Aids in sub-saharan africa: A diffusion simulation

Abstract

This paper provides a geographic approach to teaching about HIV and AIDS in a non-U.S. setting. A simulation is used to illustrate the path and means by which AIDS is diffusing across sub-Saharan Africa, the region most severely affected by this pandemic. A biological simulation to illustrate disease transmission has been adapted to give it a spatial dimension. Students occupy several countries on a hypothetical continent and migrate within and across political boundaries. They are given profiles based on the characteristics of those most at-risk in spreading the disease. An overview of the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa is provided. The simulation can be used as a springboard for examining the global dimensions, diffusion patterns, and social and economic consequences of this pandemic.     

A Vulnerability Interpretation of the Geography of HIV/AIDS in Ghana, 1986–1995

Ten years after the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) was first reported in Ghana, it continues to spread throughout the country following patterns that are rare in other African countries. HIV is seen in twice as many females as males, more frequently in rural than urban regions, and regions with high rates of polygamy have significantly lower rates. The evidence presented in this paper shows that HIV diffusion patterns probably reflect the spatial distribution and social networks of vulnerable social groups. While information-based campaigns are still necessary in the fight against HIV/AIDS, they fail to enable or empower vulnerable people to protect themselves against infection.     

GEOGRAPHY AS MELODY IN MUTTUSVAMI DIKSHITA'sINDIAN MUSICAL WORKS*

ABSTRACT. The life and works of Muttusvami Dikshita (1775–1834), a luminary of South Indian Karnatak classical music, abound in spatiocultural symbolisms of integration and harmony. Dikshita'speregrinations symbolize a cultural circuit of Hindu pilgrimage. His studies of North Indian Hindustani music at Varanasi (formerly Benares), and his transplantation of them throughout South India, make him an active agent of cultural diffusion, harmonizing cultural traditions through spatiosymbolic anchors. The religious expression of his musical genius, his songs, and his melodies contributed to linking linguistically and politically disparate regions of eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century India. The works of Dikshita affirm India'scultural continuity and underscore its enduring cultural empathies and similarities.     

A Vulnerability Interpretation of the Geography of HIV/AIDS in Ghana, 1986–1995

Ten years after the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) was first reported in Ghana, it continues to spread throughout the country following patterns that are rare in other African countries. HIV is seen in twice as many females as males, more frequently in rural than urban regions, and regions with high rates of polygamy have significantly lower rates. The evidence presented in this paper shows that HIV diffusion patterns probably reflect the spatial distribution and social networks of vulnerable social groups. While information-based campaigns are still necessary in the fight against HIV/AIDS, they fail to enable or empower vulnerable people to protect themselves against infection.     

基于ESDA的河南艾滋病空间格局

以2008 年河南省地级市艾滋病分布数据为基础,利用ESDA空间数据挖掘的方法,对河南省艾滋病空间格局进行全面分析。结果表明：① 综合考虑河南省18 个地级市艾滋病确诊人数数据的空间自相关分析结果和不同传播途径感染单因素空间格局的结果,将河南艾滋病感染区域分为以FPD感染途径为主的豫南、豫东南高度流行区和以高危行为传播途径为主的豫北低度流行区;② 河南省艾滋病感染途径分布中,FPD感染、母婴感染、异性传播感染和注射吸毒传播具有明显的空间正相关,而同性传播途径与输血感染则显示出较大的空间随机分布特征;③ 与FPD 感染存在空间正相关的为注射吸毒传播、异性传播以及母婴传播方式,输血、同性以及其他方式传播途径与FPD感染途径分布不存在空间相关性。     

Migration and tourism entrepreneurship: North-European immigrants in Cataluna and Languedoc

This paper examines new North European immigration into two Mediterranean regions and identifies the characteristics of North European entrepreneurs who work in small tourist businesses. Data used for analyses were gathered from 169 questionnaires addressed to small tourism firms and other tourism-related businesses in Cataluna (Spain) and Languedo (France). Also, the North European entrepreneurs are examined within the context of new migration flows into South European regions from the north of the continent. As for the reasons for moving to these South European regions, company formation and the style of running the businesses are found to be less motivated by the need for work than by lifestyle considerations. The results suggest that international migration theory offers little to explain these new migratory flows.     

