Validity of the long-wave approximation in periodically layered media

In seismic modelling, a stack of thin layers is often replaced by an effective equivalent anisotropic homogeneous slab. For waves with finite wavelength, this is an approximation, and the error thus introduced can be quantified by considering the relative error in the phase velocity between the layer stack and the effective medium. For periodic layering, the relative phase-velocity error can be expressed in closed form as a function of wavelength, reflection coefficients and layer thicknesses. By comparing the relative phase-velocity error with laboratory measurements and numerical simulations, we find that the difference in seismic response between a periodic layer stack and an equivalent effective medium depends not only on wavelength, but it also depends significantly on reflection coefficients and the ratio between layer thicknesses. For a 1% relative error in the phase velocity, and if all layers have the same thickness measured in vertical traveltime, we find that the wavelength must be larger than approximately three times the layer period for a reflection coefficient of 0.1, but this increases to 13 times the layer period for a reflection coefficient of 0.9, which is highly unrealistic in a geological setting.     

等厚薄互层时频特征的正演模拟

本文基于波动理论,利用深度域相移法对不同互层数、不同单层厚度的等厚薄互层进行正演模拟.采用广义S变换分析零偏移距地震道反射复合波的瞬时频谱.研究发现当单层厚度大于3/16波长时,等厚薄互层时域特征为中、高频等幅振荡,瞬时频谱为与单层厚度成反比的单一峰值梳状函数;当单层厚度小于3/16波长时,震源子波的有限带宽对瞬时频谱的高频频率峰有压制作用,导致等厚薄互层中部的时域振幅和频域最大幅度均为低值,薄互层的结构特征不易分辨,说明宽高频的震源子波是提高薄互层分辨能力的关键.此外,理论推导和实验分析均证明:当地层厚度大于1/8波长时,其峰值频率与薄互层单层厚度存在定量解析关系,这为等厚薄互层单层厚度定量预测提供了重要的技术手段.     

薄层时频特征的正演模拟

基于正演模拟的薄层时频特征响应分析是薄层定性识别与厚度定量预测的基础与关键.本文基于波场延拓理论,利用深度域相移法对不同厚度薄层进行了正演模拟.采用广义S变换对零偏移距地震道的反射复合波进行瞬时频谱分析,发现当薄层顶底反射系数极性相反时,复合波的干涉作用具有升频降幅作用,而极性相同时具有升幅降频作用;理论推导和实验分析均证明主峰值频率与薄层双程旅行时间厚度存在定量解析关系,这为薄层厚度定量预测提供了重要的技术手段;由于峰值频率对反射系数大小与极性变化不敏感,因此,峰值频率方法与时域振幅方法相比更具稳定性.     

Singularity detection of the thin bed seismic signals with wavelet transform

IntroductionIn1977,Sheriff(1977)provedthedetectiftglimitthatwasdefinedasminimumthicknessofthereflectionthinbedtobel/30wavelength.Applyingthesingularitydetectionprinciplewithwavelettransforminthispaper,weanalyzethereflectionseismicsignalsofthethinbed...     

REFRACTION LE LONG DES BANCS MINCES RAPIDES ET EFFET D'ECRAN POUR LES MARQUEURS PROFONDS *

Refraction along thin high velocity layers and along basement is investigated in two cases. a) high velocity layer just on the basement. b) high velocity layer higher above. Period and attenuation of refracted waves are givers as a function of the layer thickness H. Refracted arrivals along thin high velocity layers are visible at significant distances if the layer thickness is not smaller than A/6, where A is the longitudinal wavelength in high velocity medium. The pseudoperiod is proportional to the layer thickness H. The attenuation at large distance follows an x^-ne^-k1x law, where n is close to I and k₁ is inversely proportional to H. Refracted arrivals along the basement are observable even in the case of thin high velocity layers situated in the overburden; their intensity is smaller and their pseudo-period larger than when no layer exists in the overburden. The intensity of the basement arrival decreases and the pseudoperiod increases with increasing layer thickness. The pseudoperiod and the attenuation of refracted arrivals along high velocity layers and along the basement are also highly dependent on acoustic contrasts. Both arrivals from a high velocity layer and from the basement can be recorded simultaneously, provided the frequency spectrum of the seismic chain is sufficiently broad. In all cases layer arrivals show a character very different from basement arrivals.     

