高寒沙地乌柳(Salix cheilophila)林根系分布特征

对青海共和高寒沙地植被恢复区不同林龄(6年、11年、16年和21年)乌柳(Salix cheilophila)人工防护林根系分布及根量进行了调查、测定,同时测定了土壤有机质含量的垂向变化。结果表明:①不同林龄乌柳林根系主要由中根和细根构成,其数目占土壤剖面根系总数的90%以上,其中又以直径小于2.0mm细根所占比例最高,细根占剖面根系总数的50%以上;②各林龄乌柳根系在0~50cm土层分布较为集中,在30cm以下土层,根量随深度的增加逐渐减少,6年生乌柳林根系垂直分布在0~130cm,20年生乌柳可达200cm,随植被恢复时间的增长,各林龄根量显著增加(p0.05);③各林龄乌柳林有明显发达的垂直主根,属典型的垂直状根系,随植株不断生长,根系表现出深根性;④以不同深度根系重量作为解释变量,以土壤有机质含量作为响应变量,回归结果显示不同林龄乌柳林根系重量显著影响土壤有机质含量(p0.001),这也为评价沙地植被改良土壤功能提供了依据。     

浑善达克沙地黄柳人工林根系分布及生物量研究

 对浑善达克沙地一年生、二年生、三年生黄柳人工林根系分布及生物量进行了调查、测定。结果表明:①在流动沙丘上人工栽植的黄柳,其根系主要由直径小于2.0 mm的中根和细根构成,其数目占剖面根系总数的90%以上,其中又以直径小于0.5 mm细根所占比例最高,其数目占剖面根系总数的50%以上。②根系主要分布在10～30 cm的土层中,可见其根系主要吸收10～30 cm土层内的水分和养分。③根系重量在各土层中呈随土层深度加深而降低的分布趋势。④根系主要呈水平分布,水平根非常发达,随着植株的不断生长,这一特征越来越明显。     

科尔沁沙地两种典型灌木独生和混交的根系分布规律

对比研究了科尔沁沙地黄柳、差不嘎蒿这两种典型灌木在独生和混交情况下的根系分布和根量变化。结果表明,独生情况下,黄柳根量要显著的高于差不嘎蒿。在整个剖面,黄柳总根量为30.84 kg.m-3,是差不嘎蒿的5.47倍。差不嘎蒿根系主要分布在0—20 cm的表层,黄柳根系主要分布在20—50 cm的深层土壤中。混交条件下,黄柳总根量为9.94 kg.m-3,相比于独生根量明显减少,差不嘎蒿为5.45 kg.m-3,并没有多大变化,但在距冠丛50 cm、100 cm处根量要大于独生(P<0.05),尤其是细根生物量有了显著增加。同独生相比,黄柳根系在深层和水平方向上扩展,但其总根、粗根、细根生物量均未有显著增加(P>0.05);差不嘎蒿的根系由主要在表层分布变化为在各层均匀分布。混交条件下两种植物之间的竞争是导致根系发生上述变化的原因之一。     

毛乌素沙地沙柳细根分布规律及与土壤水分分布的关系

以2 mm为粗、细根的划分界限,采用根钻法对毛乌素沙地的单株沙柳及沙柳林地的细根分布进行了调查研究,同时测量土壤含水率。结果表明,沙柳细根垂直分布深度为1.5 m左右,且随土壤深度的增加细根生物量逐渐减少,细根根量最大值出现在表层,在0～20 cm范围内集中分布,约占总根量的一半左右。沙柳水平根系发达,细根主要分布在冠幅半径3倍左右的范围内,表明沙柳通过水平扩展来获取分布于土壤浅层的大气降水;丘顶沙柳林地根量小于丘底林地根量,土壤水分的含量和分布决定沙柳细根根量的大小和分布。     

沙柳优良品系选育的研究

对鄂尔多斯不同地区沙柳的表现型进行调查,并对7个不同地区的沙柳进行选育,对表现型优良的6个品系做耐盐性研究,结果表明:鄂尔多斯市不同地区沙柳的表现型存在较大差异,以台格庙地区沙柳的表现型最好,平均丛枝数和丛高分别达162枝和4.19 m,平均冠幅为5.15 m,与其他地区相比在p=0.05水平下差异显著;图克和查干尔淖地区沙柳表现型相对较差;选育后阿门其和台格庙两个地区沙柳生长性状相对较好,无性系繁殖苗成活率均达到90%以上,丛高和地径均高于其他地区无性系繁殖苗;查干尔淖地区无性系沙柳繁殖苗长势最差;筛选的6个沙柳品系均能在中度盐碱滩上生长,利用隶属函数分析法综合评价了6个沙柳品系的抗逆性强弱,筛选出了沙柳两个抗逆性优良品系,即Ⅲ-01和Ⅷ-02。这两个品系表现型优良,抗逆性强,适于在西北干旱、盐碱地上推广栽植。     