中国热带特征及其区域分异

受季风气候和海陆分布的影响,中国热带不如其他热带国家那样典型,热带界线也不够规则和明显,大致有如下特点:(1)热带地区分散,不连续;(2)东西跨度大,从台湾到滇南热带的跨度长达2500km,而面积只有80000km~2;(3)北部热带界线从形态上呈断续和凹凸状;(4)东段和西段自然条件差异大,东部为丘陵、台地、海岸带、岛屿、半岛、海洋,橡胶主要种在丘陵、台地上;西部为内陆、高山、深谷、坝子,橡胶作物主要种在山坡和坝子上。根据自然和社会条件的不同,将中国热带从东到西分为四个区:(1)台湾南部;(2)海南和雷州半岛;(3)滇南;(4)南海诸岛。     

中国南北区域经济发展的互补性研究*

在中国可持续发展的区域问题方面,既要重视东西部发展的结合,也要注意南北区域差异协调。南北区域发展业已形成的差异,是南北区域发展的自然、经济、社会历史变化的非均衡性与复杂性所致。加强南北区域发展在资源、产业和经济制度方面的互补,是中国区域协调发展必须选择的重要对策。     

长江淮河海河流域降水与南水北调的关系

本文以农田需水量作为供水余缺的标准,分析长江、淮河、海河流域降水的年内年际变化与季节需水的关系,论证了南水北调的必要性和引江济海的合理性。     

南沙群岛自然区划

本文综述了自然区划的一般原则和方法，以南沙群岛为例，论述了海陆兼备的区域自然区划，但这里存在深海区的垂直带谱问题。文中提出了南沙群岛地区自然区划方案，同中国科学院的全国自然区划的五级方案衔接，在三级区域下划分２个四级区域，再细分４个五级区域。     

A GEOGRAPHICAL BASIS FOR URBAN PUBLIC POLICY

Policy makers express concern for rapid growth and decline of metropolitan regions and of urban neighborhoods. These changes are the net result of families trying to improve themselves socioeconomically and geographically. Recent school intergration trends highlight the many differences between the North and South. The differences in physical and human geography of these regions must be recognized so that effective public policy can be developed.     

西太平洋副热带高压的年代际变化 及其气候影响

西北太平洋副热带高压是影响我国夏季气候的一个非常重要的环流系统，本文主要分析了其年代际尺度的变化。发现在１９７９／１９８０年前后，其强度和范围发生了一次明显的年代际尺度的变化。１９８０年代以来，副高明显偏强，范围向西向南显著扩展。副高的年代际变化也对我国东部地区的气候产生了显著的影响。主要表现在近２０多年来长江中下游地区夏季降水显著增加，华南地区夏季气温显著偏高，以及西太平洋２０°Ｎ以南台风活动相对偏弱而２０°Ｎ以北洋面台风活动相对增强。副高的年代际变化与冬、春季赤道太平洋海表温度及同期热带印度洋海温有密切联系。     

Interdecadal change in Western Pacific Subtropical High and climatic effects

Western North Pacific Subtropical High is a very important atmospheric circulation system influencing the summer climate over eastern China. Its interdecadal change is analyzed in this study. There is a significant decadal shift in about 1979/1980. Since 1980, the Western North Pacific Subtropical High has enlarged, intensified, and shifted southwestward. This change gives rise to an anti-cyclonic circulation anomaly over the region from the South China Sea to western Pacific and thus causes wet anomalies over the Yangtze River valley. During the summers of 1980–1999, the precipitation is 63.9 mm above normal, while during 1958–1979 it is 27.3 mm below normal. The difference is significant at the 99% confidence level as at-test shown. The southwestward expanding of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High also leads to a significant warming in southern China, during 1980–1999 the summer mean temperature is 0.37°C warmer than that of the period 1958–1979. The strong warming is primarily due to the clearer skies associated with the stronger downward air motion as the Western North Pacific Subtropical High expanding to the west and controlling southern China. It is also found that the relative percentage of tropical cyclones in the regions south of 20°N is decreasing since the 1980s, but in the regions north of 20°N that is increasing at the same time. The Western North Pacific Subtropical High responds significantly to sea surface temperature of the tropical eastern Pacific with a lag of one-two seasons and simultaneously to sea surface temperature of the tropical Indian Ocean. The changes in the sea surface temperatures are mainly responsible for the interdecadal variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High.     

中国地区工业结构变化与区际增长和分工

1979以来,中国地区工业结构发生了重要的变化。本文分析了这一变动的特征及其对区际增长和分工的作用,得出以下结论:（1）绝大多数省市区工业结构变化高于国家水平,但由于各地人均收入、区位性以及结构性差异,这种变动具有明显地理分异:南大北小,东西部大中部小。（2）各地工业结构变动普遍表现为重加工业地位上升,采掘工业地位下降,且多数省市区原材料工业和轻工业地位下降,高加工度化和重加工业化十分显著。（3）广东、江苏、福建、河北、安徽、湖南、陕西、浙江、甘肃、云南、四川等省区结构调整有利经济增长,其它省市区结构调整相对不利经济增长。（4）资源型地区数量减少,加工型地区较大幅度地增加,基本形成沿海沿江地区和陕西省以加工业为相对专业化部门,其它广大地区以采掘、原材料为相对专业化部门的区际分工格局。     

