中国主要农作物种质资源地理分布

本文介绍了中国主要农作物种质资源的地理分布，重点论述了主要粮食作物，纤维作物和油料作物种质资源地理分布的规律和特点。     

From the kitchen and the field: Gender and maize diversity in the Bajío region of Mexico

The conservation of crop genetic diversity in farmers' fields is important for future food security. Recent research on women and biodiversity has emphasized the importance of women's knowledge in plant domestication and biodiversity conservation. This paper presents a case study of the differences in women's and men's knowledge of maize landraces in four different environments in the Bajío region of Mexico. We argue that research on crop diversity and conservation needs to include both men and women farmers' knowledge. Gendered knowledge results from men and women in a household being responsible for different tasks and sometimes for farming separate plots. In addition, as economic pressures increasingly force men to work away from their communities for extended periods, women become the primary agricultural decision-makers.     

广东的湿地及其保护

广东湿地资源丰富,湿地类型多,面积大,分布广,密度高,亚热带和热带特色明显,近数十年来,由于对湿地的盲目开垦和不合理改造利用、环境污染、水土流失、对湿地生物资源过度开发等原因,不少湿地已遭受到严重的破坏.湿地具有重要的生态、经济、社会功能,必须采取切实措施保护和合理利用广东的湿地资源.     

Genetic Diversity of Toona ciliata Populations based on SSR Markers

In order to provide a theoretical basis for the protection and development of T. ciliata germplasm resources, we studied the genetic diversity of T. ciliata by using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) primers to evaluate the genetic diversity of 192 T. ciliata germplasm samples from 24 populations of 5 provinces. DataFormater, Popgene, NTSYS, TFPGA and other software were used for genetic data conversion, genetic parameter estimation, dendrogram construction and genetic variation analysis. The results showed that: 1) a total of 17 alleles (N_a) were detected in seven pairs of primers, with an average of 2.260 for each primer. Among them, the highest numbers of alleles (4) were detected in primers S11 and S422.The mean value of Nei’s genetic diversity index (H) was 0.4909, the mean value of Shannon information index (I) was 0.7321, and the mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.5182. The mean expected heterozygosity (H_e) and observed heterozygosity (H_o) were 0.1055 and 0.4956, respectively. The Nei°s genetic distances of the populations ranged between 0.0002 and 2.6346, and the mean was 0.5477. The average genetic diversity level (H=0.1044) of the 24 populations was lower than that of the species (H=0.4909). 2) The genetic differentiation coefficients (F_st) varied from 0.2374 to 0.9148, with an average value of 0.7727. The mean of population gene flow (N_m) was 0.0735, indicating a low level of genetic exchange between populations, and suggesting that the genetic variation mainly came from within populations. 3) With the UPGMA method, the 24 populations were clustered into 3 groups at Nei’s genetic identity (0.99): the populations from Guizhou Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were clustered into one group, the populations from Hunan Province were in another group, and the populations from Hubei Province were in the third group. The Mantel test analysis showed a significant correlation between Nei’s genetic distance and geographic distance (r=0.6318, P=0.009?0.05). The genetic diversity of the 24 populations of T. ciliata was at a low level. Geographic isolation was the main reason for genetic differentiation among T. ciliata provenances. In the protection of germplasm resources of T. ciliata, emphasis should be placed on breeding genetic resources from the populations with higher genetic diversity (P14, for example). As for the populations with low genetic diversity, an ex-situ protection strategy as well as ecological and timber objectives, should be taken into account to maximize the conservation and utilization of the diversity of T. ciliata.     

近25a来新疆农作物水足迹与经济增长的空间关系分析

水—经济空间关系是干旱区与半干旱区水资源研究的热点,揭示水—经济空间分布演变规律和因果关系,可为优化水资源合理配置、合理部署产业结构调整政策提供理论和决策参考。研究应用水足迹理论,核算新疆各地州1991—2015年农作物水足迹,结合信息熵值理论分析新疆各地州农作物水足迹、国内生产总值、第一产业增加值其熵值的空间演变规律及因果关系。结果表明：新疆农作物水足迹与第一产业增加值、国内生产总值空间演变整体向着均衡有序的方向发展,水—经济的空间不均衡性逐步缩小;新疆农作物水足迹显著影响其第一产业增加值空间演变,影响期1～5 a,农业经济空间分布受农业用水空间分布的长期制约;农作物水足迹和国内生产总值没有空间演变因果关系,全疆经济发展向着第二产业、第三产发展转型,农业经济不再显著影响全疆经济发展。     