内蒙古6种沙生柳树叶片解剖结构的抗旱性分析

利用常规石蜡切片、光学显微镜观察的方法,对内蒙古地区6种沙生柳树叶片的解剖结构进行比较分析。结果表明,6种柳树的叶片结构具有相似性,均为全栅型的等面叶,表皮均具有角质层,主脉为双韧维管束,栅栏组织发达,5～6层。差异表现在角质层和表皮厚度、主脉和叶片厚度、栅栏组织的厚度等方面。应用SAS和SPSS软件进行分析,根据几种柳树叶片的结构特征,得出抗旱性大小顺序依次为：黄柳、砂杞柳、沙柳、乌柳、筐柳、小红柳。     

民勤荒漠区几种主要固沙植物群落的水分平衡特性

 为了研究在自然状态下植物群落的自然稀疏密度、水分营养面积和耗水量等水分平衡特性,选择民勤荒漠几种典型植物群落,运用连续4 a的样方观测资料,分析了天然沙蒿、天然麻黄和人工梭梭林群落在自然降水条件下植物群落的自然稀疏密度、水分营养面积和耗水量等水分平衡特性。结果表明:天然沙蒿、天然麻黄和人工梭梭林群落在当地的自然稀疏密度相对稳定。群落中成年梭梭林的年耗水量与他人在同一地区用蒸渗仪且地下水位控制在1.4 m时测定的3 a幼苗的耗水量相当,梭梭密度较他人用降水量和蒸腾量、蒸发量推算的密度偏小。实验条件下单株植物的耗水量并不等于群落中个体的平均耗水量,在自然状态下研究得到的单株耗水量较在实验条件的下结论更为真实。植物蒸腾耗水量方面研究的真正有意义的是其在接近凋萎时的蒸腾耗水量,而不是特定供水条件下的几个特定值。     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑研究（Ⅲ）: 微地貌和土层的影响

 采用剖面测量,沿剖面选取不同微地貌部位测量土层厚度、坚实度、粒度构成,并进行室内统计比较和分析的方法,对呼伦贝尔沙质草原区风蚀坑的发育受微地貌部位和土层控制的情况进行了研究。发现在接近自然状态下风蚀坑主要发育于西南坡和南坡的上部和中部;由于翻耕、机动车道路等人类活动诱发,也形成于平坦的草地,北坡和东坡甚至低地。沙质草原区的土层中部存在一个粗化层,在失去草被和上部的土壤-根系层保护时特别容易遭受风蚀的侵害,形成风沙流破坏钙积层并导致风蚀坑的形成。沙质草原是生态地质环境脆弱区,呼伦贝尔沙质草原区的西坡、南坡的中上部,梁岗丘等微地貌部位是风蚀沙化的危险地带。干旱半干旱气候区沙质草原的土层是稀缺的自然资源,地表土壤-植物根系层是珍贵的生态系统。保护地表土层对于保护草地资源和生态环境,以及沙漠化防治具有极端重要性。     

Erosion of Bedrock by Subglacial Meltwater, Soya Coast, East Antarctica

The formation of the glacial erosional bedforms at the Soya Coast of Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica is discussed. The streamlined bedforms in the studied area are classified into crescentic transverse ridges and tadpole rocks, and these bedforms are accompanied by small erosional marks (s-forms) which suport the interpretation of subglacial meltwater erosion. Some tadpole rocks are superimposed on a large roche moutonnée, and these two kinds of landform are interpreted to have different modes of formation. Observations and interpretations of these bedforms are used to reconstruct the historical development of the glacial erosional bedforms, and to draw attention to the significance and implications of subglacial meltwater erosion on the marginal area of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the past. An initial episode of glacial plucking and abrasion produced roches moutonnées and basic large-scale landforms. Subglacial meltwater flowing peiodically into the Lützow-Holm Bay sculptured s-forms and streamlined bedforms in bedrock over much of the area. During this period, except for water-flowing phases, ice again came in contact with the bedrock to form striations superimposed on the s-forms and the hillocks.     

高寒沙地人工植被恢复区地表沉积物粒度特征

共和盆地位于青藏高原东北部,是典型的高寒干旱、半干旱荒漠区.青海省治沙试验站经过近50年的发展,形成以封沙育草区、固沙造林区和农田林网区为一体的绿洲防护体系,成为中国高寒沙地土地沙漠化综合整治的典型示范.本文选择典型固沙植物柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和乌柳(Salix microstachya),针对不同治理年限的沙丘和丘间地,探讨治理50年后人工植被恢复区地表60 cm深度土壤粒度的时空变化.结果表明:直播柠条能促进沙丘地表60 cm土层沉积物的细化,尤以地表5 cm更甚.土壤颗粒的变化与植被生长状况及物质来源有关.     

