涪陵地区井下页岩岩芯裂缝体密度与声学性质关系实验研究

本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明:压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性.     

Anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion of walkaway vertical seismic profiling data from the Arabian Gulf

Borehole seismic addresses the need for high‐resolution images and elastic parameters of the subsurface. Full‐waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data is a promising technology with the potential to recover quantitative information about elastic properties of the medium. Full‐waveform inversion has the capability to process the entire wavefield and to address the wave propagation effects contained in the borehole data—multi‐component measurements; anisotropic effects; compressional and shear waves; and transmitted, converted, and reflected waves and multiples. Full‐waveform inversion, therefore, has the potential to provide a more accurate result compared with conventional processing methods. We present a feasibility study with results of the application of high‐frequency (up to 60 Hz) anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion to a walkaway vertical seismic profile data from the Arabian Gulf. Full‐waveform inversion has reproduced the majority of the wave events and recovered a geologically plausible layered model with physically meaningful values of the medium.     

垂向不均匀介质中波传播特点的研究

本文由波传播问题的变分原理导出了垂向不均匀介质中的弹性波波动方程及纵波和横波波动方程。在不同的假设条件下得到了纵、横波波动方程的几种简化形式,其中包括地震勘探中常用的变系数波动方程。利用有限单元法,求得了垂向不均匀介质中波动方程的数值解。通过数值结果对纵、横波之间的耦合程度以及介质的不均匀性对波的衰减作用进行了讨论。     

平面SV波在饱和半空间中沉积谷地周围的散射

采用一种特殊的间接边界积分方程法,求解了平面SV波在饱和半空间中任意形状沉积谷地周围的二维散射问题。结合饱和半空间中膨胀波源和剪切波源格林函数,由分布在沉积和半空间交界面附近两虚拟波源面上的波源分别构造沉积内外的散射波场,由交界面连续条件建立方程并求解确定虚拟波源密度,总波场反应即可由自由波场和散射波场叠加而得。然后通过边界条件验算、退化解答与现有结果的比较以及稳定性检验,验证了方法的计算精度。通过一组典型算例,研究了平面SV波在饱和半空间中沉积谷地周围散射的基本规律,详细给出了不同参数情况沉积谷地附近地表位移幅值和孔隙水压,着重分析了入射SV波频率和角度、边界渗透条件、沉积孔隙率等因素对场地反应的影响,得出了一些有益的结论。     

随钻动电测井中声诱导电场的理论模拟

为防止沿钻铤传播的声信号掩盖来自地层的声信号,目前需在钻铤上刻槽以实现对地层纵、横波速度的测量.但刻槽不仅占用钻铤空间,且降低了钻铤的强度和刚度.本文探讨在不刻槽条件下,利用动电效应获得地层纵横波速度的可行性.为此,模拟了随钻声波测井信号及由岩石动电效应产生的电场信号.先视地层为黏弹性介质,模拟随钻声波测井信号,再利用围压与孔隙流体压强的关系获得了声波在地层中引起的孔隙压强,然后计算由孔隙地层动电效应产生的声诱导电磁场.对多极声源激发的声场波形及其诱导电场的波形进行比较,发现随钻声诱导电场中钻铤波的相对幅度明显小于随钻声场中钻铤波的相对幅度.此外,发现在慢速地层条件下,偶极声源激发的电场中出现了比较明显的地层横波信号.     

油藏水驱开采时移地震监测岩石物理基础测量

岩石物理测量是油藏水驱开采时移地震监测的基础.在实验室对来自胜利油田的5块岩石样品模拟储层条件进行了水驱和气驱动态岩石物理弹性测量,重点分析了流体替换、温度、孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响.实验表明,在水驱情形下,由于流体替换和温度、孔隙压力变化所引起的岩石纵横波速度的变化均很小,实施时移地震监测具有较大的风险性.相比之下,气驱可能引起较为明显的纵波速度变化,有利于时移地震监测的实施.进一步完善实验方法、丰富实验内容、是今后时移地震岩石物理实验研究的主要任务.     

