沟谷生态经济区的创意与景观规划设计——以北京市西部山区的规划实践为基础

本文在系统考虑大城市周围山区传统产业的局限性、传统农业的低效性和大城市新兴产业的蓬勃发展、可持续发展战略的深入实施以及大城市周围地区发展的客观需求等因素的基础上，在北京西部山区沟谷景观规划实践的基础上，提出了沟谷生态经济区的发展模式，从景观设计的角度对生态经济沟的创意和设计进行了深入探讨。主要内容有沟谷生态经济区的概念、功能、市场定位（区位选择、和产品选择与组合）、总体景观规划（景观意像、行为特征）和沟谷立地景观设计（景观构成、品牌设计、功能区设计、时序性设计、立地配置、环境净化与生态保护方案以及开发经营管理方案）。     

峡谷区域水电开发景观影响评价——以怒江为例

水电开发的环境影响评价近年来日益受到重视。景观影响评价是一个重要的内容。在简要 阐述水电开发的景观影响评价的相关概念及意义之后,首先阐述了峡谷区域水电开发的景观影 响及评价方法,然后以怒江为例, 具体探讨了峡谷区域水电开发景观影响评价的过程与结果。通 过设计一系列景观测度参数,包括可视域损失、大坝视觉影响范围、高差损失、景点改变、峡谷急 流损失等, 并利用GIS 进行模拟,基于计算结果对水电建设对峡谷整体和局部景观影响以及坝址 各段建库适宜性进行了评价。最后指出, 在怒江这样的急流高山峡谷上建坝应该慎而又慎, 其决 策应参考包含景观影响评价在内的环境影响评价, 并应逐步完善此方面的立法。     

太行山区河谷内居民点的特征及其分布格局的研究--以河北省阜平县为例

以河北省阜平县的5条河流主流河谷为案例，全面分析了河谷内居民点的斑块特征和分布格局，表明，河谷内的居民点位置基本是在的向阳一侧靠近坡脚的地方，一般以狭长形状为主；居民点面积在河谷面积中所占的比例在各个河段的变化很大，但不同河流居民点面积占河谷面积的比例十分接近，在10%-17%的范围内变支。在研究区内，河段内居民点的面积与河谷面积、河谷内农田面积是呈正相关的，表明本地区河谷内的居民对河谷土地具有很强的依赖性；河谷内的居民点增加使河谷林木急剧减少，但居民点内部和周围的河谷林木为其安全性、舒适性提供了保障。     

沟域经济的地域类型识别研究——以北京市门头沟区为例

以村庄为基本单元,结合实地调研和村庄级统计材料,收集门头沟区18条典型沟域的沟域经济发展数据。在对其沟域经济类型区进行研究的基础上,对地域类型进行了划分,并探讨了不同地域类型下的沟域经济空间结构。根据熵权一层次模型,结合实地调研数据、专家意见及村庄级资料,研究得出沟域平均海拔、区位条件等是沟域经济地域类型划分的主导要素...     

三江平原湿地景观生态制图分类系统研究

湿地景观生态制图分类系统的研究是景观制图的关键。以三江平原为研究区域,在研究湿地景观生态制图分类原则的基础上,系统地分析了引起该区域景观分异的主导因素,得出人文因素,水文因素,地貌和植被因素为其主志因素,从而建立了一套完整的景观生态制图分类系统,第一级按人类活动影响程度划分为：自然湿地景观,半自然湿地景观,人工湿地景观,第二级按地貌划分为：河漫滩,阶地,湖滨,洼地,谷地;第三级对沼泽湿地植被２５种     

Interactions Between Airflow and Valley Topography with Implications for Aeolian Sediment Transport

