Soil-landscape modelling and spatial prediction of soil attributes

Abstract

Explicit and quantitative models for the spatial prediction of soil and landscape attributes are required for environmental modelling and management. In this study, advances in the spatial representation of hydrological and geomorphological processes using terrain analysis techniques are integrated with the development of a field sampling and soil-landscape model building strategy. Statistical models are developed using relationships between terrain attributes (plan curvature, compound topographic index, upslope mean plan curvature) and soil attributes (A horizon depth, Solum depth, E horizon presence/absence) in an area with uniform geology and geomorphic history. These techniques seem to provide appropriate methodologies for spatial prediction and understanding soil landscape processes.     

平潭综合实验区海坛岛土地利用变化及景观格局研究

在Rs和GIS技术支持下,以2007年的LandsatTM遥感影像图和平潭综合实验区总体规划主岛发展指引图为基础数据,对未来平潭综合实验区主岛海坛岛的土地利用与景观格局变化进行了分析．结果表明：在规划实施后,人类活动对景观的干扰强度越来越大,将导致建设用地面积大量增加,区域景观类型趋向单一,平均斑块面积增大,斑块数量减少,景观多样性与均匀度降低．景观格局变化的主要驱动力因素是政府政策的影响和人口变化等．     

碧塔海流域生态旅游景观类型及其空间组合特点

碧塔海独特的高原自然地理环境和轻微的人类活动长期综合作用营造了高品位、多类型的自然生态旅游景观。按自然地域分异、景观内部特征的相对一致性和主导因素三个原则将碧塔海流域内的自然生态旅游景观划分为3个景观类、5个景观亚类和15个景观型。根据空间尺度的大小,探析了三个景观等级层次的空间组合特点及其相互间的生态关系,为生态旅游规划,科考旅游声线设计及景区生态管理提供了科学依据。     

Measuring Change in Place Values for Environmental and Natural Resource Planning Using Public Participation GIS (PPGIS): Results and Challenges for Longitudinal Research

Landscape values are a type of place value and are identified and mapped using public participation GIS (PPGIS). PPGIS engages nonexperts to identify important spatial information for environmental or natural resource planning. In 1998, we used PPGIS to identify landscape values for the Chugach National Forest (Alaska) plan revision process. In 2012, we conducted a longitudinal study of the same national forest using Internet PPGIS to identify changes in landscape values. The empirical results indicate stability in landscape values both in importance and spatial distribution. However, the use of different PPGIS methods (paper map vs. Internet) in the longitudinal study also introduced challenges in interpreting and explaining the spatial results. We discuss trade-offs in conducting longitudinal PPGIS research using mixed methods. PPGIS appears well suited for public lands planning, and national forest planning in particular, but barriers to use, such as regulatory approval, remain formidable.     

The hydrological foundations of landscape planning of the Lake Sevan basin

The main stages of elaborating the landscape master plan for the Lake Sevan basin with reference to the water component are highlighted. Scientific basis for investigating the hydrological organization of the territory is provided by the landscape-hydrological approach determining the interrelationship of quantitative-qualitative characteristics of the runoff with landscape elements. The focus is on the selection of criteria and on the theoretical substantiation of the factors of assessment of the water potential; a number of recommendations for targeted utilization and improvement of the water-ecological situation of the territory are made.     

风景名胜区规划实施的景观生态效应——以南京市幕燕风景名胜区为例

景观生态学不仅可为风景名胜区的规划设计提供新的理论和方法 ,而且通过对规划实施后可能引起的景观生态效应的研究 ,还可以为进一步完善改进规划提供重要的科学依据。本文以南京市幕燕风景名胜区为例 ,从风景区的景观格局、景观生态质量、景观稳定性等方面分析了风景区规划实施的景观生态效应 ,并据此提出改进完善风景区规划的建议。     

Automated classification of landform elements using object-based image analysis

This paper presents an automated classification system of landform elements based on object-oriented image analysis. First, several data layers are produced from Digital Terrain Models (DTM): elevation, profile curvature, plan curvature and slope gradient. Second, relatively homogenous objects are delineated at several levels through image segmentation. These object primatives are classified as landform elements using a relative classification model, built both on the surface shape and on the altitudinal position of objects. So far, slope aspect was not used in classification. The classification has nine classes: peaks and toe slopes (defined by the altitudinal position or the degree of dominance), steep slopes and flat/gentle slopes (defined by slope gradients), shoulders and negative contacts (defined by profile curvatures), head slopes, side slopes and nose slopes (defined by plan curvatures). Classes are defined using flexible fuzzy membership functions. Results are visually analyzed by draping them over DTMs. Specific fuzzy classification options were used to obtain an assessment of output accuracy. Two implementations of the methodology are compared using (1) Romanian datasets and (2) Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany. The methodology has proven to be reproducible; readily adaptable for diverse landscapes and datasets; and useful in respect to providing additional information for geomorphological and landscape studies. A major advantage of this new methodology is its transferability, given that it uses only relative values and relative positions to neighboring objects. The methodology introduced in this paper can be used for almost any application where relationships between topographic features and other components of landscapes are to be assessed.     

