A comparison of receiver technologies in borehole MMR and EM surveys

A series of downhole magnetometric resistivity (DHMMR) and downhole electromagnetic (DHEM) surveys were conducted near Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, and at Zinkgruvan, Sweden, to determine how probe and receiver equipment choices affect the amount of noise visible in borehole MMR and EM data. Noise analyses performed on the data, using the standard deviation to gauge the relative noise levels between different probes and receiver systems, indicate that high noise levels in MMR data result primarily from the use of a three‐component EM probe, which has a reduced effective area and hence a higher noise floor compared with a single‐component EM probe. High noise, attributable to cultural sources such as nearby power lines, in either MMR or EM data can be reduced through the use of full‐waveform, multipurpose receiver systems. These systems allow for the use of tapered stacking, which is a more effective method of eliminating coherent noise associated with power‐line transients than the boxcar‐stacking method used by traditional receiver systems.     

固定翼航空电磁系统的线圈姿态及吊舱摆动影响研究与校正

固定翼时间域航空电磁探测系统在实际飞行测量过程中,发射线圈、接收线圈姿态和吊舱摆动状态不断变化,在测量数据中引入如发射磁矩方向、接收分量方向以及系统收发距等参数的误差,影响数据反演成像效果.本文基于固定翼时间域航空电磁正演理论,利用姿态变换,引入发射线圈、接收线圈双旋转矩阵;根据发射、接收线圈相对位置的几何关系,求得摆动格林张量;推导了任意姿态角度以及任意摆动角度情况下的固定翼航空电磁响应三分量计算表达式.通过层状大地模型的仿真计算,分别研究了发射、接收线圈各姿态以及吊舱摆动状态对航空电磁响应的影响,得出发射线圈、接收线圈俯仰旋转和吊舱同向摆动对系统电磁响应影响最强;仿真分析了实际测量中,三种角度同时存在情况下,航空电磁响应的定量变化规律.在此基础上,讨论了响应系数与大地电导率的关系,同时给出基于响应系数的固定翼航空电磁系统线圈姿态和摆动状态校正方法,准二维层状大地模型反演结果表明,校正后数据的反演精度提高了33.1%.     

坑(井)-地多参数电磁接收系统

坑（井）-地多参数电磁接收系统在地面、坑道、井中三维空间观测天然场源及人工源电磁信号,观测装置接近或穿过矿体,借助动源、大功率发射可获得更加明显的异常值,旨在加大探测深度的基础上提高深部分辨率,同时获取电阻率、极化率、复阻抗等参数.为坑（井）-地电磁成像方法现场数据采集提供硬件设备支持,针对坑道、井中电磁观测的特殊需求,开发了由不极化电极、非接触电极、小型感应式线圈、微型三分量音频磁传感器、地面-坑道电磁接收机、井中电磁接收机等组成的坑（井）-地多参数电磁接收系统,解决了传统不极化电极坑道硬岩表面接地困难和传统感应式磁传感器难以适应坑道狭窄空间的问题;通过多层次的室内、弱干扰条件下野外测试验证了接收系统的各项技术指标,接收机通道全频段噪声水平接近10 nV/rt（Hz）,微型三分量音频磁传感器体积压缩至32 cm×32 cm×32 cm;强干扰条件下的矿山试验验证了接收系统的可靠性、适用性及先进性.     

Coil response inversion for very early time modelling of helicopter‐borne time‐domain electromagnetic data and mapping of near‐surface geological layers