The local topography of a landscape can have a profound influence on airflow characteristics and cause modifications to broader synoptic scale winds. This paper reports the results of a preliminary field study examining the effects of a valley on wind velocity and direction. Anemometers and wind vanes were used to measure airflow characteristics upwind, within and downwind of a 20 m deep and 175 m wide dry valley in the central Namib desert. The field data indicate an upwind region of flow acceleration, a minimum in flow velocity in the center of the valley, flow acceleration toward a maximum at the downwind valley edge and subsequent deceleration toward starting velocities downwind of this edge. The development of a flow separation region at the leading edge of the valley and the range of flow distortion are affected by the incident angle of the approaching wind to the axis of the valley. A conceptual model indicating the potential implications of these findings for aeolian sediment transport processes in the vicinity of dryland valleys is presented.     

文化遗址的景观敏感度评价及可持续利用--以新疆塔什库尔干石头城为例

文化遗址景观是人类社会所共同拥有的文化和文明延续的载体,是我国重要的文化景观类型,也是重要的景观资源。文化遗址景观的脆弱性一直是关系到遗址景观保护与持续利用方式的关键因素。本文以石头城为案例,以文化遗址景观敏感度研究为出发点,在对景观生态敏感度、景观视觉敏感度和景观建筑及其环境敏感度评价的基础上,对遗址景观敏感度进行综合评价。以敏感度评价为基础,探讨基于敏感度的遗址可持续利用对策。     

Landforms and landscape evolution in the Skardu,Shigar and Braldu Valleys,Central Karakoram

The Central Karakoram, which includes K2 in Pakistan, is one of the most rapidly rising areas on Earth and exhibits complex topography and extreme relief. Impressive valley fills and glacial landforms are present throughout the valleys. The dynamics of landscape evolution of the region are currently not well understood. Consequently, the landforms were mapped and assessed in the Skardu, Shigar, and Braldu valleys, to elucidate the spatio-temporal scale dependencies of surface processes active in the region. These valleys were examined using geomorphic field methods, remote sensing, geomorphometry, and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCNs) surface exposure dating. The glaciers in this region have oscillated considerably throughout the Late Quaternary, and four glacial stages have been recognized including at least six glacial advances. Surface processes readjusted after glacier retreat, and ubiquitous mass movements and catastrophic landsliding transported material from steep slopes to valley bottoms, while glaciofluvial meltwater and glacier outburst floods redistributed sediment down valley. Glacier geochronology and late Holocene ages of the outburst flood deposits indicate that landscape evolution has been dominated by glaciation and paraglaciation during the late Quaternary.     

论太行山地区旅游风景地貌资源

太行山地区的旅游风景地貌由深切的河谷、高耸的山地及山顶平台和山地与河谷之间的山坡等三种地貌类型组成。它可使旅游者既享受到幽深、雅静、古朴的谷地风情 ,又欣赏到争奇斗艳的山地景色 ,还饱览到一览众山小 ,心旷神怡的山顶风光。它呈S—N向的带状 ,分布在太行山地区不同山地的不同海拔高度上 ,又往往与地质构造带和山前多雨带相吻合。其形成与地貌发育史密切相关 ,时代均不超过 5 5MaBP以来的新生代。     

缅甸伊洛瓦底江中游谷地的景观评价

缅甸伊洛瓦底江中游保地,是著名的干旱地带,利用遥感和地面观测进行数据采集,通过地理信息系统技术进行数据分析,采用数字化景观分析,经判读和分析,对研究区景观的独特性,结构异质性和动态性进行论述,最后对景观生态建设,提出了规划决策方案,兴修水利,保护和修复森林植被,开发新能源,控制生态资源的消耗,改善耕作制度,提高景观效益。     

