富碱岩长石结构态及其地质意义

采用X射线衍射法研究了16个碱性岩和碱性花岗岩体长石的结构态,获得了122个数据,并对样品进行探针或化学分析。这些富碱岩都以碱性长石为主,有单斜、三斜钾长石,以及由它们和钠长石组成的条纹长石。钾长石分属各种结构态,钠长石有中、低钠长石,钾、钠长石在一些岩体中体现了由高→低结构态有序化演化进程。长右结构态与矿物温度计所获得的资料得到了很好的对照,表明了长石Si/Al有序程度主要受结晶温度的影响。     

含钠长石翡翠成因探讨

为详细探讨含钠长石翡翠的成因机制,笔者选取了若干来自缅甸的含钠长石翡翠,对其进行了详细的岩相学、矿物化学等方面的研究。含钠长石翡翠样品属于豆青种,主要由硬玉、钠长石、方沸石和少量的多硅白云母、钡铝硅酸盐等矿物组成。其中的硬玉发育清晰的环带结构,成分从核部至边缘发生规律性的成分变化。翡翠同时受到两期后期流体活动的改造,第一期以钠长石为代表,第二期以方沸石为代表,流体的改造作用使硬玉呈现碎裂状、碎斑状结构和交代穿孔等结构。结果表明,含钠长石翡翠样品表现出从成岩流体中直接结晶的特点,该流体富集Na、Al、Si、K、Ba以及少量的Ca、Fe、Mg等元素,微量元素则相对富集LREE、HFSE和sr等元素。结合前人的研究结果以及该玉石中的矿物反应关系,笔者推测缅甸翡翠形成的压力和温度范围分别在6-14kbar和300℃-450℃。     

华南陡山沱组磷块岩中微米级自形钠长石的发现及其可能成因

文中报道了在华南新元古代震旦纪陡山沱组磷块岩中首次发现的大量微米级自形长石。岩相学观察显示这些长石为自形-半自形板-柱状,呈团聚状或分散状产于砂级胶磷矿颗粒中,粒径大多在10~30μm,光学显微镜下无法观察到双晶。扫描电镜能谱(EDS)半定量分析表明这些自形长石为钠长石。电子探针(EPMA)分析显示所测样品钠长石端员(Ab)平均含量为97.96%,与典型自生钠长石成分一致。钠长石所包裹有机质的拉曼光谱特征指示其经历的最高温度不超过350℃,排除了其来源于高温的岩浆岩或高级变质岩的可能性。以上资料表明这些微米级自形长石为典型的自生成因高纯钠长石,可能形成于磷块岩的早期成岩阶段。自生钠长石与丝状化石常相伴出现,与前人通过嗜碱菌还原黏土矿物实验所获得微米级长石及微生物的产出关系相似;钠长石核部可见富含有机质,表明后者可能促进了矿物的生长。文中提出磷块岩中自生钠长石的成因模式:钠长石的Al和Si来自于黏土矿物的分解,该过程可能受嗜碱微生物介导;Al和Si与来源于海水或碳氟磷灰石晶格中的Na~+结合,在低温条件下结晶形成高纯度钠长石。微生物及其相关有机分子可能为钠长石结晶提供了成核点。     

翡翠的矿物组成特征及其质量

通过翡翠的矿物组成研究 ,其主要由辉石族的矿物 (硬玉、绿辉石、霓石、钠铬辉石 )组成 ,还有少量的闪石族矿物、长石族矿物以及绿泥石和铬铁矿、褐铁矿、赤铁矿等组成 ,他们的含量变化直接影响着翡翠的种类。在矿物组成中 ,硬玉呈不同的绿色 ,这些颜色的多少与分布特征直接影响着翡翠的颜色特征和档次。绿辉石、钠铬辉石含量少 ,在翡翠中呈黑绿色 ,它们的存在使翡翠的档次降低。闪石族矿物主要是蓝色的钠铝质闪石 ,翡翠中的飘“蓝花”就是由于它们造成的。长石族矿物主要是钠长石 ,颗粒细小 ,在翡翠中其含量 1.0 %～ 8.0 %。翡翠中主要的矿物形态以粒状为主 ,矿物的颗粒越细 ,翡翠的透明度、质地也越好。建议将翡翠定义为 :“在地质作用过程中主要由钠质或钠钙质辉石组成的达到玉级的集合体。”     

松辽盆地白垩系砂岩长石碎屑的钠长石化作用

松辽盆地白垩系砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为特征。砂岩中发育长石碎屑、岩屑等不稳定组分，而且随着埋藏深度加深（成岩作用加强）钾长石逐渐减少并最终在2700m以下消失。斜长石碎屑中钠长石组分逐渐增多，钙长石组分逐渐减少，最终形成纯钠端元的钠长石。在成岩过程中长石碎屑的钠长石化主要有3种方式：①由离子交代作用导致长石碎屑的钠长石化；②长石碎屑边缘钠长石次生生长；③与长石碎屑溶解伴生的新生钠长石作用。结合热动力学平衡原理分析，斜长石的钠长石化基本不受成岩温度和压力的制约，而钾长石的钠长石化需要较高的成岩温度和压力作用才能进行。因此，斜长石的钠长石化可见于成岩早期，而钾长石的钠长石化只发生于成岩晚期。     