区域旅游经济影响力的空间格局分析——以安徽省为例

城市旅游经济扩散区的研究对于区域旅游规划有着重要指导意义。该文运用栅格分析技术和场强模型对2000-2010年安徽省区域旅游经济扩散强度进行演化分析,结果发现:尽管安徽旅游经济扩散强区和极强区面积在扩大,从9.6%增至31.08%,但其比重仍小于弱区和极弱区,旅游经济发展仍较落后;安徽区域旅游经济扩散强区空间布局发展模式愈加清晰,2010年皖北已形成散块向条带过渡的模式,皖中呈现大团块模式,皖江城市带为大条块模式,皖南呈现网状模式。据此提出了安徽四大旅游经济圈:大皖北旅游经济圈、大合肥旅游经济圈、皖江城市旅游经济带、皖南旅游经济圈。     

长江河口最大浑浊带水沙输运机制分析

本文根据大量的实测资料，运用机理的分析方法，讨论了长江口最大浑浊带中各输沙项的作用。结果表明，平均流输沙、斯托克斯漂流效应、潮汐捕集以及垂向不流是净输沙的主要部分。     

我国北方春季沙尘暴与气候因子之关系

利用我国北方1954—2005年470个站点的春季沙尘暴资料和相应的气候资料,在合理区划沙尘暴易发地区的基础上,采用气象统计分析中的相关分析方法,对沙尘暴与气温、降水量、相对湿度、地温、风速、风蚀指数等气候因子间的相关性进行了统计分析,研究各个区域沙尘暴发生的气候特征,并提出了春季沙尘暴多发的简单气候概念模型。结果表明:①气候要素与我国北方春季沙尘暴的发生有一定的耦合关系,南疆的沙尘暴与气候要素的相关性最好,而北疆的最差。与沙尘暴相关性最好的气候因子是风速,其次是风蚀指数。②我国北方春季沙尘暴多发的简单的气候概念模型:前期（前冬）,北、南疆地区较常年多干冷的西北气流;青藏东南地区和柴达木地区多暖湿的西南气流;河西地区、河套地区和东北地区为冷湿的偏西气流偏多。同期（春季）,北、南疆地区较往年干燥且多大风;青藏东南地区和柴达木地区暖干;河西地区、河套地区和东北地区冷且多大风。     

Characteristics of Australian droughts under enhanced greenhouse conditions: Results from 14 global climate models

This paper presents characteristics of droughts simulated by global climate models (GCMs) under enhanced greenhouse gases conditions. We used a drought index called the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) which takes both rainfall and potential evapotranspiration into account to investigate variations of droughts among 12 regions in Australia. The RDI was applied to simulated climate variables from 14 GCMs performed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report.The results show a general increase in drought areal extent and/or frequency for most regions. However, the increases are not significant over the North West, North Queensland, Queensland East Coast and Central Queensland. For most regions, the change beyond 2030 is larger than that prior to 2030, but the uncertainty in the projections also increases with time. By 2030, there is a likely (>66% probability) risk of twice or more drought affected area and/or twice as often drought frequency over South West Western Australia. By 2050, this will include the Murray-Darling Basin, South Australia and Victoria, and by 2070 this will extend to New South Wales and Tasmania. For North Queensland such a risk is unlikely (<33% probability) for the next 100 years. This information can be considered indicative in long-term planning focussing on sustainability.     

The gendered reconfiguration of low-income urban household space in response to AIDS: Perspectives from Botswana

The study focused on three main actors within low-income urban households in Gaborone, the capital of Botswana. These were primary care givers, persons living with AIDS (PLWA) and AIDS orphans. The survey investigated the extent to which the traditional family system was coping with provisioning for its PLWA and AIDS orphans, the level to which the main actors reorganize household space in response to evolving demands, to cater for PLWA and AIDS needs, and the degree to which such spatial reorganization resonates with the gendered utilization of household space. Although the methodology of this case study was mainly participatory, it also relied on documented literature from archival sources and the Internet for its conceptual, theoretical and statistical information. The results suggest that the traditional family system is failing to cope with care provision for the PLWA and AIDS-orphaned children and that adjustments to their increasing presence within the households influence the gendered reconfiguring of household space. The traditional gendered utilization of space is thus being constantly negotiated in response to the requirements of HIV patients and those of HIV/AIDS-orphaned children. The proliferating female HIV/AIDS patient care giving and orphan children guardianship appear to be threatening the central and pivotal position of the father figure within the patriarchal household setting.     

The Politics of AIDS Surveillance

This paper examines the social construction of official HIV/AIDS surveillance data in San Francisco and the implications of this research for understanding the past and future trajectories of the epidemic in the United States. I employ a methodology of social constructivism in an analysis of the historical evolution of the epidemic and a critique of its quantitative representation by public health officials. I argue that medical geographers have erroneously interpreted AIDS surveillance data as evidence for an exponential growth in AIDS cases during the past 17 years, neglecting to critically explore the multiple and extensive revisions in the definition of the disease (in 1982, 1985, 1987, 1993) by which patients have been reported over time. In contrast, social constructivism exemplifies a method for elucidating the sociopolitical interests of public health institutions and community activists which underlie the constant metamorphosis of the subjects (e.g., patients) and object (e.g., ‘AIDS’) comprising this epidemic.