基于土地利用空间格局的兰州市景观稳定性

利用兰州市2000年和2010年两期土地利用数据,从景观结构、景观类型及景观异质性3个方面分析了研究区景观格局特征。借助主成分分析及景观格局指标对保持景观格局稳定性影响能力构建了景观格局稳定性模型,并对研究区景观格局稳定性进行了评价。结果表明:(1)近10年来兰州市景观格局发生了明显变化,主要景观类型间的转换较为频繁,且表现为明显的单向转换特征。(2)整体景观格局稳定性呈现降低趋势;各县区景观格局稳定性存在差异,榆中县永登县和皋兰县稳定性变化不大,稳定性较高的为红古区,其次是西固区、安宁区,稳定性最差的为七里河区和城关区。(3)稳定性较高的景观类型为水域及草地,稳定性较差的景观类型为建设用地。兰州市应着力提升用地潜力,提高土地集约利用程度,合理规划建设用地,保护具有生态服务功能的水域及草地等。     

过程与格局的关系及其在区域景观生态规划中的应用

景观生态学基本原理被广泛应用于景观设计和区域生态规划中,生态过程与生态格局之间的关系是区域生态规划面对的重要问题。在回顾景观生态学生态过程与生态格局关系认识过程的基础上,提出二者之间"过程为体,格局为用"的哲学关系。"体"即根本和内在的东西,"用"为"体"的外在表现。面对具体的规划区域时,分析问题的切入点和解决问题的着眼点都是"格局",但是规划的根本出发点和目的都是"过程"。围绕二者关系主线,建立了一个基于生态过程的区域景观生态格局规划方法框架,主要包括3个阶段的研究工作:分析区域历史景观格局演变过程,确定面向生态过程需求的生态格局以及制定提升生态系统功能的对策措施。     

广西贵港市城市建成区景观格局动态变化研究

以高分辨率QulckBird卫星影像及航片为数据源,借助GIS技术平台获得广西贵港市4个时期城市景观类型图;运用景观格局指数定量分析城市景观格局的时空变化特征。分析结果表明,近40a来贵港市城市景观趋于有序多样化,表征城市综合发展水平的公共设施用地、市政公用设施用地和工业用地的斑块数和面积均逐年上升;建成区用地规模在经历了扩展过快和扩展不足的波动后,最近10a趋于合理,但仍存在一定程度的土地资源闲置现象;城市化过程中,城市主要景观要素（公共设施用地、工业用地、居住用地和农田）的空间形状表现出规则整齐的特征,而主要景观要素的空间分布特征具有明显的波动变化趋势。     

农业景观对土壤侵蚀的适应机制研究初探

随着气候变化对农业系统的影响不断加剧,为保障粮食安全,必须掌握变化中的自然与人文因素,判别农 业景观中可调整的关键机制,依据未来的可能情景,尽早订定农业景观优化方案。本研究以土壤侵蚀问题为切入 点,整合相关的环境因子,构建农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应性的研究框架。基本思路为首先通过目前气候变化对土壤 侵蚀的影响研究,为不同时空尺度上土壤侵蚀发生、发展趋势提供理论依据;其次,从增强未来农业景观对土壤侵 蚀适应能力的角度,详细讨论景观类型、空间配置和管理措施等与土壤侵蚀的关系,以提高农业景观优化配置的针 对性;最后,为科学评价农业景观对土壤侵蚀适应的程度,基于Agent 模型原理设计土壤侵蚀模拟模型,通过不同 土壤侵蚀情景下景观类型、结构、空间配置和管理措施等的适应性分析,为有效提升区域农业景观的土壤抗侵蚀能 力提供科学依据。     