基于空间信息的烤烟种植适宜性 评价与轮作规划

基于遥感计算的气温和土壤水分及DEM计算的太阳辐射等地表参数代替站点观测数据,采用100m×100m栅格和适宜性评价指数对泸西县的烤烟种植适宜性进行评价,分析其空间分布规律。在此基础上,进行了烤烟的烟田轮作规划与核查监督。研究表明,泸西县的烤烟种植最适宜区的耕地利用率偏低,仅为28.1%,尚有2165ha的最适宜耕地有待开发利用。烤烟轮作率虽然逐年增长,最高也仅为63.7%,离95%的目标轮作率仍存在较大差距。适宜性评价时,利用遥感和DEM计算的地表参数代替观测站点的插值数据,能获得可靠的数据支持,弥补因观测站点缺失而导致的数据失真。基于空间信息的轮作规划与核查监督,可有效改善烤烟轮作率,提高烤烟的质量和产量。     

全球重要农业文化遗产是否是保护传统农业系统的有效工具——社区认知视角的研究（英文）

联合国粮农组织提出“全球重要农业文化遗产”(Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System,GIAHS)项目来保护重要农业遗产以及有关的景观、生物多样性、知识和文化保护体系。许多国家将这一项目作为维持传统农业系统活态性的政策工具。本研究以浙江兴化垛田全球重要农业文化遗产为案例地,研究这种自上而下政府主导的保护实践是否能够有效推动保护政策实施。研究采用社会调查,在遗产核心区以问卷形式来了解农民对农业系统的理解及其相应的保护意愿。研究发现垛田农业系统作为重要农业文化遗产,仍然面临着人口老化与农业人口外流问题。农民对“全球重要农业文化遗产”概念并不熟悉,很少将其与所依赖的农业系统相联系。他们认为前者是一种能够带来经济收入的头衔,而后者具有值得保护的非经济价值。由于农民认为GIAHS能否带来经济结果存在不确定性,因此认为政府在保护中应当承担主要责任。所以,当GIAHS无法促进农业系统地非经济价值向经济价值转化时,它作为一种保护工具尚未有效地鼓励农民积极参与保护。基于这一研究结果,我们建议GIAHS概念应当与农民认知相匹配,从而为农民提供保护动力。     

化肥在农业生产中的地位与作用

化肥是提高作物产量的物质基础, 在过去的几十年中, 它在世界农业建设中起过巨大作用。近百年的肥料试验表明, 化学肥料具有和有机质一样的持续增产效果, 在提高作物产量、品质的同时, 还可培肥土壤。随着化肥工业的发展, 化肥的负作用会逐渐减小。     

盐湖锂镁分离提取技术国际态势分析

我国盐湖资源丰富,对盐湖中的锂镁资源进行深度开发已经成为开发盐湖资源的研究热点之一。基于ISI WoK Thomson Innovation专利数据库(TI),利用TDA分析工具对盐湖锂镁分离提取技术领域专利文献进行分析,系统揭示盐湖锂镁分离提取技术的研发现状、热点以及技术分布与格局,最后根据分析结果对盐湖锂镁分离提取技术发展提出对策建议。     

内蒙古伊克昭盟地区的植物资源

伊克昭盟地区植物种类较为丰富,不仅具有防风固沙、保持水土、改善环境的功效,还具有多种经济价值,有些还是我国珍稀植物和出口创汇资源。     

Wild Barley, Hordeum spontaneum, a Genetic Resource for Crop Improvement in Cold and Arid Regions