小波变换在地震宽角反折射资料处理中的应用

小波分析方法用于地震宽角反折射资料处理 ,它可将地震信号的分辨率由传统的1 /2- 1 /4λ（波长 ）提高到优于 1 /6λ .利用小波分析方法对沙雅-布尔津地震宽角反折射剖面资料进行处理 ,发现天山造山带的壳幔过渡带由 7- 8个高低速相间的薄层构成 ,平均速度较低 ,总厚度约 2 0km .而塔里木盆地北缘与准噶尔盆地的壳幔过渡带不具有这一特点 ,壳幔间主要以一级间断面实现过渡 .天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带详细结构及其二者之间的差异特征为天山造山带地球动力学“层间插入消减模型”的建立提供了重要依据     

利用联合反演技术进行反射地震的波速成象

本文介绍了根据反射地震数据进行波速成象的一种方法,其基础为多种反演技术的综合。由于要求的波速图象C（x,z）具有间断性,除利用走时数据T（x,t）外,在地层比较水平的情况下,还利用了均方根速度V（x,t）和统计子波W（t）的数据来成象。计算机层析成象过程分为三步:首先重做速度分析,取得与初次反射走时一致的均方根速度数据;然后用反射走时与均方根速度联合反演对应分析道的层速度和界面深度;最后由联合反演结果和反射面走时求波速图象函数的数字化版。文中还给出了波速成象方法在我国西北某沉积盆地上的应用及验证结果。     

Backus averaging,scattering and drift1

Differences between traveltimes from sonic to seismic frequencies, commonly known as drift, can be attributed to a combination of multiple scattering and absorption. The portion due to scattering can be estimated directly by calculating synthetic seismograms from sonic logs. A simple alternative approach is suggested by the long-wave equivalent averaging formulae for the effective elastic properties of a stack of thin layers, which gives the same traveltime delays as the low-frequency limit of the scattering dispersion. We consider the application of these averaging formulae over a frequency-dependent window with the hope of extending their use to frequencies higher than those allowed by the original validity conditions. However, comparison of the time delay due to window-averaging with the scattering dispersion predicted by the O'Doherty-Anstey formula reveals that it is not possible to specify a form of window that will fit the dispersion across the spectrum for arbitrary log statistics. A window with a width proportional to the wavelength squared matches the behaviour at the low-frequency end of the dispersive range for most logs, and allows an almost exact match of the drift across the entire spectrum for exponential correlation functions. We examine a real log, taken from a hole in nearly plane-layered geology, which displays strong quasi-cyclical variations on one scale as well as more random, smaller-scale fluctuations. The details of its drift behaviour are studied using simple models of the gross features. The form of window which gave a good theoretical fit to the dispersion for an exponential log correlation function can only fit the computed drift at high or low frequencies, confirming that there are at least two significant scale-lengths of fluctuation. A better overall fit is obtained for a window whose width is proportional to the wavelength. The calculated scattering drift is significantly less than that observed from a vertical seismic profile, but the difference cannot be wholly ascribed to absorption. This is because the source frequency of the sonic tool is not appropriate for its resolution (receiver spacing) so that the scattering drift from sonic to seismic frequencies cannot be fully estimated from the layer model derived from the log.     

DETECTION OF THIN BEDS WITH THE PSEUDO-ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE SECTION*

The conventional seismic response of a thin bed approximates the time derivative of the incident wavelet, whereas the pseudo-impedance response approximates the incident wavelet. Consequently the pseudo-impedance response of a geological sequence composed of thin beds is simpler and easier to interpret than the conventional response. By calibrating the sonic log data with check-shot data and performing zero-phase seismic processing, the fit of the sonic log and pseudo-velocity section is improved. Discrepancies in amplitude and phase, however, generally remain. A five-step processing and interpretation procedure, which benefits from multichannel interpretation along the model seismic section generated from the sonic logs, is described. The method has been tested with field data. In the test the detection of thin beds and the estimation of the natural gas content was more reliable with the proposed procedure than with the conventional method.     

基于虚源估计的复杂上覆地层下地震相干成像

在上覆地层比较复杂的情况下,常规地震勘探方法常常难以得到好的成像.本文研究了基于地震相干避开复杂上覆地层对地震波的影响,利用VSP数据估计地震虚源直接对目的地层进行成像的方法.在地震相干成像过程中,震源子波对分辨率有比较大的影响,尤其是存在薄层的条件下,两个非常近的反射同相轴将无法辨认.利用估计出虚源地震子波的性质,对...     