Dynamic response of an eccentrically lined circular tunnel in poroelastic soil under seismic excitation

An exact analysis for two-dimensional dynamic interaction of monochromatic progressive plane compressional and shear seismic waves with a permeable circular tunnel lining of circumferentially varying wall thickness buried in a boundless porous elastic fluid-saturated formation is presented. The novel features of Biot dynamic theory of poroelasticity in conjunction with the translational addition theorems for cylindrical wave functions, along with the appropriate wave field expansions and the pertinent boundary conditions are employed to develop a closed-form solution in form of infinite series. The analytical results are illustrated with numerical examples in which an air-filled and water-saturated permeable tunnel lining of variable wall thickness, embedded within water-saturated surrounding formations of distinct frame properties (soft, stiff, and stiff viscoelastic soil), is insonified by fast compressional or shear waves at selected angles of incidence. The effects of liner eccentricity, interface permeability, formation material type, incident wave frequency, and angle of incidence on the hoop stress amplitude are evaluated and discussed for representative values of the parameters characterizing the system. Limiting cases are considered and good agreements with the solutions available in the literature are obtained.     

低速地层裸眼井中弹性波的传播

本文在文献[4]的基础上分析了低速地层（地层横波速度低于井内流体速度）裸眼井中由点源激发的弹性波的传播。指出在这种情况下井内传播的波仅有共振纵波、斯通利波和衰减的反射波,共振横波和伪瑞利波将不再出现。由数值计算得出了相速度和群速度频散曲线,给出了势函数的振幅表达式和反射波随井轴的衰减规律。     

Distribution of gas hydrate in fractured reservoirs: Insights from anisotropic seismic measurements

Seismic properties of hydrate-bearing reservoirs that are affected significantly by the hydrate distribution are key for quantitative assessment of the reservoir. The knowledge of hydrate distribution in fractured reservoirs remains poorly understood. To obtain such knowledge, we measured and analyzed five anisotropic velocities needed to fully characterize the seismic anisotropy in an artificial sandstone with aligned fractures during hydrate formation associated with varying distribution. We showed that while the formation of hydrate improved the velocities, the improvement was more significant for hydrate saturation above 10%. We also showed that the increasing trends varied among the anisotropic velocities when hydrate saturation was above 10%. Specifically, the compressional wave velocity travelling vertical to the bedding plane and the shear wave velocity with polarization perpendicular to the bedding plane increased more rapidly than the other compressional and shear wave velocities, respectively. Interpretation of the anisotropic seismic results suggested that the hydrate tends to bind to the grains in the fractures at low hydrate saturation, and becomes to bridge the fracture surfaces when the hydrate saturation exceeds 10%. The results have provided new insights into the hydrate distribution and its resulting anisotropic seismic properties in fractured reservoirs. This will pave the way for the successful assessment of hydrate in fractured reservoirs.     

流体饱和砂岩在高压下的物性参数

一、引言 岩石在高围压下的物性参数,包括岩石的体应变、裂纹孔隙度、密度、纵波速度、横波速度和波阻抗等,对石油地球物理勘探和其它许多地球物理学分支都具有十分重要的意义。当前岩性地震和油储地震的发展,为划分地下地层及油气层提供了可能性。由于地下地层构造和岩石物理性质都是未知因素,从而引起解释的不确定性。所以,在实验室内模拟地层环境,测量岩石的物性参数,具有重要参考价值。     

声波测井中的纵波和横波

充流体井中声传播理论是声波测井的理论基础。Blot（1952）绘出了充流体井中简正模式和斯通利波的频散曲线,White等（1968）首先计算了合成全波列波形,Peterson（1974）和余寿绵（1984）导出了简正模式和斯通利波的振幅表达式。余寿绵还预言纵波和横波是一种共振现象,为沿轴向传播存在特征频率的不衰减波。但是,现行理论认为纵     