Very early times in the order of 2–3 μs from the end of the turn‐off ramp for time‐domain electromagnetic systems are crucial for obtaining a detailed resolution of the near‐surface geology in the depth interval 0–20 m. For transient electromagnetic systems working in the off time, an electric current is abruptly turned off in a large transmitter loop causing a secondary electromagnetic field to be generated by the eddy currents induced in the ground. Often, however, there is still a residual primary field generated by remaining slowly decaying currents in the transmitter loop. The decay disturbs or biases the earth response data at the very early times. These biased data must be culled, or some specific processing must be applied in order to compensate or remove the residual primary field. As the bias response can be attributed to decaying currents with its time constantly controlled by the geometry of the transmitter loop, we denote it the ‘Coil Response’. The modelling of a helicopter‐borne time‐domain system by an equivalent electronic circuit shows that the time decay of the coil response remains identical whatever the position of the receiver loop, which is confirmed by field measurements. The modelling also shows that the coil response has a theoretical zero location and positioning the receiver coil at the zero location eliminates the coil response completely. However, spatial variations of the coil response around the zero location are not insignificant and even a few cm deformation of the carrier frame will introduce a small coil response. Here we present an approach for subtracting the coil response from the data by measuring it at high altitudes and then including an extra shift factor into the inversion scheme. The scheme is successfully applied to data from the SkyTEM system and enables the use of very early time gates, as early as 2–3 μs from the end of the ramp, or 5–6 μs from the beginning of the ramp. Applied to a large‐scale airborne electromagnetic survey, the coil response compensation provides airborne electromagnetic methods with a hitherto unseen good resolution of shallow geological layers in the depth interval 0–20 m. This is proved by comparing results from the airborne electromagnetic survey to more than 100 km of Electrical Resistivity Tomography measured with 5 m electrode spacing.     

浅海底瞬变电磁法接收天线频率特性研究——带宽对浅层分辨的影响

运用电路理论建立接收线圈的等效电路;分析接收线圈的频率特性;探讨多匝小线圈的带宽对探测效果的影响,线圈的谐振频率较高,截止频率也相应较高,可以提高地下浅层的分辨率;设计一种高带宽多匝接收小线圈,通过对比高、低带宽接收线圈对同一断层进行的实测结果,阐明了接收线圈带宽在浅层瞬变电磁探测中的重要性.实验表明,高带宽的接收线圈会提高探测结果的浅层分辨率.     

Experimental study on the performance of an azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde for a downhole tool

A new azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde with a body and corresponding circuits was designed for a downhole tool. The 64‐sensor receiver sonde holds eight receiver stations that can be combined into at least 64 three‐sensor receiver subarrays. As a result, the receiver sonde can use different sensor combinations instead of different transducer types to produce multiple modes, including a phased azimuthal reception mode and conventional monopole, dipole, and quadruple modes. Laboratory measurements were conducted to study the performance of the azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde for a downhole tool, and the experimental results indicate that the receiver sonde provides a consistent reception performance. Individual sensors receive similar time‐domain waveforms, and their corresponding frequency bands and sensitivities are consistent within the measurement errors of around 5%. The direction of the reception main lobe is approximately parallel to its exterior normal direction. In addition, a receiver subarray with three sensors receives waveforms that have higher energy and narrower beamwidths. For individual sensors, the angular width of the dominant reception lobe is 191.3^° on average, whereas that of the individual receiver subarrays is approximately 52.1^° on average. The amplitude of the first arrival received by the receiver subarray centred at the primary sensor directly pointing to the source is approximately 2.2 times the average amplitude of the first arrivals received by the other receiver subarrays in the same receiver station. Thus, the maximum amplitude of the waveforms received by the receiver subarrays can be used to determine the direction of the incident waves. This approach represents a promising method for determining the reflector azimuth for acoustic reflection logging and three‐dimensional acoustic logging.     

Transient process and optimal design of receiver coil for small‐loop transient electromagnetics

Distributed parameters of the receiver coils greatly affect transient electromagnetic signals over short time periods, causing a delay in the signal's effective sampling time and the loss of shallow exploration information. This paper investigates the influence of transient process on apparent resistivity calculation and analyses the relations between the error of apparent resistivity and receiver coil design. We find that, under the same effective area, different radii of the receiver coils lead to different levels of impact on the estimation of the apparent resistivity. An optimization model is proposed to determine the optimal receiver coil size that gives rise to the smallest estimation error of the apparent resistivity. The relationship between the optimal radius and the effective areas is developed, which serves as a guideline for the optimal receiver coil design. The results may provide a useful means for improving the accuracy of the small loop transient electromagnetic instrumentation for shallow‐depth mapping.     