鄂尔多斯盆地上地壳速度分布与沉积建造和结晶基底起伏的构造研究

基于在鄂尔多斯盆地与其北部造山带地域,即沿延川—包头—满都拉地带进行的地震宽角反射和折射波场探测,取得了高分辨率的Pg波震相.通过走时差分层析成像方法进行Pg波波场走时反演,给出了沿剖面辖区的上地壳速度分布,求得了沉积建造和结晶基底折射界面的起伏变化,并给予了解释.研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地上地壳为双层结构,上下层之间存在明显的折射界面,上层速度低,纵向变化梯度大;下层速度高,变化较为均匀.基于沿剖面辖区上地壳的速度分布特征提出自南向北应分为：榆林南凹陷、榆林—刀兔隆起、刀兔北至鄂尔多斯北缘断裂为箕形凹陷及其内部的次级构造、呼包凹陷以及伴随的断裂等沉积建造和结晶基底的起伏变化.阴山造山带上地壳速度明显比两侧地区高,速度呈纵向条带状展布,故呈现出结晶基底结构的分布特征和乌拉山、色尔腾山、和教岩体及白云鄂博群陆壳拼合及增生现象.内蒙造山带上地壳亦为双层结构,但基底折射界面不如鄂尔多斯块体明显.本文基于对该区沉积建造和结晶基底的起伏,讨论了沿剖面各有关凹陷的沉积特征与油气前景.     

广义S变换与薄互层地震响应分析

Stockwell等人提出的S变换虽然与Fourier谱能保持直接联系，然而，由于S变换中的基本小波不适用于地震资料处理. 为此本文采用两个步骤对S变换加以推广，得到两种新变换（统称为广义S变换）. 首先， 用带有4个待定参数的调幅简谐波来代替S变换中的基本小波,定义广义S变换1，给出对应的逆变换；然后，以第一步中的基本小波的线性组合为新的基本小波，定义广义S变换2，并构造其逆变换公式. 最后，分别使用S变换及广义S变换对几种典型的薄互层模型进行分析计算. 结果表明，后者比前者有更强的探测能力， 后者可准确地确定厚度为1/8波长的薄互层中波阻抗界面位置，但前者却不能. 文中还用实际资料处理的结果，证明了广义S变换方法的有效性.     

有薄疏松复盖层的弹性半空间中地震波的传播问题

本文将地表疏松风化层看作是附在弹性介貭上的一种有慣性而无弹性的薄层,当扰动在弹性介貭中传播吋,风化薄层跟随振动;討論了弹性半空間內点震源产生的地震波和疏松薄层对地震波反射的影响。     

起伏地形下的高精度反射波走时层析成像方法

全球造山带及中国大陆中西部普遍具有强烈起伏的地形条件.复杂地形条件下的地壳结构成像问题像一面旗帜引领了当前矿产资源勘探和地球动力学研究的一个重要方向.深地震测深记录中反射波的有效探测深度可达全地壳乃至上地幔顶部,而初至波通常仅能探测上地壳浅部.为克服和弥补初至波探测深度的不足,本文基于前人对复杂地形条件下初至波成像的已有研究成果,采用数学变换手段将笛卡尔坐标系的不规则模型映射到曲线坐标系的规则模型,并将快速扫描方法与分区多步技术相结合,发展了反射波走时计算和射线追踪的方法.进而利用反射波走时反演,实现起伏地形下高精度的速度结构成像,从而为起伏地形下利用反射波数据高精度重建全地壳速度结构提供了一种全新方案.数值算例从正演计算精度、反演中初始模型依赖性、反演精度、纵横向分辨率以及抗噪性等方面验证了算法的正确性和可靠性.     

Traveltime seismic tomography with adaptive wavelet parameterization

An algorithm for solving the inverse kinematic problem of traveltime seismic tomography is developed and tested. The algorithm is intended for imaging the three-dimensional (3D) velocity model composed of a layer underlain by a half-space. This algorithm considers the bottom boundary of the layer as a first-order seismic velocity discontinuity with unknown position that has to be determined in the inversion together with the velocity variations inside the overlying layer and the sub-interface boundary velocities. The inversion can be applied to the travel times of refracted, head and reflected waves. The main idea behind the algorithm is the adaptive parameterization of the medium by the sparse Haar wavelet series expansion. In order to throw off the poorly resolved coefficients of expansion, we suggest using two empirical local resolution measures: the number of seismic rays crossing the support of the corresponding wavelet support area and their angular coverage, i.e., the spread in the azimuths of these rays. The adequacy of these measures is tested by their comparison with the estimation of the diagonal elements of the resolution matrix on the synthetic examples. This comparison proved that the proposed measures can be successfully applied for statistical estimation of the resolution and for constructing the adaptive parameterization. It was shown also that the best results are achieved while using the number of rays normalized to the size of the wavelet support together with their angular coverage. An automated procedure for throwing off poorly resolved unknowns is developed. The parameters of this procedure can be tuned to provide the desired level of detail of the model to be reconstructed. The synthetic checkerboard testing proved the efficiency of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be applied to solve different types of problems, including regional seismic studies, as well as exploration and engineering seismology. The use of this algorithm is especially convenient when the medium is essentially three-dimensional and when the conventional seismic methods implying regular network measurements directly above the studied structure (such as the common depth point method) are inapplicable, e.g., in the seismic studies of the foundations of buildings and in rugged terrains.     

