砂岩储层中有机酸对主要矿物的溶蚀作用及机理研究综述

砂岩储层中有机酸对矿物的溶解和沉淀在很大程度上影响着次生孔隙的发育。研究发现，有机酸之所以能提高石英的溶蚀速率和长石的溶解度，主要是由于在矿物的表面及溶液中形成络合物，有效地降低了矿物表面反应的活化能及溶液中硅、铝离子浓度的结果。有机酸与粘土矿物的吸附或催化反应可抑制长石等其他矿物的溶解。有机酸与CO2一起共同控制着体系中碳酸盐的溶解或沉淀。     

苏皖坡缕石粘土中蛋白石特征及其成因意义

TEM和XRD研究表明，在苏皖坡缕石粘土矿床的蛋白石坡缕石层中存在0pal-A和0pal-CT两种结构的蛋白石。蛋白石坡缕石层主要含坡缕石、opal-A、opal-CT，以及少量白云石和其它矿物，由富opal-A层和富opal-CT层互层组成，交互层的厚度在几个厘米左右。蛋白石坡缕石层中的矿物基本是自生矿物，从蒸发湖水中化学沉淀形成。矿物组成特征研究表明，蛋白石坡缕石层的矿物组分(Si、Mg、Al)来源于盆地周围玄武岩淋滤的浅层地下水。根据Opal-A和Opal-CT溶解度图解和城缕石、白云石形成物理化学条件图解，当湖水具有高浓度溶解SiO2和Mg^2 时，有利于opal-A和坡缕石形成，当湖水具有低浓度溶解SiO2时，有利于opal-CT结晶。因此，沉淀SiO2的结构状态取决于地下水补给的湖水溶解SiO2浓度。富opal-A和富opal-CT交互层的形成是古气候、古水文周期性变化的指示。富opal-CT层指示高地下水补给流入量，低蒸发量，湖水低盐度和溶解组分，代表湿润气候时期；而富opal-A层代表低地下水补给流入量，高蒸发量，高溶解组分浓度，代表干旱气候时期。     

不同有机酸对矿物溶解的动力学实验研究

用石英、微斜长石和方解石混合颗粒模拟碎屑组分分别与不同有机酸水溶液进行溶蚀实验,以比较储集层内不同矿物在含低分子量有机酸地层水中溶解的速率,并试图探讨矿物溶蚀的微观机理。结果表明：①所有矿物颗粒都发生了不同程度的溶解,表现为颗粒失重,溶液中SiO2和金属阳离子含量增加,pH值上升。②优先溶解的是方解石,其次是硅酸盐矿物。③温度增加,硅酸盐矿物在水中的溶解度明显增加,而方解石的溶解度基本不变。④由于不同有机酸与二氧化硅和金属阳离子生成的络合物稳定性不同,因此,在不同有机酸水溶液中,矿物的溶蚀速率有较大差别。多官能团有机酸的水溶液中,不同矿物有更大的溶解;但在含有丰富Ca2＋的草酸水溶液中,由于矿物颗粒表面难溶草酸钙的沉淀,方解石的溶解变得更加困难。⑤多官能团有机酸与SiO2形成的多环螯合物由于完全取代了硅氧四面体的氧原子,在水中具有高度稳定性,可能有助于(铝)硅酸盐的溶蚀和硅元素的迁移     

Au在SiO2—HCl—H2O体系中200℃溶解度测定：硅化对金矿化的意义初探

实验标定了200℃时Au与SiO2间的络合反应：热力学计算表明，在具地质意义的物理化学条件下，AuH3SiO40的浓度远远高于AuCl2-,指出以硅络合对Au的活化迁移比氯重要得多。在含硫和硅的体系中，随着SiO2的增高，AuH3SiO40的作用将比Au（HS）2-更显重要。Au在SiO2水溶液中的溶解可表述为：SiO的沉淀是导致Au沉淀析出的有效机制，因此说明硅化与金矿化具有内在的联系。     

天然黝铜矿的溶解实验初步研究

黝铜矿的溶解实验研究极为罕见。本文对取自我国云南金满脉状铜矿床中的天然黝铜矿在不同物化条件下的溶解特征进行了研究，初步探讨了Cu、Fe、Zn、As、Sb在中低温热液体系中的地球化学行为及黝铜矿的沉淀机理。结果表明：在酸性条件下，上述组分主要以氯络合物形式迁移，而在碱性条件下，则主要以碳酸的络合物形式迁移；温度的下降以及pH的降低或升高是导致本区黝铜矿大量沉淀的主要因素。     

铝钒土中有效铝和活性硅的测定

铝钒土是用来提取氧化铝的重要经济矿石，而氧化铝被冶炼为金属铝。评价铝钒土矿石的经济价值有两个重要指标：有效铝和活性硅。有效铝就是指利用模拟Bayer工艺条件下可以提出来的Al2O3的净含量。活性硅就是指在Bayer工艺条件下可以与NaOH反应的硅化物的含量。在低温Bayer冶炼工艺中，反应硅主要来源于黏土成分的溶解，随着工艺温度的提高，溶解的石英组分也会增加活性硅的含量。由于溶解的硅最后以硅铝钠方式沉淀下来，需要消耗NaOH，对成本有很大影响，所以活性硅的含量是铝矾土的重要指标。     