基于GRA和TOPSIS模型的都市郊区乡村景观多功能定位

乡村景观功能具有明显的时空异质性。随着中国城镇化、工业化和农业现代化的快速推进,乡村景观功能分异化和多样化不断增强,景观多功能发展趋势明显,对其科学定位成为新的学术热点。以上海市城郊青浦区为例,利用2004-2014年的基础数据,采用多维评价模型、灰色关联分析和逼近理想解的排序法,以“乡村景观多功能性定位—主副功能定位—障碍功能定位”的景观多功能综合定位方式,实现对该区乡村景观多功能科学定位。结果表明：① 乡村景观多功能定位作为区域功能确定的有限方案多目标最优决策,应遵循最优决策法则;② 景观多功能综合定位方法能对该区乡村景观多功能科学定位,适用性较好;③ 该区乡村景观多功能复合显著,乡村景观多功能性东西差异明显、极值区域凸显且呈现集聚状态,主副功能和主副障碍功能空间异质性强且功能间依存度高;其中,乡村景观多功能性最大值区域为赵巷镇和朱家角镇,其值分别为3.44和3.02,低值区域为金泽镇和徐泾镇,其值分别为1.48和1.45;11个乡镇的主导功能和副功能均差为0.007,主副障碍功能均差为0.005。该研究以期为将来开展乡村景观规划与景观管理研究提供科学依据。     

文化遗址的景观敏感度评价及可持续利用--以新疆塔什库尔干石头城为例

文化遗址景观是人类社会所共同拥有的文化和文明延续的载体,是我国重要的文化景观类型,也是重要的景观资源。文化遗址景观的脆弱性一直是关系到遗址景观保护与持续利用方式的关键因素。本文以石头城为案例,以文化遗址景观敏感度研究为出发点,在对景观生态敏感度、景观视觉敏感度和景观建筑及其环境敏感度评价的基础上,对遗址景观敏感度进行综合评价。以敏感度评价为基础,探讨基于敏感度的遗址可持续利用对策。     

山东南部景观生态特征研究

以地貌和基质为基本线索,以植被为标志,建立了山东南部的景观生态分类系统。该系统为二级分类系统,包括７个景观型、１７个景观亚型。以景观亚型或景观亚型的组合为基本制图单位,以１：１００万土壤图为基础底图,参考多种比例尺的卫星照片、植被图、土地利用图、地貌图等,编制了山东南部１：１００万景观生态类型图;在景观生态类型图上量算了各景观亚型的面积,并且分析了山东南部主要景观型的生态问题,据此提出了相应的生态对策。     

Developing open space networks in shrinking cities

Urban green spaces provide essential ecosystem services and improve resident quality of life, but open space networks are often fragmented by urban development, and it is difficult to reclaim natural lands after they have been built up. Shrinking cities (i.e., cities experiencing population decline) typically contain an abundance of vacant and abandoned residential buildings that are demolished for safety and maintenance reasons. The resulting empty lots can potentially be reclaimed as natural areas to defragment the green network and increase open space connectivity. To date however, planning efforts have largely ignored post-demolition land uses for these lots, allowing many to become empty wastelands. This research approaches this gap by presenting an alternative plan for residential demolition sites using landscape ecology principles and methods to incorporate them into the open space network. Using Buffalo, NY – a typical rustbelt shrinking city – as a case study, areas most at risk for experiencing demolitions are identified using a clustering technique, and each building within the cluster is assigned a likelihood it will be demolished using a logit model. Properties with the highest risk for demolition are then prioritized based on their ability to contribute to and connect the open space network using landscape connectivity metrics. Results indicate the approach can foster large increases in green network connectivity using small parcels (a 356% increase in total open space area was observed in this study after three years of purposeful selection), allowing cities to reclaim unused urban areas and defragment the open space network.     

1990 年以来广州市土地覆被景观的时空梯度分异

取1990 年、1995 年、2000 年和2005 年4 个时相覆盖广州市的TM 遥感影像为数据源, 经非监督分类及人工目视解译, 获得研究区各时相土地覆被类型图。以高速公路为轴线 应用缓冲区技术, 形成南北和东西两条样带, 同时以城市中心区域向外等距扩展而形成辐射状梯度圈。通过样带和梯度圈剪裁形成土地覆被类型图, 计算土地覆被类型图的景观指数, 分析广州市15 年间土地覆被动态过程, 揭示区域景观动态的方向和梯度分异特征。数量结构与样带研究结果表明: 广州市因经济发展而使土地覆被景观恶化的趋势已得到一定程度的遏制, 城市发展逐步进入理性控制阶段, 但是存在方向分异, 东西样带上的土地覆被景观的多样性持续下降, 斑块破碎化程度加剧; 辐射梯度圈研究结果显示, 向外围扩展的城市化过程使广州市呈现出多个次级中心的格局, 对城市土地覆被景观的干扰强度自中心城区向郊区递减, 方向分异不显著; 东南方向的辐射梯度圈内土地覆被景观的分维数和多样性指数变化特征表明, 自2000 年始, 经济发展已开始侵占南部海域。     