Food security in cold and arid regions in the world is threatened by stressful and unpredictable environments.The sus-tainable and economically viable solution for increasing stability of food productivity in cold and arid regions is genetic improvement of crops towards high resistance to abiotic stresses,mainly cold and drought resistance.It is often empha-sized that crop genetic improvement lies in exploiting the gene pools of the wild relatives of the crop plant.Wild barley,H.spontaneum,the progenitor of cultivated barley,is a selfing annual grass of predominantly Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian distribution that penetrates into desert environments where it maintains stable populations.Wild barley is also found in cold regions,such as in Tibet.The adaptation of wild barley to the arid region in Israel and Jordan,and the cold region in Tibet has accumulated rich genetic diversities for drought,salt,and cold resistances in wild barley,which is the genetic resource for barley and other crop improvement in arid and cold regions.These genetic diversities are revealed by allozymes,DNA-based molecular markers,and morphological and physiological traits of wild barley plants.Quantita-tive trait loci(QTLs) related to drought resistance were identified in wild barley via the QTL mapping approach.Drought resistance genes such as dehydrins,hsdr4,and eibi1 were identified in wild barley based on the candidate gene approach,gene differential expression approach,and molecular genetic approach,respectively.Genetics and genomics of wild bar-ley cold resistance have not been exploited yet,remaining a huge treasure for future crop improvement of cold resistance.Advanced backcross QTL analysis,the introgression libraries based on wild barley as donors,a QTL approach based on wide crosses using wild barley,and positional cloning of natural QTLs will play prevailing roles to help us understand the molecular control of cold and drought tolerance.Integration of QTL information into a breeding pipeline aimed at im-proving tolerance t     

我国山地农业气候资源优势及其合理利用

据我国农业气候调查和考察资料,分析不同山区光热水农业气候变量在垂直和水平方向的变化规律,提出山地农业气候资源具有立体性、多层性、多样性和多宜性的特征,建立山区农业气候资源垂直分层模式;据人力、物力、耕地、物价等社会条件和经济效益等因素约束,应用系统决策寻找山区不同层次最佳的作物布局和农作制,探讨农业合理布局的生态气候效益及开发山区资源优势的途径。     

云南省乡村生态旅游发展新趋势——民族文化与旅游地质资源的融合

云南省旅游地质资源丰富，少数民族风情浓郁，是该省旅游业可持续发展的保证。笔者从云南的地质地理背景出发，详细调查了云南省旅游地质资源和少数民族的分布情况，根据乡村生态旅游资源的空间布局及乡村生态旅游发展的新趋势提出了新的发展思路，即将旅游地质资源与少数民族文化相融合，从景区边缘发展起步，突出农家特色，提高乡村生态旅游民族文化品位。     

全球变化下作物物候研究进展

作物物候是农作物重要的植物属性,不仅反映作物的生长发育状况,其变化也影响作物产量,是一种能够指示气候变化的综合响应指标。以气温升高为主要标志的全球气候变化对作物物候产生了重要影响,开展全球气候变化下作物物候变化特征及其影响机制研究对于揭示全球变化对作物生长发育过程影响及其产量形成机制具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。目前,作物物候变化及其影响因素是国内外研究的焦点和热点问题,前人已开展了大量而卓有成效的研究工作。本文侧重介绍全球气候变化下作物物候变化的主要研究进展,包括作物物候变化的驱动因子及其影响机制和作物物候主要研究方法,并探讨未来研究仍亟待解决的关键科学问题,以期为深入认识全球气候变化对农业物候的影响机理以及指导区域农业生产实践提供理论依据。     

城市创意旅游资源空间效应及发展模式——以苏州市中心城区为例

随着创意经济的兴起和旅游者需求的变化,发展创意旅游日益成为消费热点和推动旅游业转型升级的有效途径。创意旅游资源是创意旅游发展的基础,其产生的空间效应是区域旅游研究的重要内容,对提升区域旅游竞争力具有重要意义。以苏州中心城区为例,综合运用最近邻指数、不平衡指数、核密度分析和使用者温度计量模型等方法,深入研究城市创意旅游资源空间效应。结果显示：① 创意旅游资源的融入使苏州中心城区整体和各区域的旅游资源空间分布集聚度增大,但各区域增大程度和资源空间分布状态变化不同;② 融入创意旅游资源后苏州中心城区整体旅游资源区域分布呈集中态势,且分布的均衡度降低;③ 创意旅游资源的融入促进了区域旅游资源空间效应的发挥,苏州中心城区由以姑苏区为“单核心”的“众星拱月”空间格局转变为以姑苏区—工业园区为“双核心”的“日月同辉”空间格局,从而实现苏州中心城区“双核”旅游空间发展模式。     

青藏高原矿产资源的分布、形成及开发

通过分析青藏高原矿产资源的分布及储量,探讨青藏高原的成矿作用,指出青藏高原矿产资源极为丰富,能够作为我国"东部经济带"的战略资源接替基地,这对于保证我国矿产资源的可持续供应具有举足轻重的地位.但青藏高原生态环境脆弱、开发成本高、难度大,应坚持科学发展观,加速青藏高原优势矿产资源的勘查和开发,处理好资源开发与环境保护的关系.     