植物中硅矿化作用的硅同位素示踪研究

项目首次对田地生长的水稻与竹子和室内栽培水稻中氧化硅的含量、形态、分布及硅同位素组成进行了系统研究。研究发现水稻中的氧化硅含量有由根到茎、叶、稻壳逐渐增高的趋势, 但在米粒中含量急剧降低。竹子中的氧化硅含量也显由杆到枝、叶逐渐增高的趋势。在竹子和水稻的根部, 氧化硅都集中在内皮层;而在其地上部分(竿、枝、叶、壳), 氧化硅主要出现于外皮层。在单株水稻和竹子中都发现不同器官间存在显著的、系统的硅同位素分馏。水稻的? 30Si显示有由根到茎降低, 而后向叶、壳和米逐渐增高的趋势。竹子的? 30Si也显由根到竿降低, 而后向枝、叶增高的趋势。这种硅同位素变化可能是由植株内体液中的溶解硅在竿、枝、叶、壳相继沉淀出氧化硅时, 产生瑞利过程的硅同位素分馏的结果。研究得出竹子和水稻中溶解硅与沉淀硅间的硅同位素分馏系数分别为0.9981和0.9996。研究发现水稻根和竹根从土壤溶液中吸取硅时, 也存在硅同位素动力分馏。竹子与水稻吸收硅与土壤可溶硅之间的硅同位素分馏系数分别为0.9988和0.9989。研究得出：1)水稻与竹子由外界吸收的含硅化合物主要为正硅酸;2)被动吸收是其吸收硅的重要形式;3)蒸发作用是硅在这些植物中迁移和沉淀的主要机制。研究结果为理解植物中硅吸收、搬运和沉淀硅的方式与机制和探讨植物在硅、碳生物地球化学循环方面的作用提供了可靠的证据     

不同温度、羧酸溶液中长石溶解模拟实验

报道了在100℃、140℃下微斜长石在不同羧酸溶液中的溶解实验数据。通过实验表明1)反应温度增高,可增强溶液中阳离子的活性和迁移性,加快长石溶解的反应速率,促进长石的溶解。2)在强酸性条件下,pH值的变化可影响长石的溶解。但在中等酸性条件下,pH值对长石的溶解影响很小。3)羧酸(乙二酸)可不同程度地促进长石溶解,可通过形成乙二酸络合物的形式,增加离子在溶液中的溶解度。但乙酸络合物的作用不明显。长石溶蚀导致岩石孔隙度变大,并且改善孔喉性质。同时,由于乙二酸络合物的存在,增加了Si在溶液中的溶解度,阻止了石英加大和其它成因SiO₂的生成,有利于次生孔隙和原生孔隙的保存。4)长石溶解使溶液中Al的浓度较高,但由于铝-羧酸络合物的亲油性比亲水性强,故有一部分Al被分配到油相中,这也是目前大多数油田水中Al浓度偏低的主要原因。     

含钴试料中锌的极谱测定

用Ca-EDTA作Co的掩蔽剂，再以NaOH溶液解蔽Zn－EDTA络合物，示波极谱法测定含钴试料中Zn。方法用于分析质量分数w（Zn）为0．1％－3％的矿石样品，结果与王水溶解－原子吸收法测定结果相符。对样品进行精密度检验，相对标准偏差（RSD，n＝5）＜10％。     

华北蓟县中元古界剖面中燧石条带的形成机制——硼硅同位素证据

天津蓟县中新元古界海相沉积碳酸盐岩建造中分布大量燧石条带,特别是雾迷山组燧石条带与白云岩互层密集产出,沉积韵律非常明显,记录了其形成时海洋的化学和生物等信息,但关于其成因和形成机制还存在不同的认识。我们对蓟县中元古界剖面中碳酸盐岩的硼同位素和燧石条带的硅氧同位素进行了系统研究。燧石条带的 δ 30 Si NBS 28 值为0. 6‰~3. 3‰,平均2. 2‰,较热水化学沉积硅质岩的 δ 30 Si NBS 28 值显著偏高,与浅海生物沉积硅质岩的硅同位素组成相近。燧石条带的 δ 18 O V SMOW 值为21. 7‰~27. 8‰,平均25. 5‰,较热液成因硅质岩的值明显偏高,而与常温海相硅质岩的 δ 18 O值相似。蓟县剖面白云岩和灰岩等碳酸盐岩的 δ 11 B SRM 951 值为0‰~11. 0‰之间,平均4. 8‰,较现代海相碳酸盐的值明显偏低。高于庄组至雾迷山组燧石条带白云岩的 δ 11 B值普遍高于白云岩和灰岩的值,在3. 3‰~12. 9‰之间,平均8. 4‰。在酸性条件下富集重硼同位素的B(OH) 3掺入碳酸盐的比例增加,可导致其 δ 11 B值升高。这表明燧石条带白云岩可能形成于局部酸性水环境。结合碳酸盐和SiO 2溶解/沉淀与pH之间相互关系,提出蓟县剖面中的燧石条带是一种具有时代特征的同沉积的生物化学沉积硅质岩。中元古代海水中SiO 2浓度高,基本呈饱和状态,Mg/Ca比值高,生物活动已成为影响海洋环境的重要因素。在生物活动繁盛期大量有机质沉积于海底,导致海水-沉积物界面附近pH值大幅下降(pH＜7. 8),白云石等碳酸盐溶解度升高,难以沉淀;与此相反,SiO 2溶解度降低,达到过饱和,大量沉淀形成燧石条带/透镜体。生物活动羸弱期,海底pH值升高恢复到正常水平,SiO 2溶解度升高,碳酸盐溶解度降低,形成白云岩等碳酸盐沉淀。生物活动的周期性变化,则形成白云岩与燧石互层的条带状韵律层。燧石条带白云岩的硼同位素组成反映的是局部流体的 δ 11 B和pH值,不适合用来反演海水的硼同位素组成。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861