中国南方传统聚落景观区划及其利用价值

聚落文化景观是文化景观研究的最有效的切入点。由于中国南方地区较为多样化的地理环境和文化背景,传统聚落景观的多样化特点比北方地区表现得更为鲜明。不同地方环境与文化背景下的南方传统聚落景观,表现出较为明显的地域分异和景观意象差异,从而划分出识别性较强的8个聚落景观区和40个景观亚区。8个聚落景观区为:Ⅰ.江浙水乡聚落景观区;Ⅱ.皖赣徽商聚落景观区;Ⅲ.闽粤赣边客家聚落景观区;Ⅳ.浙南闽台沿海丘陵聚落景观区;Ⅴ.岭南广府聚落景观区;Ⅵ.湘鄂赣平原山地聚落景观区;Ⅶ.云贵高原及桂西北多民族聚落景观区;Ⅷ.四川盆地及周边巴蜀聚落景观区。南方传统聚落景观区的保护与利用价值主要表现在其独特的遗产价值、科学价值、美学价值及旅游价值。     

Towards an integration of process measurements, archive analysis and modelling in geomorphology — the Kärkevagge experimental site, Abisko area, northern Sweden

The analysis of Holocene geomorphic process activity demands long–term data sets, which are available for the Kärkevagge catchment due to 50 years of intensive geomorphologic field studies. This data set is used in combination with additional field measurements, remote sensing and digital elevation model (DEM) analysis to provide input data for modelling Holocene valley development. On the basis of this information, geomorphic process units (GPUs) are defined by means of GIS modelling. These units represent areas of homogeneous process composition that transfer sediments. Since the data base enables the quantification of single processes, the interaction of processes within the units can also be quantified. Applying this concept permits calculation of recent sediment transfer rates and hence leads to a better understanding of actual geomorphic landscape development activity. To extrapolate these data in time and space the process–related sediments in the valley are analysed for depth and total volume, primarily using geophysical methods. In this fashion the validity of measured process rates is evaluated for the Holocene time scale. Results from this analysis are exemplified in a cross–profile showing some of the principal sediment units in the valley. For example, the measured modern rates on a slush torrent debris fan seem to represent the Holocene mean rate. This approach should also be suitable for revealing Holocene geomorphic landscape development in terms of climate change.     

高速公路建设对山地景观格局的影响--以云南省澜沧江流域为例

以云南省土地利用图为基本图件,借助地理信息系统软件,运用景观生态学原理和方法研究云南省国际大通道建设对山地景观格局的影响,选择了澜沧江流域中下游两个典型区公路段,通过计算不同缓冲区景观格局指数的变化来定量化研究公路建设对景观格局影响规律。结果表明,道路修建直接导致景观格局改变,斑块数目、斑块密度、边缘密度和分维数增加,景观异质性增加;进一步研究表明,道路建设对缓冲区200 m内的景观格局直接影响最大,200 m外的影响趋于缓和;而多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同缓冲区变化不是很大;分析结果也表明,澜沧江中下游土地利用的空间分异和地貌差异也导致道路建设对景观格局影响不同。     

Towards an integration of process measurements, archive analysis and modelling in geomorphology — the Kärkevagge experimental site, Abisko area, northern Sweden

The analysis of Holocene geomorphic process activity demands long–term data sets, which are available for the Kärkevagge catchment due to 50 years of intensive geomorphologic field studies. This data set is used in combination with additional field measurements, remote sensing and digital elevation model (DEM) analysis to provide input data for modelling Holocene valley development. On the basis of this information, geomorphic process units (GPUs) are defined by means of GIS modelling. These units represent areas of homogeneous process composition that transfer sediments. Since the data base enables the quantification of single processes, the interaction of processes within the units can also be quantified. Applying this concept permits calculation of recent sediment transfer rates and hence leads to a better understanding of actual geomorphic landscape development activity. To extrapolate these data in time and space the process–related sediments in the valley are analysed for depth and total volume, primarily using geophysical methods. In this fashion the validity of measured process rates is evaluated for the Holocene time scale. Results from this analysis are exemplified in a cross–profile showing some of the principal sediment units in the valley. For example, the measured modern rates on a slush torrent debris fan seem to represent the Holocene mean rate. This approach should also be suitable for revealing Holocene geomorphic landscape development in terms of climate change.     