Coaxial coil towed EMI sensor array for UXO detection and characterization

A new broadband electromagnetic induction (EMI) array sensor, GEM-5, for detecting and characterizing Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) has been developed in order to provide high production rates for EMI surveys. The sensor consists of a single rectangular loop transmitter around a linear array of seven pairs of coaxial receiver coils, with each coil in a pair located at the same vertical distance above and below the loop transmitter. The coil pairs are wired in an inverted series so that the signal consists of the difference between the voltage induced in the upper and lower coils. This particular configuration provides a high degree of primary field cancellation, dense spatial sampling rate due to simultaneous and continuous operation of all sensors, suppression of motion-induced and environmental noise, and strong source fields at typical UXO burial depths providing deep detection range. Our prototype tests indicate that the array yields a lower static and motion-induced noise over the critical low frequencies than that of existing sensors, and in particular, the signal-to-noise ratio at 90 Hz is 32 dB higher. Environmental noise can be largely removed from the difference measurements. The field test results from UXO test sites show that the prototype sensor has smoother background and appears to detect more seeded targets than the GEM-3 concentric sensor, however some of that gain can be attributed to higher power transmitter electronics.     

井下与地面地震波记录特征的对比研究

本文对比研究了平原地区井下和地面的地震波记录特征,对其走时关系和振幅关系进行了推导,得出: 1.在层状均匀介质条件下,在地面记录到的地震波走时tc大于在井下记录到的地震波走时th,二者之差为 △t=tc——th=cosic/Vch与此相应,地面震相观测到时Tc滞后于井下震相观测到时Th,其到时差为△T。 2.定义地面振幅Ac与井下振幅Ah之比为 K=Ac/Ah在特定的条件下,K>1。因而称K为地面振幅相对于井下振幅的放大因子。 分析了静海地震台井下和地面的地震观测资料,得到单台的△T和K的对比结果,并将其记录特征分别与基岩地震台的记录特征进行了比较,认为: 1.对于运动学参数,井下较之地面,更逼近于基岩地区的情况。 2.对于动力学参数,统计得出基岩地震台的地动振幅A与Ah,Ac的关系: A=3.50Ah A=0.34Ac。      

瞬变电磁波测井边界远探测方法研究

随钻地质导向钻井的关键在于对边界的探测,为提高仪器探测深度,时谐源激励的电磁波测井方法通常采用降低频率、增大源距的方式.瞬变电磁波测井信号源的突然关断产生会产生感应涡流,涡流随时间向地层深部扩散,与时谐源激励方式相比,其探测深度更大且测量过程不受信号源的干扰.因此,本文提出一种时间域瞬变电磁波测井边界远探测方法,采用余弦变换的数值滤波算法,模拟层状地层同轴发射接收线圈的瞬变电磁波测井响应,结果显示,地层电导率越大,电磁波传播速度越慢,测量晚期感应电动势与地层电导率线性相关;通过定义层状介质总场与线圈系所在当前层背景场的差值可方便提取界面信息,对界面的探测距离可达数十米;瞬变电磁波测井响应受源距的影响很小,为利用短源距实现远探测提供了可能.瞬变电磁波测井与时谐源电磁波测井相比优势明显,在电磁波测井领域中应用前景广阔.     

基于电阻率敏感性函数的随钻电磁波测井探测特性研究

为研究地层电性变化时不同区域对电磁波测井响应的贡献分布,从响应信号对地层参数求偏导的角度,给出一种新的电阻率敏感性函数定义,引入模式匹配法对纵向成层、径向非均匀介质敏感性分布进行快速模拟;通过对敏感性函数纵、横向积分给出了单发双收线圈系纵、横向探测范围,研究了井眼、频率、背景地层电阻率等对探测特性的影响.结果表明:敏感性函数能够定量表征响应对地层纵向与径向微观与宏观敏感性,幅度比与相位差敏感性分布形态类似,幅度比较广较深,而相位差分辨率高,敏感范围小;敏感性函数进行径向积分后可表征仪器的探测深度,与伪几何因子对比达到了同样的效果;背景地层电阻率在1~100Ωm变化时,工作频率2 MHz下幅度比探测深度约为0.6~2.3m,相位差为0.3~0.8m,幅度比50%纵向积分敏感性层厚约为0.3~1.6m,相位差约为0.2~0.6m;异常体与背景地层电阻率对比度在1~50变化时,引起的探测深度与敏感性层厚差异约为0.1~0.2m,远小于地层电阻率的影响.     