声波测井中首波与次首波的理论研究

本文讨论了裸眼井中由点状声源激发的首波与次首波问题,认为:首波与次首波分别是以地层纵波速度V_c和地层横波速度V_s传播的几何衰减波。同时给出了泄漏波的解析式,而泄漏纵波和泄漏横波的截止频率分别为远场处的首波与次首波的传播特征频率。     

转换波AVO反演速度比各横波反射系数

Based on the empirical Gardner equation describing the relationship between density and compressional wave velocity, the converted wave reflection coefficient extrema attributes for AVO analysis are proposed and the relations between the extrema position and amplitude, average velocity ratio across the interface, and shear wave reflection coefficient are derived. The extrema position is a monotonically decreasing function of average velocity ratio, and the extrema amplitude is a function of average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient. For theoretical models, the average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient are inverted from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function to converted wave AVO curves. Shear wave reflection coefficient sections have clearer physical meaning than conventional converted wave stacked sections and establish the theoretical foundation for geological structural interpretation and event correlation. ＂The method of inverting average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function is applied to real CCP gathers. The inverted average velocity ratios are consistent with those computed from compressional and shear wave well logs.     

Diffraction of plane P waves by a canyon of arbitrary shape in poroelastic half-space (Ⅰ): Formulation

This paper presents an indirect boundary integration equation method for diffraction of plane P waves by a two-dimensional canyon of arbitrary shape in poroelastic half-space. The Green's functions of compressional and shear wave sources in poroelastic half-space are derived based on Biot's theory. The scattered waves are constructed using the fictitious wave sources close to the boundary of the canyon, and magnitude of the fictitious wave sources are determined by the boundary conditions. The precision of the method is verified by the satisfaction extent of boundary conditions, the comparison between the degenerated solutions of single-phased half-space and the well-known solutions, and the numerical stability of the method.     

介观尺度孔隙流体流动作用对纵波传播特征的影响研究——以周期性层状孔隙介质为例

介观尺度孔隙流体流动是地震频段岩石表现出较强速度频散与衰减的主要作用.利用周期性层状孔隙介质模型,基于准静态孔弹性理论给出了模型中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度以及固体骨架位移等物理量的数学解析表达式,同时利用Biot理论将其扩展至全频段条件下,克服了传统White模型中介质分界面处流体压力不连续的假设. 在此基础上对准静态与全频段下模型介质中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度变化形式及其对弹性波传播特征的影响进行了讨论,为更有效理解介观尺度下流体流动耗散和频散机制提供物理依据.研究结果表明,低频条件下快纵波孔压在介质层内近于定值,慢纵波通过流体扩散改变总孔隙压力, 随频率的增加慢波所形成的流体扩散作用逐渐减弱致使介质中总孔压逐渐接近于快纵波孔压,在较高频率下孔压与应力的二次耦合作用使总孔压超过快纵波孔压.介质中孔隙流体相对运动速度与慢纵波形成的流体相对运动速度变化形式一致;随频率的增加孔隙流体逐渐从排水的弛豫状态过渡到非弛豫状态,其纵波速度-含水饱和度变化形式也从符合孔隙流体均匀分布模式过渡到斑块分布模式,同时介质在不同含水饱和度下的衰减峰值与慢纵波所形成的孔隙流体相对流动速度具有明显的相关性.     

The phase relations between the first arrivals of compressional and shear waves, and their signification to full wave logging

This paper describes the three phenomena observed in full wave experiments： 1. the amplitudes （absolute value） of the first compressional and shear arrivals have the same variation rules; 2. the phases of the first compressional and shear arrivals are always opposite to each other; and 3. the amplitude variation periods of the first compressional and shear arrivals are 2π. A full analysis and interpretation points out that these phenomena should appear under the full wave logging condition. Hence,the basis of using phase diffrences to extract useful information from the full wave is found.     