沙柳有性繁殖与关键环境因素的关系研究

沙柳种子的萌发受到多个因素的综合作用。在沙土含水量较低时沙柳种子可以萌发,但沙土含水量低于2%时不能萌发;干旱胁迫使沙柳实生苗发芽率降低;盐分可明显抑制沙柳种子萌发,同时抑制沙柳实生苗的茎生长;沙柳种子适宜的覆沙厚度是1.0～4.0 mm,当覆沙达到7 mm时种子出苗受到抑制;沙柳最适宜的发芽温度是25 ℃,当温度升到40 ℃时发芽率明显下降,而当降到10 ℃时种子发芽率也明显下降,达到5 ℃时沙柳种子尽管能发芽,但无茎生长。     

浑善达克沙地黄柳更新特点与规律研究

黄柳作为浑善达克沙地重要的固沙先锋灌木,对沙地生态环境的改善起着十分重要的作用,从天然更新和人工更新两个方面对其特点与规律进行了调查研究。结果表明,黄柳的种子萌发和幼苗生长受多种自然因子的影响,属于r型对策者,但由于种子发芽和幼苗的形成受温度、水分及沙埋情况等多项因子的综合影响,幼苗萌发到第二年的相对保存率只有18.3％,天然更新困难;黄柳长势老化衰退后,可采取人工平茬措施,达到复壮更新的目的。研究表明:平茬灌丛新生枝条长度比未平茬灌丛约长150 cm,最长当年生新枝达277 cm;平茬灌丛新生枝基径也比未平茬的约粗0.5 cm,最粗的为1.32 cm;平茬黄柳灌丛叶片长平均约为8 cm,叶宽平均约为0.6 cm,而未平茬灌丛叶片平均长为5.3 cm,叶片宽平均为 0.4 cm。可见,平茬不但增加了黄柳灌丛的生物量,亦提高了家畜可食部分（叶+嫩茎）的比例,同时增大了郁闭度,增强了防风固沙效果。     

Phytogenic lacustrine sedimentation - oil shales in Neogene from Serbia, Yugoslavia

Lacustrine basins of Neogene age in Serbia were formed either in intramountain valleys-graben and half-graben structures or in the marginal part of the Pannonian sea during Oligocene or at the beginning of Miocene, lasted and ended at the end of Miocene or Pliocene. The formation of the numerous depressions of the Balkan Peninsula, due to tectonic activity, gave lake basins with alluvial, swamp and lacustrine facies. The cycle with these facies was repeated several times. The lakes are mostly meromictic, often permanently stratified (oil-shale). A high rate of sedimentation with thickness up to 2000 m is characteristic for many of these basins. In many lakes phytogenic sedimentation occurs, giving facies with coal and with oil-shales. In this paper only some basins with oil-shales will be discussed, e.g. Valjevo-Mionica, Jadar and Pranjani basin. The characteristics of Vranje and Aleksinac basin will be discussed only in general. The organic rich sequences (oil shales) are characterized by the thin lamination, preservations of fish remains and plant leaves and absence of bioturbation, which needed permanent stratification of water body and anoxic conditions. Paleoclimatic regimes at the time of deposition and diagenesis were warm, subtropic with the changes of humid and dry periods.     

The loss of New Zealand's active dunes and the spread of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria)

Abstract:  This article examines the decline of New Zealand's active dunes in relation to the introduction of marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria ). The area of active dunes in New Zealand declined from 129 000 ha in the early 1900s to about 39 000 ha in 2000; a reduction of 70%. The extent of active dunes has declined since the 1950s in all regions, particularly in Northland, Auckland and the Manawatu. The loss of active dunes on the west coast of the North Island resulted primarily from the introduction of marram grass, followed by the establishment of Pinus radiata plantations and extensive pastoral farming. Between 1985 and 2005 marram grass extended its range to the detriment of the indigenous foredune flora. Conservation and resource management agencies should urgently identify dune systems for conservation management and marram grass eradication.     

RIVER FLOW EVENTS AND VEGETATION COLONIZATION OF POINT BARS IN IOWA

Vegetation on point bars must be adapted to changing hydrological and geomorphological conditions. Detailed population data are gathered for 106 1 m² quadrats on two point bars on the Cedar River, Iowa, in the year following a major establishment event when a brief steady river stage coincided with the dispersal period for common riparian pioneer species (Salix interior, S. nigra, Populus deltoides) during a drought year. Significant differences were found in the location of seedlings and different forms of sprouts on a gradient of elevation. Most seedlings, mostly Salix interior, established in a very narrow range that produced a band along the edge of the river. While density in this band is in part related to sediment texture, it is clear that the densities found (e.g., > 500 m^-2) must result from dispersal by water to the strand line. [Key words: establishment, point bar, riparian, Salix, seedling.]     