德国鲁尔区工业地域变迁的模式与启示

本文在分析鲁尔工业区的历史演变过程及其经济转型引起的失业,污染,停产,人口流失,社会形象下降等一系列问题的基础上,总结了鲁尔工业区改造过程中所采取的产业政策,政府导向,财政补贴和发展工业旅游景观的措施,介绍了埃姆什工业改造样板的发展。通过对鲁尔工业区地域结构转型模式,探讨了这一模式对我国东北老工业基地改造的启示。     

面向开发利用的广东省海湾分类及变化分析

海湾是镶嵌在海岸线上的明珠,是人类开发海洋和进入内陆的桥头堡,其分类方法多样,大体是从自然属性或地貌的角度出发的.随着人类经济开发强度的加大,针对海湾开发利用的分类方法成为开发规划或管理的重要科学基础.为此,就海湾滩涂开发利用与管理考虑,提出了确定海湾范围的标准及海湾分类的定量指标,完成了对广东海湾的分类.并以此为基础,利用多时期的遥感解译数据,分析了各种类型海湾20年来的开发利用变化,得到的结果与海湾实际情况相符,即广东海湾的岸线曲折度整体增加,说明海湾岸线在后退情况下,并没有趋于平直化.而是由于有些岸段的侵蚀加剧而使得海湾岸线的曲率变大.而广东海湾受围海造田、淤积等因素影响大多海湾在岸线后退的情况下海湾水域面积却在减少.因此,在以后的海湾开发利用中,应合理规划,保护海湾的生态平衡,促进海湾的健康发展.     

Dynamic changes and transitions of agricultural landscape patterns in mountainous areas: A case study from the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Analyzing the agricultural landscape patterns in mountainous areas is critical to clarify the dynamic changes and development direction of agricultural landscapes. This also plays a significant role in the rational planning and management of agricultural land. A theoretical framework for agricultural landscape pattern transitions in mountainous areas is proposed to fill the gap of current research with an empirical study in the Caotangxi Watershed, Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA), China. The transition characteristics of agricultural landscape patterns from 2000 to 2018 as represented by sloping farmland, abandoned land, and orchards are analyzed from a holistic-local perspective. The results indicate that the orchards expanded along river valleys, and abandoned land expanded at high elevations, which led to reduced sloping farmland. This phenomenon gives regional landscape differences at the holistic and local levels. Namely, it enhances the region’s holistic landscape diversity but causes fragmentation and aggregation of landscape patches in local areas. The agricultural landscape pattern transitions within the farming range in the study area are manifested primarily in four modes: sloping farmland-orchard conversion type (FOCT), comprehensive conversion type (CCT), partially abandoned type (PAT), and wholly abandoned type (WAT). Each transition mode reveals different development stages of the mountainous agricultural landscape patterns. In general, the agricultural landscape pattern transition is driven by socioeconomic factors in mountainous areas of the TGRA and is bidirectional. This attribute is expressed as the transition from the traditional grain-planting landscape with an even distribution to the eco-economic win-win orchard in valleys and transitions from sloping farmland to abandoned land in high-elevation areas. Overall, the results of this study reveal the uniqueness of agricultural landscape pattern evolutions in China’s mountainous areas in recent decades, which has enlightened the in-depth understandings of rural land use and agricultural ecosystems in mountainous areas of the TGRA, as well as improvements in rural developments and ecological environments.     

全球文化景观遗产的时空分布及列入标准分析

经过长期的探索,自1992 年文化景观被正式列入世界文化遗产类型到2013 年的20 余年间,共有54个国家和地区的85 项文化景观遗产诞生。文章以联合国教科文组织世界遗产官网的文化景观遗产信息为数据源,统计并分析其时空分布、评价标准和遗产类别,结果显示：1）文化景观遗产数量在20 a间呈持续增长趋势,欧洲增长趋势与全球类似,亚洲增长潜力大;2）文化景观遗产集中分布在气候条件适宜人类生活且经济较发达的北半球中纬地区,欧美地区文化景观遗产数量超过全球的50%。大洲中欧洲约占全球的一半,亚洲其次,遗产大国以欧洲发达国家如意大利（6 项）、法国（5 项）、英国（4 项）和德国（4 项）为主,中国也已有4 项;3）入选的85 项遗产主要符合评价标准（iii）、（iv）和（v）,说明文化景观遗产价值的评价焦点为表现遗产地独特人地关系的持续演进和延续能力;4）对51 项文化景观遗产类型进行的统计表明：具有持续特征的有机演进类约占60%,是国际主要关注类型;5）世界文化景观遗产全球共识将在未来使其空间分布相对均衡,中国尚有较大的申报空间,重构文化景观遗产类别将利于其申报和保护。