A MODIFIED MODE OF OPERATION FOR THE TURAM ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPLORATION SYSTEM WITH BENEFITS FOR DEEP EXPLORATION*

A new mode of operation for the Turam electromagnetic exploration system is proposed in which the transmitter loop is placed across the expected trend of a conductor and the receiver is operated along lines parallel to one side of the transmitter. The concept appears to offer several benefits which include greatly extended traverse length, the use of large coil spacing, rejection of the effects of conductive environments, and consistency in the indication of target dip.     

基于电磁阻尼的振动能量回收装置研究

针对水平方向振动体的能量回收问题,设计一种基于电磁阻尼的振动能量回收装置,装置主要包括振动台、电磁阻尼器和稳压电路.有别于传统的重力方向上的电磁振动体能量收集装置,水平方向运动的振动台更有利于模拟高层建筑的实际的振动环境;为了减小滑动摩擦带来的能量损耗,设计了基于滚动轴承的电磁阻尼器;针对传统能量回收装置中单个线圈收集...     

基于PCA-RBF神经网络的航空飞行几何参数拟合

采用地面异常线圈对直升机时域航空电磁探测系统进行标定时,发射-接收线圈姿态的变化将导致实测数据产生误差,影响标定的精度.本文基于时间域航空电磁系统,计算了发射-接收线圈姿态任意变化时异常线圈的电磁响应,提出了主成分分析-径向基神经网络(PCA-RBF)的拟合算法,采用主成分分析法提取飞行几何参数的贡献率,利用径向基神经网络法对电磁响应进行了测线剖面的批量数据拟合,并对理论仿真和河南桐柏直升机飞行试验数据进行拟合分析,单一异常体理论数据的绝对误差平均值小于20nV·m-2,双异常体理论数据绝对误差平均值为160nV·m-2.野外实测数据在异常线圈中心位置的拟合相对误差小于1%,整条剖面测线的拟合相对误差小于±6%,平均值为2.5%.结果表明PCA-RBF拟合算法能够较好地实现航空电磁系统飞行参数的拟合,为航空电磁系统海量实测数据的快速处理提供了新方法.     

多辐射源地空瞬变电磁响应三维数值模拟研究

地空瞬变电磁法结合地面和航空电磁法的优点,可实现探测深度和工作效率的平衡.当前地空瞬变电磁法采用单一线源激发电磁辐射场,仅能从一个侧面与地质体耦合,难以获得地质体的全息影像.采用多辐射源是解决这一问题的途径.本文采用三维矢量有限元法对两个不同地质体多个辐射源情况下的地空瞬变电磁响应开展了模拟研究,分析了多辐射源在不同辐...     

An apparent-resistivity concept for low-frequency electromagnetic sounding techniques

Apparent resistivity is a useful concept for initial quickscan interpretation and quality checks in the field, because it represents the resistivity properties of the subsurface better than the raw data. For frequency‐domain soundings several apparent‐resistivity definitions exist. One definition uses an asymptote for the field of a magnetic dipole in a homogeneous half‐space and is useful only for low induction numbers. Another definition uses only the amplitude information of the total magnetic field, although this results in a non‐unique apparent resistivity. To overcome this non‐uniqueness, a complex derivation using two different source–receiver configurations and several magnetic field values for different frequencies or different offsets is derived in another definition. Using the latter theory, in practice, this means that a wide range of measurements have to be carried out, while commercial systems are not able to measure this wide range. In this paper, an apparent‐resistivity concept is applied beyond the low‐induction zone, for which the use of different source–receiver configurations is not needed. This apparent‐resistivity concept was formerly used to interpret the electromagnetic transients that are associated with the turn‐off of the transmitter current. The concept uses both amplitude and phase information and can be applied for a wide range of frequencies and offsets, resulting in a unique apparent resistivity for each individual (offset, frequency) combination. It is based on the projection of the electromagnetic field data on to the curve of the field of a magnetic dipole on a homogeneous half‐space and implemented using a non‐linear optimization scheme. This results in a fast and efficient estimation of apparent resistivity versus frequency or offset for electromagnetic sounding, and also gives a new perspective on electromagnetic profiling. Numerical results and two case studies are presented. In each case study the results are found to be comparable with those from other existing exploration systems, such as EM31 and EM34. They are obtained with a slight increase of effort in the field but contain more information, especially about the vertical resistivity distribution of the subsurface.     