Seismic inversion for coal-seam thicknesses: trials from the Belvoir coalfield,England

We have applied generalized linear inversion to high-quality seismic reflection data from the Coal Measures in the East Midlands of England. The purpose was to test whether accurate values for coal-seam thicknesses could be obtained to benefit longwall coal-mining and coal-bed methane production. A seismic line intersecting two logged boreholes was chosen so that an objective evaluation of the results could be made, and inversion was carried out after careful reprocessing of the line with post-stack migration. As coal-seams are thin beds in the seismic bandwidth, it was necessary to assume that acoustic impedance values are constant. Of the ten coal-seams in the sequence, only two were found to be major contributors to the reflection response at the boreholes, but inversion runs were carried out independently for two seams and four seams. It was found that keeping the wavelet fixed was the best strategy when inverting for the interface two-way times at the seam boundaries. However, all the strategies tested showed inconsistent variations in seam thicknesses which were geologically implausible. We conclude that significant improvements need to be made in acquisition and processing techniques for inversion to give useful results in this application.     

薄互层地震成像中高分辨率处理方法

地震子波在叠前时间偏移前、偏移过程中以及偏移后具有不同特性和非稳态性,使得基于子波压缩原理的反褶积和基于绕射叠加原理的叠前时间偏移不能有效地提高薄互层地震分辨率.本文基于叠前时间偏移前后以及偏移过程中地震子波频率特性的分析,联合三种高分辨率处理方法对薄互层进行成像,即偏移前CMP道集应用反Q滤波补偿高频衰减、偏移过程中应用最优加权Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移降低高频损失、偏移后在CRP道集上应用子波调谐反褶积拓展频带.数值分析和实例证明,本文采用的三种高分辨率处理方法是必要的,对刻画薄互层厚度与边界能够取得好的效果,利于后续的岩性储层预测与AVO/AVP/AVA反演.     

基于压缩感知和宽带俞式低通整形滤波器的地震低频信息特征分析与补偿

碳酸盐岩储集层已成为世界石油新发现储量的重要组成部分,识别该类储层对地震数据的信噪比、分辨率以及成像精度提出了更高的要求.本文从地震低频信号缺失的问题出发,首先研究了低频信号缺失对子波、合成地震记录和波阻抗反演的影响,其次分析了深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层中弱信号低频缺失的特征.针对低频信号缺失问题,本文利用压缩感知理论,并结合反射系数的稀疏特性,提出了自适应计算L1范数权重因子的方法,同时构建了改进的宽带俞式低通整形滤波器,在不影响地震高频信号的同时对地震弱信号进行低频补偿.结果表明,缺失低频信号,会使子波旁瓣变大,合成记录出现假同相轴,厚层波阻抗反演畸变,深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层弱信号难以识别;而本文方法有效地补偿了深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层弱信号10Hz以下的频率成分,使得波组反射特征更加清晰,深层弱信号成像质量得到改善,为进一步有效识别深层碳酸盐岩裂缝储层建立了基础.     

小波域叠前地震资料衰减参数定性估计方法

叠前地震资料中,高频分量和低频分量随传播距离的衰减特性不同.本文给出了一种在小波域定性估计叠前地震资料衰减参数的方法.该方法利用连续小波变换提取共反射点道集的高、低频分量,以低频分量和高频分量之差定性反映地震波的衰减.通过累加不同偏移距的衰减,提高了估计的稳定性;采用幅度归一化方法,降低了信号幅值对衰减参数估计的影响.将本文提出方法与常用的基于叠后地震资料衰减估计方法用于某油田的地震资料处理,结果表明,本文方法得到的衰减估计结果能够更好地反映油气的空间展布.