Analysis of different parameterisations of waveform inversion of compressional body waves in an elastic transverse isotropic Earth with a vertical axis of symmetry

In a multi‐parameter waveform inversion, the choice of the parameterisation influences the results and their interpretations because leakages and the tradeoff between parameters can cause artefacts. We review the parameterisation selection when the inversion focuses on the recovery of the intermediate‐to‐long wavenumbers of the compressional velocities from the compressional body (P) waves. Assuming a transverse isotropic medium with a vertical axis of symmetry and weak anisotropy, analytical formulas for the radiation patterns are developed to quantify the tradeoff between the shear velocity and the anisotropic parameters and the effects of setting to zero the shear velocity in the acoustic approach. Because, in an anisotropic medium, the radiation patterns depend on the angle of the incident wave with respect to the vertical axis, two particular patterns are discussed: a transmission pattern when the ingoing and outgoing slowness vectors are parallel and a reflection pattern when the ingoing and outgoing slowness vectors satisfy Snell's law. When the inversion aims at recovering the long‐to‐intermediate wavenumbers of the compressional velocities from the P‐waves, we propose to base the parameterisation choice on the transmission patterns. Since the P‐wave events in surface seismic data do not constrain the background (smooth) vertical velocity due to the velocity/depth ambiguity, the preferred parameterisation contains a parameter that has a transmission pattern concentrated along the vertical axis. This parameter can be fixed during the inversion which reduces the size of the model space. The review of several parameterisations shows that the vertical velocity, the Thomsen parameter δ, or the Thomsen parameter ε have a transmission pattern along the vertical axis depending on the parameterisation choice. The review of the reflection patterns of those selected parameterisations should be done in the elastic context. Indeed, when reflection data are also inverted, there are potential leakages of the shear parameter at intermediate angles when we carry out acoustic inversion.     

声波在两种多孔介质界面上的反射和透射

本文导出了声波在两种多孔介质界面上反射、透射的一般计算公式.作为例子,数值计算了P₁波入射于界面时,P₁、P₂和S波的反射、透射系数与声波频率、入射角等量之间的关系.结果表明,各种模式波的反射、透射系数与入射角、多孔介质性质有关,在Biot特征频率附近与频率有关,并用界面两侧的法向能流相等验证了结果的正确性.若把多孔介质当作均匀固体处理,将会得到显著不同的结果.     

Shear wave velocity prediction using seismic attributes and well log data

Formation’s properties can be estimated indirectly using joint analysis of compressional and shear wave velocities. Shear wave data is not usually acquired during well logging, which is most likely for cost saving purposes. Even if shear data is available, the logging programs provide only sparsely sampled one-dimensional measurements: this information is inadequate to estimate reservoir rock properties. Thus, if the shear wave data can be obtained using seismic methods, the results can be used across the field to estimate reservoir properties. The aim of this paper is to use seismic attributes for prediction of shear wave velocity in a field located in southern part of Iran. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to select the most relevant attributes to shear velocity data. Considering the nonlinear relationship between seismic attributes and shear wave velocity, multi-layer feed forward neural network was used for prediction of shear wave velocity and promising results were presented.     

Prediction of the Shear Wave Velocity from Compressional Wave Velocity for Gachsaran Formation

Shear and compressional wave velocities, coupled with other petrophysical data, are very important for hydrocarbon reservoir characterization. In situ shear wave velocity (Vs) is measured by some sonic logging tools. Shear velocity coupled with compressional velocity is vitally important in determining geomechanical parameters, identifying the lithology, mud weight design, hydraulic fracturing, geophysical studies such as VSP, etc. In this paper, a correlation between compressional and shear wave velocity is obtained for Gachsaran formation in Maroon oil field. Real data were used to examine the accuracy of the prediction equation. Moreover, the genetic algorithm was used to obtain the optimal value for constants of the suggested equation. Furthermore, artificial neural network was used to inspect the reliability of this method. These investigations verify the notion that the suggested equation could be considered as an efficient, fast, and cost-effective method for predicting Vs from Vp.