拗陷盆地。     

滇西兰坪盆地的形成及演化

滇西兰坪盆地的形成和发展经历了漫长且复杂的历史过程，由洋盆→洋陆转换→陆内盆地→盆山转换等过程。根据盆地充填和造山带特征，讨论兰坪盆地的演化历史及盆山对应关系。通过对兰坪盆地地质资料综合分析，可将兰坪盆地及周缘造山带的演化历史分为三个阶段；兰坪地块形成阶段;陆内盆地演化阶段；盆山转换及推覆构造形成阶段。     

沉积大地构造相划分与鉴别

沉积大地构造相是反映陆块区、洋区、洋与陆块之间的陆缘区(活动和被动陆缘)形成演变过程中, 在各个演化阶段及其特定的大地构造环境中形成的沉积盆地及其充填序列, 是表达大陆岩石圈板块在离散、汇聚、碰撞、走滑等动力学过程中形成的不同类型沉积盆地及其综合产物, 具有恢复陆块区和造山系形成演化的功能.为从大地构造环境和沉积盆地分析角度系统剖析中国大陆新元古代以来纷繁复杂的大陆增生历程, 根据中国大陆形成演化特点, 提出一套沉积大地构造相(沉积盆地类型)划分方案, 并简述其大地构造环境鉴别标志.该划分方案分4级(相系、大相、相和亚相): 一级为陆块区(含地块)相系和造山系相系.陆块区按构造古地理位置和区域构造应力场进一步划分出二级和三级单元.造山系由弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相构成, 是岩石圈板块大规模水平运动, 在洋陆转换过程中岛弧增生、弧-弧碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、陆-陆碰撞和陆内俯冲的产物, 常表现为复杂岩石组成、复杂褶皱和断裂构造的巨大山系; 叠接带大相主要由弧-弧碰撞和弧-陆碰撞时, 在陆缘形成的洋-陆转化增生带, 是软碰撞产物; 对接带大相由陆-陆碰撞形成, 是硬碰撞产物.在造山系的弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相之下, 按洋盆演化-洋陆转化历程所产生的系列构造古地理环境和建造, 进一步划分出洋盆、弧前盆地、弧间盆地、弧后盆地、残余海盆、周缘前陆盆地、弧后前陆盆地等大地构造相单元.      

西秦岭造山带泥盆纪沉积地质学和动力沉积学:西秦岭北带泥盆纪前陆盆地的沉积特征及盆地格局

秦岭造山带是横亘于华北、扬子两板块之间的巨型造山带，在中国古大陆地壳形成演化中占有十分重要的地位。作为连接造山带加里东一海百、印支阶段重要一环的泥盆系对恢复造山带沉积和构造演化意义重大。本文仅从西秦岭北带泥盆系地层和沉积学人手，探讨该区早海西期的盆地格局和构造特征。西秦岭北带泥盆系包括舒家坝群和大草滩群（包括红相和绿相两种类型），前者以临滨－陆棚－半深海背景沉积和风暴流、重力流事件沉积为特色；后者以辫状河和网状河（红相）和湖泊－水下冲积扇和深湖重力流（绿相）沉积为特征。沉积特征和充填序列都反映其形成于压性的前陆盆地背景下。该前陆盆地是由于北秦岭造山带的向南仰冲，在中秦岭微板块北缘形成的。     

盆山耦合与前陆盆地成藏区带分析

经济全球化导致油气勘探全球化,板块学说在理论上提供全球油气勘探基础,亚洲大陆与北美大陆盆山体系在实践上提供全球油气勘探经验。盆山耦合体系存在3类造山带与3类前陆盆地即:(1)俯冲造山带与弧后前陆盆地;(2)碰撞造山带与周缘前陆盆地;(3)陆内造山带与陆内前陆盆地。前陆盆地成藏区带勘探中,在空间上应将造山带前麓褶皱—冲断带层与前陆盆地作为统一应变场,在时间上应将前冲断作用沉积层序,同冲断作用沉积层序和后冲断作用沉积层序作为整体来进行勘探。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

南海的形成演化与新特提斯在南海的重新活化

南海位于印度板块、欧亚板块和太平洋板块之间,是世界上最大的边缘海,其构造位置处于太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域,地质构造复杂.关于南海形成演化的动力学机制存在有多种不同观点,其中最重要的一个观点是印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞致使华南地块和印支地块地幔物质沿东南方向蠕动,从而导致南海的海底扩张.从特提斯的演化规律,以及新特提斯的闭合过程来看,南海并不是特提斯洋的残留海,而是新特提斯在闭合过程中配合印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致华南地块和印支地块地幔物质东南方向蠕动的动力学机制下,在南海重新活化的结果.     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.