Palynology of two 4500 year old skua-mounds of the Arctic Skua (Stercorarius parasiticus (L.)) in Svalbard

Skuamounds are peaty hillocks up to 70 cm high used by Arctic Skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus (L.)) for surveying their breeding territory. Well-developed skua-mounds in Svalbard can be considered as small guanogenic bogs', because the peat formation depends on manuring by birds and the water-table in the mound is higher than the surrounding tundra. Peat sections measuring 34 cm and 40 cm from two skuamounds from Edgeøya and Spitsbergen were radiocarbon dated and studied for pollen and spores. Peat formation on the two skua-mounds started c. 4500 calendar years ago. Concentration values of longdistance transported pollen were used to detect time gaps in the records. The time gap in the skua-mound from Spitsbergen was found to be considerably greater than in the skuamound from Edgeøya. Erosion has progressed considerably further on the Edgeøya skua-mound than on the skua-mound from Spitsbergen due to differences in hydrology: the peat of the former mound is dry and unfrozen in summer, whereas in the latter mound it is wet and frozen. Time gaps and erosion are probably associated with phases of decreased manuring by birds. At two levels in the Edgeøya skua-mound there is evidence of a climatic change towards cooler conditions, one being an early major climatic shift and the other a later minor climatic shift. A similar major climatic shift is associated with one level in the skuamound from Spitsbergen.     

西藏乌柳群落特征

以一江两河流域为研究区,通过对西藏乌柳群落的典型地块设置11个标准地进行调查,分别从主要优势树种表现、物种组成、物种多样性、林分生长、地径结构、树高结构和树高-地径曲线等方面,分析了西藏乌柳群落的主要群落学和测树学特征。研究结构表明,1.西藏乌柳群落物种组成较为单一,群落中的物种数一般为1～4种,优势树种在群落中所占的比例较大,均大于85%;2.地径主要分布于5.0 cm以下,树高分布于1.0～5.0 m间,树高-地径服从二次曲线分布;3.由于群落物种组成较为单一,香农物种多样性指数均<1,SW和S、E的变化趋势大致相同,且与ED变化趋势相反。     

祁连山林草复合流域灌木林水文生态功能研究

对祁连山林草复合流域5种主要灌木林的水文生态功能进行了研究。结果表明：（1）5种灌木林林冠平均截留率的大小范围为6.98%～22.45%;（2）5种灌木枯落物的最大持水率均为自身重量的1.6～4.0倍,枯落物最大持水量和有效持水量分别为23.83～134.95 t/hm2和17.25～83.62 t/hm²;（3）土壤的最大持水量及有效持水量都随土壤深度的增加而不断下降,与土壤的总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度的变化规律相一致;土壤的最大持水量和有效持水量分别为3 090.96～4 460.82 t/hm²和680.68～1 328.82 t/hm²;（4）各灌木林地土壤表层的稳渗率变化范围为8.88～141.67 mm/min,前30 min累计入渗量的变化幅度为338.25～4 718.34 mm;（5）5种灌木林地总蓄水量大小经综合评价依次为：吉拉柳灌丛>鲜黄小檗灌丛>箭叶锦鸡儿灌丛>金露梅灌丛>甘青锦鸡儿灌丛。     

浑善达克沙地黄柳活沙障防风固沙效益的研究

通过研究浑善达克沙地流动沙地上黄柳活沙障的防风固沙效益,对设置3 a后的不同类型的活沙障进行测定和分析,得出如下结论:沙障设置3 a后,沙地趋于固定,障内植物种类明显增多;设置黄柳活沙障的区域内下垫面粗糙度显著增大,风速明显减弱,而且黄柳网格沙障降低风速的能力较带状沙障强,其顺序为:4 m×4 m黄柳网格沙障>6 m×6 m黄柳网格沙障>间距4 m的黄柳带状沙障>间距6 m的黄柳带状沙障﹥流沙;当旷野平均风速为7.86 m·s-1时,只有流沙和间距6 m的黄柳带状沙障起沙,其他几类活沙障内均不起沙。     

库布齐沙漠沙柳无性快速培育技术对比研究

沙柳是库布齐沙漠重要的生物与生态资源之一。通过对沙柳扦插苗进行生根粉（ABT）、保水剂、有机肥和‘四枝一穴’栽植密度的不同处理后,连续3 a对其高生长、基径生长、生物量及平茬后枝条萌发数进行了测定。对测定结果的分析发现：与对照相比,四种处理都能够不同程度地提高沙柳的高生长、基径生长、生物量及平茬后枝条萌发数量。其中保水剂的作用最好,使沙柳的成活率、平茬后的枝条数和生物量分别提高了61.0%,70.4%和71.4%。