GEOGRAPHERS AND THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY*

ABSTRACT. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was the largest, most comprehensive, and most controversial regional development and planning project in U.S. history. Geographers were involved from its inception and made impressive contributions. Aside from the unit area method of data gathering and mapping, little is known about their contributions, some of which were truly ahead of their time. Although their work and recommendations were often discarded and unheeded because of political turbulence, the geographers rarely complained or entered into the political arena. Their work in the TVA has generally gone unheralded and even unappreciated within the geography profession. The primary purpose of this article is to document their contributions.     

综合物流时代的到来与港口功能的演变

综合物流是现代社会对运输发展的客观要求，它要求实现运输的全球化、信息化、高效化和门对门，综合物流因此也改变了传统的运输组织体系。港口作为综合物流时代连接海向腹地和陆向腹地的重要节点，在整个物流体系中有着非常重要的地位，而综合物流也加快了港口功能的演变，现代港口已经成为国际物流体系的一个重要的节点。最后论述了如何加快我国物流体系及集装箱港口的建设。     

GEOGRAPHERS AND POLICY-MAKING: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FAILURE OF THE NEW JERSEY DUNE MANAGEMENT PLAN*

The case of a New Jersey dune management plan demonstrates that geographers can initiate environmental policy by formulating and proposing meritorious plans. An evaluation of the plan's rejection shows the complexity of policy-making and indicates that failure to adopt useful plans may be due to distortion of information or misunderstanding of the original plan. In order to avoid failure, geographers should participate in the entire policy-making sequence and should encourage the participation of the public who will be affected by the plan.     

新经济条件下我国生产性服务业的发展

探讨在新的经济条件下我国生产性服务业受到的影响，对生产性服务业做了较全面的认识，分析了新经济条件下的经济自由化对生产性服务业的影响，以及新经济条件下的网络经济对生产性服务业的影响，提出了我国生产性服务业的今后发展的几点思考。     

MUSLIMS,HINDUS, AND SIKHS IN THE NEW RELIGIOUS LANDSCAPE OF ENGLAND*

ABSTRACT. This article examines the dramatic changes brought to English townscapes by Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism. These “new” religions have arrived with the large‐scale immigration and subsequent natural growth of the minority ethnic populations of Great Britain since the 1950s. The article traces the growth and distribution of these populations and religions, as well as the development of their places of worship from front‐room prayer rooms to cathedral‐scale buildings. It explores the way in which the British planning process, dedicated to preserving the traditional, has engaged with the exotic.     

URBAN CARTOGRAPHY AND THE MAPPING OF CHICAGO*

ABSTRACT. City maps are among the oldest and most popular forms of cartographic representation, yet urban cartography has received only limited scholarly attention. A review of the early history of city mapping suggests a progression of representational forms from profile to perspective to plan, a progression that parallels urban growth. The history of urban mapping reflects a desire to comprehend the geography of the city for reasons of curiosity and practical necessity, but the map also may become an icon that engenders a sense of pride and belonging, if not allegiance and control. An examination of Chicago maps indicates that, in addition to evolution in representational styles, the subjects of maps change to serve demands of the moment. City maps not only constitute a rich historical archive but also are dynamic agents in urban development. The urban landscape is shaped by cartographic vision.     

长江口与杭州湾的泥沙与河床演变对上海港及其通海航道建设的影响

在长江口与杭州湾泥沙和河床演变研究的基础上,对上海港的选址与建设及上海港通海航道的治理与利用,提出了新的设想。     

地理环境在经济和社会发展中的作用的再认识──关于对“地理环境决定论”批判的反思的反思

地理环境与经济和社会发展的关系是地理学研究的重要内容。虽然1972年斯德哥尔摩联合国人类环境会议发表的“人类环境宣言”和1992年的“里约环境与发展宣言”大大地增强了人们的环境意识,但是,在我国,关于地理环境对经济和社会的发展所起的作用的认识仍然很不够,这是由于在本世纪中期对“地理环境决定论”的批判还没有得到很好地反省。关于地理环境对经济和社会发展所起作用的认识不够主要表现如下诸方面。在理论上,许多研究者在这个问题上的观点彼此差异甚大,某些研究者甚至发表自相矛质的和混乱的见解,地理环境在社会发展中究竟是起决定作用,还是在一定条件下起决定作用,或者是起影响作用,直到目前仍未得到一致认识。而在国民经济建设的实践中,忽视地理环境的作用仍然很普遍。因此,地理环境与经济和社会发展的关系问题,无论在理论上和在国民经济建设以及社会发展的实践中都有必要进一步予以探讨。     