DOWNHOLE SYNTHETIC SEISMIC PROFILES IN ELASTIC MEDIA1

A multichannel lattice filter structure is utilized to represent seismic waves propagating in adjacent layers in an elastic medium. Using this model, an explicit time-domain solution for arbitrary source and receiver locations is obtained as an ARMA (AutoRegressive and Moving-Average) process. The lattice and ARMA structures have given rise to an effective algorithm for the calculation of offset/downhole synthetic seismograms. A large range of recently developed offset/downhole seismic survey geometries, such as the ‘Yo-Yo’ arrangement, can thus be simulated. In addition, the explicit solutions for upgoing and downgoing waves provide new insight into the properties of general downhole seismic signals, including wave-mode conversion effects and multiple reflections. Furthermore, offset/downhole seismograms generated by a line source (i.e. 2D point source) can also be constructed by superposition of plane waves with different incidence angles. Synthetic seismograms generated using a different source-receiver arrangement indicate that the properties especially associated with offset/downhole seismic signals can be predicted by this modelling method. These properties include arrival times, amplitude attenuation and wave-mode conversion effects. Finally, utilizing this numerical modelling method to a real downhole survey with Yo-Yo geometry may lead to a proper data acquisition and processing procedure, and improves the interpretation confidence of the field section.     

矿井瞬变电磁探测中空芯线圈传感器的研制

针对矿井瞬变电磁法中探测空间的有限性及探测目标分布的全空间性,研制一种适合该方法的感应式空芯线圈传感器.根据矿井瞬变电磁探测需要,确定了感应式空芯线圈传感器的基本技术指标.通过对空芯线圈的物理结构和前置放大电路的等效噪声电路进行分析,获取了引入噪声的主要来源.构建感应式空芯线圈传感器的等效模型,实现传感器的幅频特性及低噪声的分析,给出影响传感器噪声水平的各噪声源随频率变化的规律,设计矿井瞬变电磁中降低传感器噪声的方法,采用该优化方法,传感器的总噪声在谐振频率处信噪比提高了15.6dB.测试结果表明:感应式空芯线圈传感器噪声性能和输出特性优于加拿大Geonics公司的3D-1HF-coil传感器,满足矿井瞬变电磁探测需要.     

地下核磁共振小尺寸线圈设计和实验

很多国家在进行隧道挖掘、地下矿体开采时,经常会遇到突水涌泥事故.核磁共振方法(Magnetic Resonance Sounding,MRS)作为目前唯一一种直接找水的地球物理技术,在探测诱发灾害的水体方面具有明显的优势.本文首先给出了多匝分离式线圈的MRS信号响应和核函数的计算公式,分析了线圈的匝数、边长和含水层位置对MRS信号响应的影响.分析表明,在限定空间内,利用多匝分离式线圈的设计方法可以提高小尺寸线圈的探测能力.同时,对高匝数线圈给探测系统带来的不利因素进行了分析和改进.最后,为了验证本研究所采用的方法,利用6 m边长的方形线圈和改进型MRS探测系统在中国温州一处在建隧道内的地下场地进行实地探测,探测结果与瞬变电磁方法结果对比表明,6 m边长的方形线圈可以对地下30 m内的含水层进行有效探测.