地形因素对水稻生产的影响——以湖南省为例（英文）

Rice(Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple crop of China, and its production is related to both natural condition and human activities. It is fundamental to comprehensively assess the influence of terrain conditions on rice production to ensure a steady increase in rice production. Although many studies have focused on the impact of one or several specific factors on crop production, few studies have investigated the direct influence of terrain conditions on rice production. Therefore, we selected Hunan Province, one of the major rice-producing areas in China, which exhibits complex terrain conditions, as our study area. Based on remote sensing data and statistical data, we applied spatial statistical analysis to explore the effects of terrain factors on rice production in terms of the following three aspects: the spatial patterns of paddy fields, the rice production process and the final yield. We found that 1) terrain has a significant impact on the spatial distribution of paddy fields at both the regional scale and the county scale; 2) terrain controls the distribution of temperature, sunlight and soil, and these three environmental factors consequently directly impact rice growth; 3) compared with the patterns of paddy fields and the rice production process, the influences of terrain factors on the rice yield are not as evident, with the exception of elevation; and 4) the spatial distribution of paddy fields mismatched that of production resources due to terrain factors. Our results strongly suggest that managers should scientifically guide farmers to choose suitable varieties and planting systems and allocate rice production resources in the northern plain regions to ensure food security.     

基于EMD的山东省GDP增长与耕地变化的关系

本文首次用EMD方法,对山东省的经济增长与耕地面积变化关系进行比较分析,试图找出两者的互动关系,以期对山东省的耕地资源保护有所借鉴。研究结果表明:山东省GDP增长的波动周期为13年、23年、37年和55年;山东省耕地变化的周期为9年、13年、37年和55年。这充分证明了GDP增长的波动对山东省耕地周期性变化的驱动作用。到2015年前后,山东省经济增长的耕地代价性损失将大大减少,耕地数量将维持在一个相对稳定的水平,经济增长和耕地数量减少进入一个良性的发展阶段。最后,本文首次尝试建立有周期的动力学模型,对山东省未来20年的耕地面积变化进行了预测。     

西宁市老年人口分布与养老资源错位研究

健康中国战略下,积极应对老龄化、建立健全养老和医疗等相关设施,成为许多城市关注的问题。目前相关研究很少关注西北城市的老龄人口的空间分布及养老资源错位的现象。本研究以西宁市主城区为研究区域,基于2010—2018年西宁市公安局各街镇人口数据和兴趣点（POI）数据,选用老年人口系数、赡养率、增长率和地理集中率四个指标,利用综合老龄化指数（CAI）模型、核密度函数模型和空间错位指数模型对西宁市主城区人口老龄化空间分布及养老资源（医疗资源、老年设施）空间错位现象进行探索分析,结果表明：（1）9年间西宁市主城区人口老龄化程度不断加深,已步入老年型社会。（2）通过老龄化综合指数可知：主城区外围街镇人口老龄化增长速度大于城区中心的街道,其中小桥街道、朝阳街道、马坊街道与乐家湾镇人口老龄化最为严重,2018年综合老龄化指数增长速度超过中心城区街道,西宁市主城区人口老龄化严重程度已从中心街道向外围街镇扩散。（3）通过空间错位指数计算可得知：城中区的养老资源数量充足但过于集中,城北区的养老资源分布合理但是数量较少,行政区之间的养老资源与老年人口分布存在较大空间错位问题。     

北京工业结构与布局调整建议

北京地区发展工业最突出的优势是智力资源丰富,科技力量雄厚。主要的限制性因素是水资源缺乏,环境质量要求高。北京工业分布呈同心圆状从城区、近郊向远郊扩散,城区与近郊工业过于密集,远郊工业又过于分散。根据北京工业发展的有利条件与存在问题,作者建议:应重点发展技术密集型、省水、占地少、污染轻的工业部门。根据这一原则,调整现有工业结构,发展新兴工业部门。同时,尽快建设远郊工业卫星城镇和相应的交通通讯系统。