不同道路类型对澜沧江流域景观的生态影响

生境破碎化引发一系列潜在的生态效应,定量表达道路建设造成破碎化特征对于道路生态系统管理具有重要意义。针对澜沧江流域,利用GIS和FragStat软件,通过情景分析,分析了不同级别道路建设对景观的影响。结果表明:澜沧江流域一级路所影响面积最大,三级路最小,而影响的斑块数目则为一级路>二级路>三级路>高速路;生态系统影响面积为林地>草地>旱地>灌丛>水田>建设用地,斑块数目以旱地最高,其次为林地。情景分析表明,随着道路的建设和规划方案的实施,影响域内斑块平均面积减少,斑块数目、平均分维数增加,但总体上,高速路建设对生境破碎化的贡献率较小。土壤侵蚀分布结果表明,侵蚀面积为一级路>二级路>高速路>三级路。     

元谋干热河谷近50年分季节降水变化的DFA分析

运用消除趋势波动分析法(DFA)分析元谋干热河谷1956～2006年分季节降水量变化趋势,对1978～2006年进行滑移分析.结果表明,元谋干热河谷分季节降水量时间序列至少在50 a的尺度上具有微弱的Hurst效应:夏、冬季具有较弱的长期持续性及较强的随机性,春、秋季具有较弱的反持续性.植被生物量和盖度的年际和季节变化所引起的下垫面性质改变,是干热河谷分季节降水量变化的重要原因.元谋干热河谷降水量的变化对当地植被恢复和农业生产活动等具有较强的指导意义.     

克里雅河流域生态环境变化与水资源合理利用

水是极端干旱区重要的环境资源。由于自然因素的影响,克里雅河历史时期的沙漠化过程表现为水文网系缩短,天然绿洲沦为沙漠;现代环境变化主要由人类经济活动引起,一方面于田绿洲面积扩大,生产发展。另一方面人类不得当的干涉,造成了环境的不利变化,特别是对下游天然绿洲。以流域为单元的国土整治,合理开发利用水资源是确保生态环境稳定的基础。大河沿天然绿洲在探索干旱区环境变化和植物演替中,有特殊意义的自然景观地域,拟建为自然保护区,每年确保1.0-1.5亿m³水量是必需的和可行的。于田绿洲发展与保护区建立是相辅相成的,共寓于统一的流域生态系统之中,搞好土地生态规划,建立合理的农林牧生态结构和布局,搞好流域土地生态系统功能管理,以期取得良好经济效益和生态效益。     

罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游资源评价与开发研究

本文对罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游进行资源评价与开发研究,分析了罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游资源的特征,并对区内各雅丹地貌景观异同进行了对比,通过SWOT分析定性评价了罗布泊雅丹地貌的旅游开发条件,认为罗布泊雅丹地貌已经具备一定的旅游规模,有很大的开发潜力。从旅游资源价值、旅游区位条件、旅游市场条件3方面定量评价了罗布泊各雅丹地貌分区的旅游资源,认为三垄沙和龙城属于1级景区,宜重点开发;白龙堆和楼兰雅丹属于2级景区,宜特色开发;阿奇克谷地属于3级景区,是辅助资源。运用面状容量法测算了雅丹地貌区的旅游环境容量并分析了罗布泊雅丹旅游生命周期变化过程。最后,提出了罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游开发策略。     

巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态评价及持续利用

流域是重要的景观生态空间和游憩景观建设空间。游憩景观生态适宜性评价与规划是合理利用流域资源,建立流域协调景观体系,促进流域可持续发展的重要环节。以巩乃斯河流域景观空间为依托,以游憩景观生态适宜性评价为核心,通过景观旷奥度和相容度的核心评价和综合评价,研究了巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态适宜性特征,探讨了巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态保护、游憩景观资源可持续利用的重点途径。