地理环境在经济和社会发展中的作用的再认识──关于对“地理环境决定论”批判的反思的反思

地理环境与经济和社会发展的关系是地理学研究的重要内容。虽然１９７２年斯德哥尔摩联合国人类环境会议发表的“人类环境宣言”和１９９２年的“里约环境与发展宣言”大大地增强了人们的环境意识，但是，在我国，关于地理环境对经济和社会的发展所起的作用的认识仍然很不够，这是由于在本世纪中期对“地理环境决定论”的批判还没有得到很好地反省。关于地理环境对经济和社会发展所起作用的认识不够主要表现如下诸方面。在理论上，许多研究者在这个问题上的观点彼此差异甚大，某些研究者甚至发表自相矛质的和混乱的见解，地理环境在社会发展中究竟是起决定作用，还是在一定条件下起决定作用，或者是起影响作用，直到目前仍未得到一致认识。而在国民经济建设的实践中，忽视地理环境的作用仍然很普遍。因此，地理环境与经济和社会发展的关系问题，无论在理论上和在国民经济建设以及社会发展的实践中都有必要进一步予以探讨。     

澳门自由港优势与深水港口开发：澳门发展路向研究之二

本文通过对澳门自由港与港口历史发展的回顾,指出了由于澳门没有深水港口,其自由港和单独关税区,尤其是“欧共市”特殊贸易关系等优势受到限制。论述了建设深水港是发挥自由优势,振兴澳没经济,将澳门建设成为南中国通向世界的“第二个香港”的必由之路。     

BEIJING METROPOLIS'' TO THE CONQUEST OF ITS NEW STATUS

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湖北省城市经济地域分异规律研究

作为经济发展的重要载体,城市经济在整个区域经济格局中占据愈来愈重要的地位。以湖北省37个城市为研究对象,从定量的角度对各城市经济实力进行评价,在此基础上分析和探讨其分布特征与地域分异规律。地域分异特征有:城市分布密度差异显著,东部相对密集,西部则相对稀疏;综合实力较强的城市分布较为均衡。地域分异规律主要表现为:自然地域分异决定城市的社会经济分异的基本格局;主要城市特别是较发达城市呈现出沿主要江河沿岸和交通沿线扩展的点轴式的地域分异规律;能矿资源的地域组合及开发决定了能矿工业基地和一些矿业城镇的地域分异;区位、资源、劳动力、技术、市场、政策等要素的地域组合决定城市的经济地域类型与综合实力。并以此为基础提出各城市经济发展的相应对策。     

THE TEMPORAL STABILITY OF PERCEIVED* NEIGHBORHOOD AREAS IN GLASGOW

Lack of knowledge on the temporal stability of subjectively defined local areas represents a fundamental obstacle to the use of such areas as spatial frameworks for urban government and management. This paper presents the findings of a longitudinal empirical analysis of perceived local area boundaries in Glasgow. The level of temporal integrity displayed in the study area suggests that the application of popularly defined local areas merits rigorous investigation in other cities.     

HABITAT ISLANDS AND THE PRESERVATION OF NEW ZEALAND'S AVIFAUNA*

ABSTRACT. Numerous avifauna species face extinction on New Zealand's two main islands, owing largely to forest clearance and to introduced mammals. In response, New Zealand selects certain offshore islands for the relocation of threatened native birds, first purging them of mammalian predators. Over the past few decades, this procedure has evolved to become fairly successful. Protected habitat “islands” within mainland forested areas are also being created, but with success less certain. As historic habitats are lost, small biopreservation islands may become a standard mechanism for protecting threatened species, a process that can be termed the “miniaturization” of nature.     

城市空间结构演变的空间过程和动力因子分析

城市空间结构是城市地理学、城市规划学的核心研究内容之一。城市空间结构的演变作为一个十分复杂的社会现象，一直受到各方面学者的关注。通过着重分析城市空间结构演变的主要空间过程：空间竞争、空间演替、空间扩散、空间均衡等，并对这些空间经济过程做出横向分析，讨论城市空间结构与城市经济运行之间的内在联系。分析城市空间结构演变的主要动力因子：包括完善的服务和基础设施、土地集约利用、城市产业的人口需求等集聚因子和环境承载力、级差地租、现代技术的发展等离散因子，从而论证集聚力和离心力的交互作用对城市空间结构演变产生深刻影响。     

Spatial Prescriptions and Social Realities: New Urbanism and the Production of Northwest Landing

In this paper I analyze the popularity and proliferation of New Urbanism within the context of a post-industrial urban political economy. By looking at the production of Northwest Landing, a New Urban development, I consider the post-industrial company town as one way to understand how political and economic processes are structured into the landscape. Because it focuses solely on spatial arrangements, and therefore on those who design particular configurations of space, New Urbanism effectively ignores the broader social and economic processes that both constrain and enable particular agents. I suggest that by attending to the broad appeal of New Urbanism without losing sight of the specific context within which projects such as Northwest Landing are created, our focus shifts from simply imagining what a better way of life might look like to critically analyzing the processes that prevent or facilitate the attainment of New Urbanism's normative ideals.