八三玉的命名及其与天然翡翠的鉴别

八三玉问世以来，多数人认为其主要矿物成份为钠长石，定名为钠长石玉。其实八三玉的主要矿物成份是硬玉和少量闪石类、辉石类矿物组成的质粗水平的硬玉岩，属翡翠的一个新玉种。八三玉颗粒较粗，结构疏松，解理微裂隙发育，但经优化处理后可提高透明度、增强牢固性，改善其色泽和外观，可提高八三玉饰品的商业价值。八三玉作为缅甸翡翠的一个新玉种，其商贸名称仍可沿用，但其饰品在是鉴定时应采用国家标准定名为翡翠（处理）。     

碱性长石、斜长石和三元长石的〔110〕测定法

长石广泛分布于各种火成岩、变质岩及沉积岩中,是地壳内十分丰富和重要的一种造岩矿物。甚至在月岩、陨石中也可见到许多斜长石。因此长石一直是国际矿物界所关注的矿物族。本文主要介绍X射线分析长石的基本原理和方法,着重介绍适用于碱性长石、斜长石和三元长石的克罗尔(Kroll)的亡〔110〕法,并对各种方法加以对比、综述。研究长石的主要内容是测定长石的成分和结构态,即确定长石中的Al,Si比例及Al在四面体位置上的含量(占有率),搞清Al、Si有序无序分布特点。     

内蒙固阳中长石的宝石学特征及成因初探

利用XRD,EPMA,LA-ICPMS等测试分析技术初步研究了内蒙古固阳县产出的砂矿型宝石级中长石样品的化学成分与矿物结构,结果表明,固阳中长石样品的晶胞参数为：ao=0．8167nm,bo=1．2811nm,co=0．7109nm,α=93°43′,β=116°16′,γ=89°58′;其中具代表性的2块样品G-1与G-2的化学分子式分别为：K0.03Na0.51Ca0.44Al1.39Si2.60O8和K0.03Na0.50Ca0.45Al1．40Si2.59O8,其端员分子式分别为Ab52An45Or3和Ab51An45Or3,轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集,整体上呈现Eu的正异常。固阳中长石样品中Δ2θ（131-131）=1．91,其有序度为0．5,形成温度约为700℃,这表明固阳中长石可能形成于一种中高温火山岩或深成岩环境。     

翡翠的矿物组成、结构与命名

翡翠是一种高档的玉石,由于其价值高,而常出现仿冒品或以次充好的情况。为此,笔者对翡翠的矿物组成、结构进行了研究,探讨了矿物组成、结构对翡翠质量的影响以及翡翠的命名。研究结果表明,翡翠的矿物组成比较复杂,主要矿物有硬玉、霓石、透辉石、钙铁辉石、钠铬辉石和钠长石,其次有角闪石、绿泥石和铬铁矿等。因主要组成矿物的含量不同,翡翠的类型不同,其中以硬玉型翡翠为主。翡翠的结构以粒状变晶结构为主,它直接影响着翡翠的质量;翡翠中矿物的颗粒越细,透明度越高,质量越好,反之亦然。依据翡翠的矿物组成特征以及国际命名习惯,翡翠的英文名称应以“Feicui”取代“Jadeite”。     

缅甸翡翠原石中角闪石族矿物的形成

缅甸是世界上优质翡翠的最重要产地,角闪石族矿物是缅甸翡翠中的常见矿物。对缅甸翡翠原石进行手标本、薄片偏光显微镜观察和电子探针测试,结果表明,翡翠原石组成矿物的形成顺序为岩浆锆石→热液锆石和硬玉→绿辉石→Ca质角闪石→Na-Ca、Na质角闪石→钠长石,岩石形成后受到后期应力作用使部分角闪石族矿物发生变形。Ca质角闪石形成后,晚期Na-Al-Si流体和富Ca、Mg和Fe的浅闪石发生反应,形成了Na-Ca质、Na质角闪石,包括钠透闪石,蓝闪石和镁铝钠闪石。随压力的降低,残余流体在早期形成矿物颗粒之间沉淀结晶出钠长石。矿物的化学成分和矿物种类及结构对翡翠的品质有重要影响,硬玉中的Cr及角闪石矿物的存在导致了翡翠绿色深浅的变化。组成矿物的形态及颗粒大小、排列的紧密程度,影响翡翠的质地和透明度等外观特征。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861